Al-Kufa University Journal for Biology (formerly known as the magazine of Al-Kufa University for Biology) is a peer-reviewed journal covering all areas of science, launched in 2009. AJB is sponsored by the Biology Department - Faculty of Science - University of Kufa. ISSN (Print): 2073-8854 ISSN (Online): 2311-6544 Frequency: 3 Issues Per year. DOI prefix: 10.36320 Indexed in: Directory of Open Access Journals (DOAJ), EBSCO, Iraq Academic Scientific Journals (IASJ), Crossref, Google Scholar, Research Gate, and The Directory of Open Access scholarly Resources (ROAD).
which allows users to copy, create extracts, abstracts, and new works from the Article, alter and revise the Article, and make commercial use of the Article (including reuse and/or resale of the Article by commercial entities), provided the user gives appropriate credit (with a link to the formal publication through the relevant DOI), provides a link to the license, indicates if changes were made and the licensor is not represented as endorsing the use made of the work.
TARGETING BACTERIAL BIOFILMS-MEDIATED DYSREGULATION OF IMMUNE CHECKPOINTS: A NEW DIMENSION FOR ANTI-PATHOGENIC IMMUNOTHERAPY
Bacterial infections associated with biofilms continue to be significant clinical problem due to their antibiotic resistance and immunosuppressive capabilities. The recent evidence indicates that the immune checkpoint signaling (PD-1/PD-L1) is involved in the immune impairment in chronic biofilm infections. The study examined the importance of such pathways and whether immune checkpoint inhibitors (ICIs) can be used with antibiotics to enhance the ability to eliminate bacteria and rebuild immune functions. Biofilms of Staphylococcus aureus and Pseudomonas aeruginosa in vitro also were developed and co-cultured with human peripheral blood mononuclear cells (PBMCs). They compared the following four groups: control, ciprofloxacin, antibodies against anti-PD-1/PD-L1 alone and the combination of these two types of antibodies. The crystal violet staining and the confocal microscopy method were used as methods of assessing biofilm biomass, whereas colony-forming unit (CFU) counts were used as the method of measuring viable bacteria. The flow cytometry analysis of PD-1/PD-L1 on T cells was complemented by the analysis of gene expression by qRT-PCR and the level of cytokines by ELISA. Results: Combination therapy yielded the best effect as it decreased biofilm biomass up to 70% in comparison with 35-45% reductions using one of the treatments. Bacterial viability in combination group was also much worse compared to monotherapy groups. Also, the PD-1/PD-L1 on the CD4+ and CD8+ T cells were significantly lowered, as well as TNF-a and IFN-g were elevated and IL-10 was lowered, with a shift up the pro-inflammatory immune response. These results indicate that immune checkpoint blockade is potentially able to augment antibiotic effects against infections caused by biofilms by reversing immunosuppression caused by infection. This integrated approach could be an effective treatment option against chronic and antimicrobial-resistant bacterial infections, but additional in vivo research is necessary to determine the effectiveness of the approach, the optimal dose level, and safety.
Copyright (c) 2026 Zahraa Mushreq Hadi Khorsheed https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0
Assessment of Iron Deficiency Anemia Prevalence and Related KAP
Anemia is a major public health issue with detrimental impacts on physical health, cognitive abilities, and academic output. While traditionally linked to vulnerable groups, recent studies indicate a high prevalence among seemingly healthy young adults, highlighting the need to assess their knowledge, attitudes, and practices (KAP) to guide preventive measures. This study aimed to identify the prevalence of anemia among university students, assess their KAP regarding the condition, and investigate the relationship between anemia status and KAP scores. A cross-sectional study was conducted involving 100 students at Al-Zahraa University of Women in Karbala, Iraq. KAP data were collected using an online structured, self-administered questionnaire, and hemoglobin levels were determined using a haematocrit analyser. Data were analyzed using SPSS version 26. The results showed an average hemoglobin level of 12.41 ± 1.06 g/dl, with a total anemia prevalence of 34% (25% mild, 9% moderate). Knowledge levels were poor in 38% of students, moderate in 45%, and good in 17%. Furthermore, 52% exhibited poor practices, while attitudes were predominantly neutral. Statistical analysis revealed a significant relationship between anemia status and both knowledge and practice scores, but no significant relationship with attitudes. In conclusion, anemia is a medium-level public health concern among university students in Iraq, supported by gaps in knowledge and prevention practices. Targeted educational interventions, regular screening, and nutritional programs are essential to reduce anemia prevalence and promote healthier habits.
Copyright (c) 2026 Ameer M. Al Khafaji https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0
MOLECULAR IDENTIFICATION , PHYTOCHEMICAL CONSTITUENT DETECTION AND ANTIOXIDANT ACTIVITY OF TWO THYME ( THYMUS VULGARIS L.)VARIETIES
The current study was conducted during (2025-2026) to determine DNA fingerprint using two molecular markers including RAPDs (Random Amplified Polymorphic DNA’s and ISSR (Inter Simple Sequence Repeat) ., preliminary phytochemical constituent detection and antioxidant of two Thymus vulgaris L. (Thyme ) varieties (Syrian and Iranian ) ethanolic extract . Using RAPD primers , all primers success in distinguishing between two examined Thyme varieties ( Iranian and Syrian ) by giving them a unique fingerprint .Using ISSR markers , all primers failed to give a unique finerprint to Thyme varieties.Primers . In comparison between two markers .RAPD proceeds ISSR marker in most studied criteria. Among examined phytochemical ,Iranian thyme missed Trpenoid , saponin and Fuocoumarins ,while Syrian Thyme missed resin, saponin and phenolate .Antioxidant activity that two plant extract possess antioxidant activity compared to control treatment. , there is increase in extract scavenging activity with increasing concentration compared to control.
identification and fingerprinting genotypes
Copyright (c) 2026 atyaf altameemi https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0
Molecular Identification and Virulence Profiling of Malassezia spp. Associated with Inflammatory Dermatoses in Iraq
Background: Malassezia species are lipid-dependent yeasts that constitute part of the normal human skin microbiota but may contribute to inflammatory dermatoses under certain conditions. Integrated studies combining molecular identification with virulence-associated phenotypic traits remain limited in Iraq. Objective: This study aimed to characterize Malassezia isolates from inflammatory cutaneous lesions using combined phenotypic and molecular approaches. Methods: Seventy patients with clinically suspected Malassezia-associated dermatoses were examined between October 2024 and April 2025. Diagnostic evaluation included Wood’s lamp examination, direct microscopy, and culture. Phenotypic characterization involved assessment of lipid dependence and virulence-associated traits, including catalase activity, biofilm formation, adherence to buccal epithelial cells, and extracellular enzyme activity. Molecular identification was performed by amplification and sequencing of the ITS1–5.8S–ITS2 region, with representative sequences deposited in GenBank (accession numbers PZ193669–PZ193671). Results: Culture growth was obtained in 82.9% of specimens. Three species were identified: Malassezia globosa (46.5%), Malassezia furfur (32.7%), and Malassezia pachydermatis (20.6%). Phylogenetic analysis of ITS sequences confirmed species-level identification, with isolates clustering into distinct clades corresponding to the identified species. Significant interspecies differences were observed in lipid dependence, biofilm formation, and extracellular enzymatic activity (p < 0.001), whereas catalase activity and epithelial adherence were consistently detected among isolates. Conclusion: These findings demonstrate species-specific variation in virulence-associated traits and highlight the value of integrating molecular identification, phylogenetic validation, and phenotypic profiling for improved understanding and diagnosis of Malassezia-associated dermatoses.
Malassezia; ITS rDNA sequencing; biofilm formation; virulence factors; lipid dependence; inflammatory dermatoses
Copyright (c) 2026 raed shabaa, Rand Al-Husseini, Bassam Hameed, Ruqaya Hamza https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0
Evaluation of the Protective Effect of Nigella sativa Extract and curcumin Against Allopurinol-Induced aplastic anemia in MaleAlbino Rats
This study aimed to evaluate the protective effects of Nigella sativa extract and curcumin, individually and in combination, against allopurinol-induced aplastic anemia in male albino rats. Fifty adult male albino rats were randomly allocated into five groups (n = 10/group). Group I served as the negative control, while Group II received allopurinol (150 mg/kg/day, orally) to induce aplastic anemia. Groups III, IV, and V received allopurinol in combination with Nigella sativa extract (300 mg/kg/day), curcumin (150 mg/kg/day), or both agents, respectively, for six weeks. At the end of the experimental period, hematological parameters including red blood cell count (RBCs), hemoglobin (Hb), packed cell volume (PCV), white blood cell count (WBCs), and platelet count were determined. Serum erythropoietin and ferritin concentrations were also measured. Data were analyzed using one-way ANOVA followed by Tukey’s post hoc test at P ≤ 0.05. Allopurinol administration induced significant hematological alterations characterized by decreases in RBCs, Hb, PCV, WBCs, and platelet counts, accompanied by significant elevations in serum erythropoietin and ferritin levels compared with the negative control group (P < 0.05). Treatment with Nigella sativa or curcumin significantly improved all hematological indices and reduced serum erythropoietin and ferritin concentrations. The combined treatment produced the most pronounced protective effect, restoring most hematological and biochemical parameters to values comparable with those of the control group. RBC count increased from 4.12 ± 0.28 ×10⁶/µL in the allopurinol group to 7.10 ± 0.25 ×10⁶/µL in the combined-treatment group, while hemoglobin increased from 8.1 ± 0.5 to 13.3 ± 0.4 mg/dL. Similar improvements were observed in WBC and platelet counts. In conclusion, the findings indicate that Nigella sativa extract and curcumin possess significant protective effects against allopurinol-induced aplastic anemia. Their beneficial actions are likely mediated through antioxidant, anti-inflammatory, and hematopoietic-supporting mechanisms.
Aplastic anemia, Allopurinol, Nigella sativa, Curcumin, Hematological parameters, Ferritin, Erythropoietin, Oxidative stress.
Copyright (c) 2026 Ali Rasoul Fadhil https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0
Matrix metalloproteinase-7 Induces Cellular Senescence By Activation Of p21 In Hyperglycemia
Background: Matrix metalloproteinase-7 (MMP7) belongs to a major enzyme group of proteinases involved in extracellular matrix degradation and in controlling several biological processes such as cell division, apoptosis, and the development of Diabetes mellitus (DM) and its complications. High glucose can elicit a damaging DNA response, which ultimately leads to p21-dependent senescence. This study aimed to detect the effects of elevated glucose on increased expression levels of MMP7 and p21 in human sample, and to identify the correlation between expression levels of MMP7 and p21. Materials and methods: The influence of high glucose on serum levels of MMP7 and p21 was evaluated in 90 subjects, divided into two groups (diabetic patients, and healthy control). The key indicators of the male and female participants, in each group, were evaluated based on fasting blood sugar (FBS) and glycosylated hemoglobin (HbA1c). Finally the correlation among all study variables was established. Results: Expression levels of MMP7 and p21 were significantly higher in participants with diabetes and HbA1c, as compared to the healthy controls. A positive correlation was established between MMP7 and p21 within the study group. Conclusions: The elevated blood glucose enhanced the expression of MMP7 and p21 in diabetic patients, highlighting potential influence on disease progression. The positive correlation between MMP7 and p21 offers new insight into the role of MMP7 in promoting cellular apoptosis in diabetes.
Diabetes Mellitus, MMP7, p21, Hyperglycemia, HbA1c, Apoptosis, Gene Expression, Cellular Senescence, Extracellular Matrix, Biomarkers
Copyright (c) 2026 Azhar A. Ameen https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0
DETECTION OF MUTATIONS IN GYRA GENE AMONG CIPROFLOXACIN RESISTANT ESCHERICHIA COLI ISOLATED FROM CLINICAL SAMPLES IN BAGHDAD CITY
Quinolone resistant Escherichia coli (QREC) isolation rate was elevated due to the prolonged use of this drug in clinical diseases. Various mechanisms play role in developing the quinolone resistance, mutations in DNA gyrase and topoisomerase II are the most common among them. The aim of this study was to identify the mutations in gyrA that correlated with ciprofloxacin resistance among Iraqi E. coli isolates. Out of 600 clinical specimens (Urine, Blood and infected wounds), 70 (11.67%) isolates were identified as E. coli during 2015 -2016. The higher isolation was recorded from infected wound swabs (23.33%), while the prevalence rate of E. coli isolates from urine and blood samples was (12.27% and 4.49%, respectively). The resistance rate of ciprofloxacin for E. coli was recorded (52.86%) with minimum inhibitory concentration (MIC) ≥ 4μg/ml. Non-synonymous mutations, Ser-83 were detected in quinolone resistant determining region (QRDR) of gyrA in all sequenced QREC isolates (Eco U3, Eco U16 and Eco U58) and other mutations (Val-68-Ile, Ser-72-Pro, Arg-73-Cys and Lys-96-Glu) were also detected. Mutation outside this region was also displayed in Eco U16 isolate, at position (Ala-119) near to the active site of gyrA (Tyr-122).
Ciprofloxacin Resistance, Escherichia coli, Baghdad City, Iraq.
Copyright (c) 2026 Mustafa Mahmoud Al-Qaisi https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0
Gene profile of acrA and acrB efflux pump genes in multidrug-resistant clinical E. coli isolates
Background & Objective: Antibiotic resistance in Escherichia coli is a major global challenge. This study aimed to evaluate the prevalence of two key genes, acrA and acrB, and investigate their association with antibiotic resistance patterns in various bacterial isolates. Methods: A total of 71 E. coli isolates were collected and subjected to antibiotic susceptibility testing. Subsequently, PCR (Polymerase Chain Reaction) was performed to detect the presence of the acrA and acrB genes. Statistical analysis was then conducted to determine the correlation between these genes and the observed resistance phenotypes. Results: The statistical analysis revealed a significant correlation between the acrA gene and three specific antibiotics (Aztreonam, Azithromycin, and Amikacin). Regarding the acrB gene, a significant statistical association was found with only two antibiotics: Colistin and Aztreonam. No significant correlation was observed with the remaining tested antibiotics. Conclusion: The findings conclude that the AcrAB efflux pump system is directly involved in mediating resistance to Colistin, Aztreonam, Amikacin, and Azithromycin. Resistance to other antibiotic classes is likely attributed to alternative bacterial defense mechanisms, such as the production of beta-lactamases or alterations in membrane permeability (Porins).
Escherichia coli; Multidrug resistance; Efflux pumps; acrA and acrB genes; Clinical isolates
Copyright (c) 2026 Dr mohamed Alshemrti, Jumana Nashid https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0
Study of fluoroquinolones resistance genes in Acinetobacter baumannii isolated from clinical sources
Acinetobacter baumannii is a common multidrug-resistant bacteria that causes hospital-acquired illnesses. This research attempted to identify quinolone resistance genes in A. baumannii isolated from various clinical materials, including burns, blood, sputum, urine, and diabetic foot infections, with a distribution of 199 (53%) male and 176 (47%) female subjects. The bacterial culture results indicated that out of 375 specimens, 157 (41.9%) exhibited single growth, 28 (7.4%) displayed mixed growth, and 190 (50.7%) showed no bacterial growth. This study identified 155 instances (41.33%) of gram-negative bacteria. The Vitek-2 system identified 28 isolates (7.46%) as A. baumannii. The highest isolation rate occurred in burn patients at 17 (4.53%), followed by 4 (1.07%) isolates from patients with respiratory tract infections, and 3 (0.8%) from blood source records. Diabetic foot infections and urinary tract infections were documented in two instances (0.53%). The antimicrobial susceptibility test results revealed that all 28 (100%) isolates demonstrated resistance to Cefoxitine, Ceftazidime, and Ciprofloxacin. Additionally, 27 (96.42%) of the isolates were resistant to meropenem, while 26 (92.85%) exhibited resistance to tobramycin and Ampicillin-Sulbactam. Concurrently, 89.28% of the isolates were resistant to gentamicin. The PCR analysis results indicated that the qnrA, qnrB, and qnrS genes were identified in 11 (39%), 7 (25%), and 21 (75%) of the A. baumannii isolates, respectively.
Acinetobacter baumannii, Qnr gene, Antibacterial agents resistance and PCR
Copyright (c) 2026 Nabil tuwaij https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0
Emergence of macA and macB Genes in Multi-Drug Resistance Serratia Species Isolated from Nosocomial Infections
Serratia species are an opportunistic pathogenic microorganism primarily known as infectious nosocomial agents. 150 diverse specimens were gathered in a sterile manner utilizing appropriately labeled and sterile containers from various regions of Najaf Hospital and private external laboratories. The specimens were then inoculated on culture media, Gram stain, IMVIC tests and catalase tests were done, and the colonies were molecularly characterized by using. Eventually, the isolates were tested against thirteen antibiotics. The results found that all Serratia spp. were Methyl Red (MR), Voges-Proskauer (VP), Indole Production, and Oxidase Test results were all negative. In contrast, all examined isolates had positive findings for both catalase and citrate utilization. The results found that 21 isolates were isolated and classified as Serratia spp. Also, the antibiotic susceptibility of Serratia showed that all tested isolates were susceptible to all tested antibiotics. These isolates showed high resistance to 100% Ampicillin, Cefuroxime, Ceftazidime, cephalexine, and sensitive for antibiotics Imipenim, Chloramphenicol, Levofloxacin, Ciprofloxacin and Aztreonam of the isolates displayed multidrug resistance. The results of protease enzyme phenotypically detection test showed that 52.3% of Serratia isolates were positive to protease production and gave clear zone around the colonies. The most prevalent genes found in Serratia spp. were macA and macB in 100% all isolates for Efflux pump, and it is the main cause of clinical intrinsic and acquired multidrug resistance in bacteria.
Copyright (c) 2026 Rafah Al-gburi, Zahraa Yosif Motaweq https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0
Biosynthesis of Chromium Oxide Nanoparticles Using Klebsiella variicola and Antioxidant Activities Against Multidrug-Resistant Burkholderia cepacia Isolated from Burn Infections
Antibiotic resistant bacteria are increasingly associated with burn wound infections and represent a critical threat to patient survival and treatment outcomes. This study investigated the biomedical activity of green synthesized chromic oxide (Cr₂O₃) nanoparticles against multidrug-resistant (MDR) Burkholderia cepacia isolates recovered from burn patients. Burkholderia cepacia is a Gram-negative bacterium usually found in various environments, particularly in hospitals. It can lead to severe infections in immunocompromised patients, such as those with severe burns. This bacterium thrives in harsh conditions and is resistant to many antibiotics, making treatment challenging. Fifty burn wound specimens were collected from the Al-Najaf Health Directorate, , and the Burn Center, yielding forty bacterial isolates (80% isolation rate), among which B. cepacia accounted for 10%. Biogenic Cr₂O₃ nanoparticles were produced using cell free supernatants of klebsella variicola (R9), a Gram-positive, spore-forming bacterium, efficiently biosynthesized Cr₂O₃ nanoparticles from burn isolates, demonstrating its biotechnological potential for antimicrobial applications and extensively characterized by UV–Vis, FESEM, XRD, and AFM. The nanoparticles exhibited concentration against B. cepacia, significant DPPH radical scavenging capacity, and no detectable hemolytic effect on whole blood. These findings support the potential of green Cr₂O₃ nanoparticles as a supplementary or alternative strategy to conventional antibiotics for the control of MDR B. cepacia in burn infections. k.variicola are officially registered on the NCBI (National centre for Biotechnology Information) website with the following sequences: K. variicola (PX963638.1)
Green chromic oxide nanoparticles (Cr₂O₃ NPs); synthesis of nanoparticles; Burn wound infections; DPPH inhibition.
Copyright (c) 2026 rawaa Abd Zaid Naser https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0
Molecular and Phylogenetic Identification of Some Virulence Genes of Klebsiella Spp. Isolated from Ear Infection in dogs.
Klebsiella species such as (Klebsiellapneumoniae, Klebsiella aerogenes), opportunistic pathogens belong to the family Enterobacteriaceae are gram-negative bacteria, especially in immunocompromised dogs. A total of No. 50 ear swab samples of dogs, samples were cultured on MacConkeyagar, Blood agar, and Chromogenic agar to isolate Klebsiella spp. followed using Molecular method to confirm the bacterial identity, by PCR amplification 16S rRNA gene, phylogentic analysis and detection of some virulence gene (blaCTX-M, magA, and mrkA), and susceptibility test. Bacteriological analysis revealed that Klebsiella spp. was accounting for a 14% in dogs (85.71%K. pneumoniae, Klebsiella aerogenes 14.28%), they were detected in dogs isolates blaCTX-M 1(14.3%), magA3(42.9%) and mrkA1(14.3%). Sequencing and Phylogenetic analysis confirmed that the majority of isolates belonged to Klebsiella Spp. ( K. pneumoniae,Klebsiella aerogenes), Phylogenetic analysis revealed high identity (99–100%) with reference strains deposited in GenBank (ID: PV490247.1, ID: PV490248.1, ID: PV490249.1, ID: PV490250.1, ID: PV490251.1, ID: PV490252.1, ID: PV490253.1). Klebsiella spp. isolates showed complete resistance (100%) to Amoxicillin/Clavulanic acid and Imipenem, with high resistance to both Amikacin and Cefotaxime (71.4%), while showing complete sensitivity to Levofloxacin, Co-trimoxazole, and Chloramphenicol. In feline isolates, complete resistance (100%) was recorded to Co-trimoxazole, Amoxicillin/Clavulanic acid, and Imipenem, in addition to high resistance to Amikacin(66.6%), while all isolates showed complete sensitivity to Levofloxacin, Chloramphenicol, Trimethoprim, and Cefotaxime. Most of these results were highly significant (P ≤ 0.01).
Klebsiella spp., Molecular identification, 16S rRNA, Virulence genes, Phylogenetic analysis.
Copyright (c) 2026 Mas Aamer https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0
Study of hematological parameters in natural pregnancy and pregnancy with IVF/ICSI techniques
This study was conducted to investigate certain inflammatory parameters (PLR and NLR), and hematological parameters (CBC) in natural and IVF/ICSE pregnant women. This study was carried out from September 2025 to January 2026 and included 90 samples, 34 samples from naturally pregnant women were acquired from Al-Zahra Teaching Hospital during normal check-ups , whereas 36 samples from pregnant women undergoing IVF/ICSE were obtained at the Fertility Centre at Al-Sadr Hospital and a control group of twenty married, non-pregnant women. Both ICSI/IVF pregnancies and normal pregnancies had significantly higher WBC (p = 0.001), lymphocyte counts (p = 0.009), and granulocytes (p = 0.001) than the control; however, both ICSI/IVF pregnancies and normal pregnancies had significantly lower RBC (p = 0.001) than the control. Compared to the control group, the HGB and HCT was significantly lower (p=0.001) in both women with natural pregnancies and ICSI/IVF pregnancies, the decrease was greater in the normal pregnancy group. Mean Corpuscular Volume )MCV( exhibited significant increase (P=0.001) in ICSI/IVF group than natural pregnancies and non-pregnant women. For Mean Corpuscular Hemoglobin Concentration )MCHC(, there was notable decline (P=0.001) in ICSI/IVF pregnancies compared to normal pregnancies which was an increase from control women. Mean Corpuscular Hemoglobin )MCH( showed a significant rise (0.009) in ICSI/IVF pregnancy compared to normal pregnancy and healthy non pregnant groups. Both ICSI/IVF and normal pregnancy showed a significantly higher neutrophil to lymphocyte ratio (NLR) (p=0.001) than the control group. , while Platelet to lymphocyte ratio (PLR) was significant increased (p=0.028) in ICSI/IVF group compared to normal pregnancy and the control group. In conclusion, there are noticeable and clear change in hematological patameters in prignant women, and these change were more pronounced and more severe in pregnancies induced by ICSI/IVF technique.
Copyright (c) 2026 Zainab Mohanad Ali Al-Hamdani, Prof.Dr. Suaad Mohammad https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0
The Diagnostic and Prognostic Significance of Inflammatory and Oxidative Stress Markers in Gastrointestinal Pathologies
Although gastrointestinal disorders (GI) present with a diverse array of clinical symptoms, they are fundamentally linked by an underlying biological crosstalk between oxidative stress and chronic inflammation, making it exceptionally difficult to predict disease trajectory or tailor effective treatments. The study aimed to identify and validate a panel of serum- or tissue-based biomarkers that specifically correlate with the severity of inflammation and oxidative stress in patients with different GI diagnoses. This case-control study, conducted from September to December 2025, investigated inflammatory and oxidative stress biomarkers in 128 participants (88 GI patients and 40 healthy controls) at the Hospital of Digestive Diseases in Al-Najaf Al-Ashraf, Iraq. All participants underwent upper gastrointestinal endoscopy, with demographic and clinical data systematically collected. The determination of serum interleukin-6 (IL-6), 8-hydroxy-2′-deoxyguanosine (8-OHdG), and malondialdehyde (MDA) via ELISA, alongside comprehensive biochemical profiling and Helicobacter pylori assessment. Results indicated that GI patients showed significantly higher glucose, TG, NLR, IL-6, MDA, and 8-OHdG levels and decreased hemoglobin and HDL compared to controls (p < 0.05). Specific GI disease subgroups, notably Crohn's disease and ulcerative colitis, demonstrated pronounced elevations in inflammatory and oxidative stress markers. Linear regression highlighted significant associations of 8-OHdG with various clinical and biochemical parameters. Furthermore, multinomial logistic regression identified IL-6 as a significant predictor for Crohn's disease (odds ratio [OR] = 1.34, p = 0.046), while IL-6 (OR = 1.37, p = 0.023), 8-OHdG (OR = 1.01, p = 0.024), and Nes-1 (OR = 0.61, p = 0.007) were predictive for ulcerative colitis. ROC analysis revealed excellent diagnostic performance for IL-6 (AUC = 0.96) and MDA (AUC = 0.89) in distinguishing GI patients from healthy controls. These findings emphasise the vital function of inflammatory and oxidative stress pathways in GI pathologies and suggest these biomarkers hold promise for diagnostic and prognostic applications.
Copyright (c) 2026 Intisar Sharba, Swar Adnan Mohammed, Jinan Mohammed Zahid https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0
Impact of Cancer Treatment on Hematological Parameters in Patients with Bladder Cancer
One of the most common urological cancers in the world, bladder cancer may affect a number of hematological parameters while being treated. The purpose of this research was to assess how various bladder cancer therapy approaches affected hematological markers. 80 bladder cancer patients (30 pre-treatment and 50 post-treatment) and 30 healthy controls were selected from the Oncology Center at Imam Hussein Hospital in Karbala between October 2025 and March 2026, for a total of 110 Iraqi participants. EDTA-anticoagulated venous blood samples were used to test hematological parameters such as hemoglobin (Hb), red blood cells (RBCs), white blood cells (WBCs), differential WBC count, and platelet count. SPSS version 28 was used for the statistical analysis, which included independent t-tests (P < 0.05) and one-way ANOVA. Patients had considerably lower hemoglobin levels than controls, and after therapy, their RBC, WBC, and platelet counts decreased. Hemoglobin and platelet counts were considerably impacted by treatment duration, but there were no discernible changes between intravesical chemotherapy and immunotherapy. These results show that changes in hematological parameters are linked to bladder cancer and its intravesical treatments, underscoring the need for routine monitoring of complete blood count indices throughout therapy
Bladder cancer, hematological parameters, chemotherapy, immunotherapy, complete blood count
Copyright (c) 2026 aliaam alghafil, Dr. Mohsin Kazem Hassan https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0
Association of miR-21 Expression and hormonal disorder in woman with polycystic ovary syndrome
Abstract: And dysfunction of reproductive age, which is frequently accompanied by a metabolic disorder and hormonal imbalance. Recent evidence implicates microRNAs (miRNAs), particularly miR-21, as key regulators of metabolic and inflammatory pathways. The current study was designed to evaluate the expression level of miR-21 and its association with selected physiological markers in women with PCOS. Sixty women diagnosed as having PCOS, and 20 healthy women who served as controls were studied in a comparative cross- sectional study. The age of the participants varied between 20 to 41 years with a mean age of 28.18 ± 0.77 years. Serum was obtained from bloods and measured for hormonal biomarkers of luteinizing hormone (LH), follicle-stimulating hormone (FSH), anti-Müllerian hormone (AMH) and free testosterone. The expression of microRNA-21 was analyzed by qRT-PCR. The results reveal a significant increase (p < 0.05) of body mass index, AMH, LH, FSH and LH/FSH ratio in women with PCOS when compared to the control group. MiR-21 expression levels were also higher in the PCOS group. Important associations were also found: miR-21 expression was correlated with age and body mass index. Conclusion: Significant hormonal and metabolic changes associated with increased miR-21 expression occur in women with PCOS. These results indicate that miR-21 could be a potential biomarker for assessing the disease course and metabolic disorders in PCOS. More large-scale studies are needed to validate its diagnostic and prognostic value.
PCOS, miR-21, physiological biomarkers, AMH, LH/FSH ratio
Hormonal physiological study of women with polycystic ovary syndrome
Copyright (c) 2026 hayder Lateef https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0
Progressive Zinc and Iron Deficiency Following Bariatric Surgery in Iraqi Patients: A 12-Month Pilot Study
Background: Obesity is a global pandemic, and the Middle East, particularly Iraq, faces a high burden of this condition. Bariatric surgery, such as Laparoscopic Sleeve Gastrectomy (LSG), is the most effective treatment, but it carries a significant risk of micronutrient deficiencies, notably zinc and iron, which are implicated in common post-operative complications, such as hair loss. While this association is well-documented in Western and Asian cohorts, there is a critical lack of localized data from the Iraqi patient population. This pilot study aimed to investigate changes in serum zinc and iron status over a 12-month period in a group of Iraqi patients following bariatric surgery, providing localized evidence to optimize post-operative nutritional protocols. Methods: A total of 15 morbidly obese patients (mean BMI 46.0 ± 4.0 kg/m², mean age 42.0 ± 7.5 years) undergoing bariatric procedures (mini-gastric bypass, RYGB, and SG) at Al-Batool Hospital, Najaf, Iraq, were included. Serum zinc and iron levels were measured preoperatively and at 3-, 6-, and 12-months post-operation. The prevalence of deficiency was determined using established reference values. Results: Both zinc and iron serum levels declined progressively post-surgery. The prevalence of zinc deficiency increased from 13.3% preoperatively to a peak of 33.3% at 6 months. Similarly, iron deficiency rose steadily from 20.0% preoperatively to 46.7% at 12 months. While changes in mean levels and deficiency prevalence were not statistically significant over time (P>0.05), a numerical trend toward higher deficiency rates was observed in female patients and in those with a higher preoperative BMI. Conclusion: Bariatric surgery significantly exacerbates the already high prevalence of zinc and iron deficiencies in Iraqi patients. The progressive increase in deficiency rates, particularly for iron, underscores the critical need for rigorous, lifelong nutritional monitoring and aggressive, targeted supplementation protocols to mitigate the risk of associated complications in this specific patient cohort.
Copyright (c) 2026 mohammed al-hakeem https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0
investigation Resistance and virulence of E. coli in local pathogenic samples
Abstract Background: Escherichia coli is a common opportunistic pathogen responsible for a wide range of infections. The emergence of multidrug-resistant (MDR) and extended-spectrum β-lactamase (ESBL)-producing strains poses a major challenge to treatment.Objective: This study aimed to determine the antibiotic resistance patterns, motility, ESBL production, and distribution of virulence and resistance genes (blaTEM, Pap, and ompT) among E. coli isolates from different clinical sources.Methodology: A total of 39 E. coli isolates were recovered from urine, blood, wound, and stool samples. Identification was performed using the Vitek 2 system, Gram staining, and biochemical tests. Antimicrobial susceptibility testing was conducted using standard methods. ESBL production was detected by the double-disk synergy test (DDST), motility was assessed using semi-solid medium, and gene detection was carried out by conventional PCR.Results: Most isolates were obtained from urine (66.67%). High resistance was observed to amoxicillin-clavulanate (97.44%) and ceftoxime (82.05%), whereas low resistance was seen to meropenem (7.6%). ESBL production was confirmed in 79.49% of isolates. The ompT gene was the most prevalent, followed by blaTEM and Pap.Conclusion: The high frequency of MDR and ESBL-producing E. coli underscores the urgent need for continuous surveillance, rational antibiotic use, and molecular monitoring to control resistance spread.
Microbiology, Antibiotic resistance, Molecular Detection, Beta-Lactamase
Copyright (c) 2026 noor nouri hassan, Laheeb Rajab Hamad https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0
The Effect of Toxoplasma gondiiInfection on Serotonin (5-HT) Levels and Their Impact on GABAergic Activity
The present work is directed towards evaluating the alterations of serotonin and GABA concentration levels due to Toxoplasma gondii infection. For this, a total of 120 subjects were selected, among whom 60 were infected patients and 60 were normal controls. ELISA was employed for determining the serum levels of these two components. Based on the results, marked neuroendocrine alterations were observed in infected patients. Serum levels of serotonin were observed to be significantly reduced in infected patients, i.e., 0.5441 ± 0.039 ng/mL, whereas these levels were high in normal controls, i.e., 1.500 ± 0.102 ng/mL. p < 0.0001. In addition, there was a significant reduction of GABA levels observed in infected patients when compared with normal controls (1.530 ± 0.099 pg/L and 6.125 ± 0.156 pg/L, p < 0.0001, respectively). A very weak and insignificant relationship of serotonin and GABA concentration levels was observed in infected patients (r² =0.001). It can be highlighted from the above findings that alterations of serotonin and GABA concentration levels in infected patients lead to a marked reduction of two of the important inhibitory components of neurotransmitters. These two inhibitory components could lead to an imbalance towards an excitatory state of the neural system and explain neurobehavioral and psychological alterations observed in patients suffering from chronic toxoplasmosis.
Copyright (c) 2026 Amshah Fakhri Abbas https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0
Histological and biomarker concordance between core needle biopsy and excision specimens in breast carcinoma
Core needle biopsy is commonly used to diagnose breast cancer and to assess important tumour markers before surgery. However, the results obtained from biopsy samples do not always match those from the final excision specimen, especially for markers related to tumour proliferation. In this study, we compared histological and biomarker findings between core needle biopsy and excision specimens in fifty patients with breast carcinoma. Estrogen receptor and Ki-67 were assessed by immunohistochemistry, and the expression of ESR1, MKI67, and TOP2A was analysed using real-time PCR. Estrogen receptor results were largely similar between biopsy and excision specimens, and ESR1 gene expression showed no relevant difference between the two sample types. In contrast, Ki-67 results varied considerably, with higher expression of proliferation-related genes seen in excision specimens. These findings suggest that estrogen receptor assessment on biopsy material is reliable, while evaluation of tumour proliferation may be affected by sampling differences. Additional molecular analysis may help in interpreting proliferation markers in routine practice.
Breast carcinoma; Histology; Estrogen receptor; Ki-67; ESR1
Copyright (c) 2026 Ahmed J. Alfahdawi https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0
Evaluation of some biomarkers levels in women suffering from irritable bowel syndrome
Abstract: This study was conducted to provide an approach for the diagnosis and prognosis of irritable bowel syndrome , with a particular focus on serotonin . The research was conducted in Najaf Governorate, Iraq, from July 1, 2025, to December 1, 2026 . A total of 90 participants were enrolled, including 60 patients diagnosed with IBS and 30 healthy individuals as controls. The results were stratified into subgroups according to age, body mass index , disease duration , diagnosis status (newly diagnosed or under treatment), familial or non , constipation or diarrhea , physical activity and non-physical activity. The results revealed a significant decrease in serotonin level among patients compared to the control group. The present results revealed significant decrease in serotonin in women patients in compare with control . In ages groups that results showed significant decrease in ages group (20-29) years than other groups , also significant decrease in diarrhea group in compare to constipation . The results also indicated a significant decrease in new diagnosed patients than treated ,also body mass index revealed a significant decrease in obese patients than overweight . Shorter duration of disease less than (1 year) showed significant decrease than long more than 1 year . both physical activity and familial status showed a significant decrease than non physical activity and non familial , In conclusion, the study suggests that serotonin is a novel biomarker for irritable bowel syndrome It may serve as a valuable diagnostic and prognostic tool.
Irritable bowel syndrome ; age ; disease duration
Keywords: Irritable bowel syndrome ; age ; disease duration ; BMI . serotonin level
Copyright (c) 2026 doaa_najim abood https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0
Bioactive Cytotoxicity of Panax Ginseng Chloroform Extract Against the THP-1 Leukemia Cell Line
Given the therapeutic challenges in Acute Monocytic Leukemia (AML), this study aimed to isolate and evaluate the bioactive compounds from Panax ginseng chloroform extract with cytotoxic potential against THP-1 AML cells. The extract was fractionated via HPLC, and two major peaks were isolated and identified using GC-MS as the fatty acid derivatives hexadecanoic acid and tetrahydropyran-Z-10-dodecenoate. The cytotoxic effects of these isolated compounds and the total extract on THP-1 cells were quantified using the MTT assay, with dose-response curves analyzed via the logistic model to determine IC₅₀ values. Morphological changes were documented microscopically. In results both isolated fatty acids exhibited potent, concentration-dependent cytotoxicity. Hexadecanoic acid induced cell death ranging from 6.6% ± 0.90 at 6.25 μg/mL to 80.11% ± 0.96 at 200 μg/mL. Similarly, tetrahydropyran-Z-10-dodecenoate demonstrated significant activity, with cytotoxicity reaching 75.01% ± 1.39% at the highest concentration. The total extract showed an IC₅₀ in the range of 25–35 μg/mL. Treatment with either compound resulted in profound loss of cellular integrity and reduced viability, consistent with induction of apoptotic cell death. The pronounced anti-leukemic activity of the P. ginseng extract is directly mediated by its specific fatty acid components—hexadecanoic acid and tetrahydropyran-Z-10-dodecenoate. In conclusion these bioactive agents function as the primary cytotoxic principles, causing dose-dependent cell death and morphological damage in THP-1 leukemia cells. These findings highlight these ginseng-derived fatty acids as promising molecular scaffolds for the development of targeted therapies against acute monocytic leukemia.
Copyright (c) 2026 Jenan M. Ghani, Intisar R. Sharba, Jinan M. AL-Zahid https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0
Assessment of monocytes chemoattractant protein -1 as a biomarker in females serum of hypertensive patients with and without Entamoeba histolytica
The current study deals with ninety (90) subjects as patients sixty (60)and thirty(30)as control.Samples were collected from suspected patients attended to Al-Sadr Medical City and Al-Furat Al-Awsat Teaching Hospital in Najaf province and also private laboratories. The serum were given from venous at (3-5)milliliter.Systolic and diastolic blood pressure were measured by Sphygmomanometer and lipid profile by AU480 Chemistry Analyzer, and biomarker Monocytes chemoattractant protein (MCP-1) was measured by ELISA technique. Women hypertensive patients were divided into sex sub groups according to types of hypertension (hypertensive only, hypertensive with hyperlipidemia and hypertensive with Entamoeba histolytica) ,also according to age, duration of disease, diagnosis , , body mass index , and according to family history .The current results revealed a significantly increase(p<0.0001) in monocytes chemoattractant protein (MCP-1) in women hypertension patients group in compare with control group ,biomarker revealed significant increase (p<0.0001) in age (50-59) years than other ages , in types of hypertensive sub groups also indicated significant increase(p<0.0001) in hypertension with hyperlipidemia in compare with another groups,in duration of disease(1-5) years showed a significant increase (p<0.0001) than(6-10) years , new diagnosis women patients were significant increase (p<0.0001) than treated ,obese women were highly significant (p<0.0001) than over weight and normal weight and familial hypertensive women were highly significant increase(p<0.0001) than nonfamilial hypertensive.The correlation of biomarker was showed significant positive correlation between all subgroups and both systolic and diastolic blood pressure . The present study concluded that Monocytes chemoattractant protein (MCP-1) biomarker considered as prognostic for prediction of hypertension in women.
Hypertension ,Entamoeba histolytica, Hyperlipidemia, MCP-1, Familial hypertensive
Copyright (c) 2026 Mariam Abdullah, Arshad Noori Al-Dujaili, Saleem khteer AL-Hadraawy https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0
Cross-Sectional Investigation of Pathogenic Bacteria Associated with Urinary Tract Infections in Women in AL-Najaf City, Iraq
Background: Urinary tract infections (UTIs) are the most frequent bacterial infection in women and an important public health issue because of their recurrent nature and rising antimicrobial resistance. This research was conducted to find the bacterial causes of UTI in women, and to determine the resistance pattern including MDR, XDR and ESBL production. Methods: One hundred and forty urine samples were obtained from women with confirmed UTIs. Bacterial isolation and identification of the bacterial isolates was carried out as per standard microbiological procedures including Gram staining followed by biochemical characterization. Susceptibilities to antibiotics were tested by the disk diffusion method. Patterns of resistance were categorized as XDR, MDR, or non-MDR, and ESBL production in Gram negative isolates was detected phenotypically. Results: A total of 157 bacterial isolates were recovered from a population of 140 urine samples: the presence of Gram-positive bacteria was observed more frequently than Gram-negative ones. Most of the isolates were related to chronic UTIs, predominantly among women aged 21-30 years and more commonly in married and pregnant women. The predominant pathogens were Enterococcus faecalis and Staphylococcus aureus. The rates of resistance to commonly used antibiotics were also very high with 61.2% and 28% isolates being classified as MDR and XDR respectively. Ciprofloxacin and imipenem were most potent antimicrobial agents among the tested. Conclusion: This study demonstrates the prevalence of chronic UTIs with a shift toward Gram-positive uropathogens and high prevalence of antimicrobial resistance, justifying regular susceptibility testing in addition to rational use of antibiotics.
Copyright (c) 2026 Ahmed Aljanaby, Nawres Humadi Hussein AL-essa https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0
Colon cancer development and histolomorphological appearance correlated to immune markers
Colon cancer is one of the most common cancers worldwide, ranking third in incidence and second in cancer-related deaths. This study aimed to evaluate the histological and molecular changes associated with colon cancer, focusing on molecular markers related to chemotherapy resistance. The study included 60 paraffin-embedded tissue samples from patients diagnosed with colon adenocarcinoma, along with 10 normal tissue samples as a control. All samples underwent routine histological examination using hematoxylin and eosin (H&E) staining to assess overall histological structure, and Giemsa staining was used to examine nuclear changes in cancer cells. Immunohistochemical assays using CK7 were also performed. The results showed clear histological changes in the affected colon and rectum tissues, characterized by glandular deformation, increased cellular irregularity, and nuclear clumping in cancer cells compared to the control sample. The study also showed a strong negative result for the immunohistochemical marker CK7, which is within the normal expression range for colorectal cancer.
colon cancer, histological appearance, IHC, CK7
Copyright (c) 2026 Ban Hatam https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0
Vitamin B12 Deficiency in Type 2 Diabetes Mellitus: Prevalence, Risk Factors, and the Influence of Metformin
Vitamin B12 deficiency represents a clinically relevant concern in patients with type 2 diabetes mellitus (T2DM), as it may exacerbate neuropathic, hematologic, and cognitive complications. This study aimed to assess serum vitamin B12 levels in T2DM patients and to identify independent clinical roles and long-term therapeutic predictors of deficiency. A case-control design was implemented at Al-Sadder Hospital in Najaf, Iraq, between January and March 2025, involving 60 diabetic patients and 20 healthy individuals. Vitamin B12 levels in serum were measured using chemiluminescent immunoassay, and glycemic regulation was evaluated through HbA1c and random blood glucose. Different types of treatment were written down, with a focus on metformin monotherapy and insulin-based protocols. In the diabetic group, mean blood vitamin B12 levels were much lower than in the control group (395.48 ± 147.36 pg/ml vs. 211.53 ± 95.48 pg/ml, P < 0.0001), and 70% of diabetic patients were found to be vitamin B12 deficient. Age ≥ 40 years (OR = 7.33, 95% CI: 2.15–24.99, P = 0.001), BMI ≥ 25 kg/m² (OR = 5.03, 95% CI: 1.54–16.43, P = 0.008), 5 years or more of diabetes (OR = 0.64, 95% CI: 1.70–18.66, P = 0.005), and a HbA1c level > 5.6% (OR = 7.50, 95% CI: 2.11–26.69, P = 0.002) were all strong indicators of vitamin D deficiency. A higher risk was linked to taking metformin by itself (odds ratio = 8.50, 95% confidence interval (CI): 2.44–29.56, p=0.001). But hypertension wasn't forecast very well (odds ratio = 2.94, 95% CI: 0.92–9.36, p=0.068). Strong negative correlations were found between vitamin B12 levels and age (r = -0.67), length of diabetes (r = -0.69), body mass index (r = -0.44), glycated hemoglobin (HbA1c = -0.49), and random blood glucose (r = -0.39). These results indicated that vitamin B12 insufficiency in type 2 diabetes is caused by more than one thing. They also stress the importance of regular screening, especially for people who are taking metformin or who don't have adequate metabolic control.
Copyright (c) 2025 intisar .sharba, Baneen Ali Abdulrahman , Dhamya K. Sarhan, Fatima K. Kazim https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0
Physiological study of Aurora kinase A (AURKA) in relation with Breast Cancer Tissue
Abstract Background: Breast cancer, a widespread and frequently fatal condition impacting women globally, results in over 40,000 deaths each year. The disease presents in multiple forms, such as benign tumors, normal tissue, in situ carcinoma, and invasive carcinoma. Despite advancements in early identification and treatment efficacy, 20% to 30% of women diagnosed with breast cancer develop metastatic illness, often affecting visceral organs, either at the time of diagnosis or as the disease progresses. Aims: The aim of this study is to Investigate the expression levels of the biochemical marker AURKA and its function in tumor proliferation. Methods: A total of 60 females diagnosed with breast cancer were selected from Al-WATANI Oncology Hospital and Center Labs in Najaf for further laboratory research. Additionally, 30 females, free from any known diseases and apparently healthy, were recruited as control subjects. Results: The findings indicate that the patient group demonstrates a higher average value (3.3 ± 1.0) in comparison to the control group (1.6 ± 0.15), reflecting a raw difference of roughly (1.7). Statistical testing reveals no significant difference between the two groups, as indicated by a p-value of 0.095. Conclusion: The data reveals no substantial increase in the biochemical marker AURKA, as shown by the results. This marker may still be significant in breast cancer progression, likely due to its role in cell cycle regulation and tumor development.
Copyright (c) 2026 Shahad Merza, Adhraa Baqer Hassan https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0
The Comprehensive Epidemiological Study on Cancer Patterns in Iraq: A National Analysis of Gender and Geographical Disparities
Abstract: Background: One of the most common cancers in Iraq is Colorectal and Bronchus &Lung and leukemia and Brain, CNS. Objectives: In this study, Iraq national cancer registry [2022] is employed to analyses the gender and regional disparities of four common cancers [colorectal, leukemia, brain/CNS, and lung/bronchus]. Methods: This study was conducted among 9577 patients. The data from Iraqi National Cancer Registry [2022] - Ministry of Health. Data were analyzed using statistic. Results: Statistics showed that Baghdad recorded the highest number of cases [2,225], while Muthanna recorded the lowest [89]. An increase in lung cancer [73.9%] and leukemia [61.3%] cases was observed among males, while females were the most common gender among leukemia cases in Dhi Qar [59 females compared to 38 males]. Using statistical tests, we observed highly significant spatial variations [Moran's coefficient = 0.42, p < 0.001] and gender disparities [p < 0.05]. Conclusions: These findings underscore the need for targeted prevention strategies and environmental research in high-risk governorates.
Copyright (c) 2026 Ghassan Nissan, Rawa Faris Hussein, Zainab S. Hallab; Akram A. Khalaf, Mohammed Hudhaifa A. Karem Alsammarrai; Mahmmoud Shakir Abdullah, Shahad Mohammed Mustafa, Noor Issam Muzahim, Imran A. Khalaf https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0
EXTRACT MANGIFERA INDICA PARTS TO STUDY THE GREEN SYNTHESIS OF SILVER NANOPARTICLES
The green synthesis silver nanoparticles has main significance in the modern research evolution due to the antimicrobial ability of biosynthesized silver nanoparticles to compared to using of plant extract alone . In recent study, the silver nanoparticles were green synthesized using Mangifera indica leaves and peels extracts separately and the biological inhibitory effect of biosynthesized silver nanoparticles were investigated using agar diffusion methods against (Staphylococcus aureus, proteus sp., Pseudomonas aeruginosa, E. coli, Serriatia sp., and Candida albicans), also the ability of biosynthesized silver nanoparticles against the selective bacterial and fungal isolates were studied and compared with amoxicillin. The characterization of biosynthesized silver nanoparticles were indicated by changing the color of solution to reddish brown. UV-vis spectroscopy conformed the formation of the nanoparticles due to present the significant beak at 450 nm. The absorption beak was detected by FT-IR spectrum at 685.46 cm-1. While the Scan Electron Microscope analysis (SEM) was fixing the size at 35nm to biosynthesized silver nanoparticles by leaves extract and 29nm to silver nanoparticles by peel extract. The outcomes measured significant effect at different concentrations to biosynthesized silver nanoparticles, plants extracts. The results showed potent effect to silver nanoparticles by peels extract with inhibition zone ranged between 15-45 mm. The silver nanoparticles by leaves extract reveled remarkable inhibitory effect with 11-42mm inhibition zone, while the amoxicillin fail to inhabit the growth of Staphylococcus aureus, Serriatia sp. and Candida albicans. The findings of the present study focused on the ability of using biosynthesized Ag-NPs as altar choice in many medical and biomedical application particularly in treating many bacterial and fungal infection.
Nanotechnology, Green synthesis silver nanoparticles, Mangifera Indica extracts, biomedicals, Antibacterial and Antifungal.
Copyright (c) 2016 Wasnaa Mohammed, Hamssa. E. Abdul-Wahed, Saba A. Mahdy https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0
Production of bacteriocin from local isolate Lactobacillus acidophilusand its nanoscale improvement and study of its properties
The study was conducted on the bacteriocin produced by the isolate of Lactobacillus acidophilus under optimal conditions that were approved according to a previous study after investigating its ability to inhibit a number of test bacteria that divided into two types, including positive bacteria, Staphylococcus aureus Bacillus cereus and negative bacteria Salmonella typhimurium, coli. E The diameter of the damping halo ranged between 9, 8 and 6, 6, respectively .Then the bacteriocin was partially purified by ammonium sulfate with a saturation average of about 70%, and then dialysis using Spectra Dialyzer tubing Cat. No 3787 for 18 hours to get rid of salts and impurities. The obtained bacteriocin was measured so that the kidneys reached about 34500 units, and the total effectiveness was about 115000 units/mg. To improve traits of bacteriocin, it was coated with a chitosan biopolymer, which also has an enhanced role in eliminating microorganisms that cause food spoilage and spoilage through the ionic gelatinization method and to obtain particles with nanoscale dimensions. /ml with a fixed percentage of chitosan has reached about 0.2 g. The reason behind the success of the encapsulation process was due to the ability of the inner cavity of the laboratory-created nano chitosan to accommodate the studied amount of bacteriocin. Nano-characterization of the nanoparticles obtained from bacteriocin coated with chitosan was coundected by scanning electron microscope (SEM). It took the form of smooth, dense and uniform clumps of uniform consistency, compared to the usual bacteriocin, which was in the form of three-dimensional crystals with a monoclinic system, taking the shape of an almost prism. As for the analysis of the chemical composition of the synthetic nanoparticles, they were identified by FTIR spectroscopy at a wavelength of 3435 cm-1, which showed the presence of all the molecules that make up bacteriocin without any change in their arrangement inside the chitosan cavity. The same is true for testing the samples using the X-ray diffraction device, which showed that the match was completely and correctly through the chemical phases of the standard sample with the synthetic material, with the compound not losing its structural integrity during the ion gelatinization process.
bacteriocin - chitosan - nanotechnology - ionic gelatinization - Lactobacillus acidophilus
Copyright (c) 2022 Muntazar Halim Jawad , Sadiq Munir Shawkat https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0