Al-Kufa University Journal for Biology (formerly known as the magazine of Al-Kufa University for Biology) is a peer-reviewed journal covering all areas of science, launched in 2009. AJB is sponsored by the Biology Department - Faculty of Science - University of Kufa. ISSN (Print): 2073-8854 ISSN (Online): 2311-6544 Frequency: 3 Issues Per year. DOI prefix: 10.36320 Indexed in: Directory of Open Access Journals (DOAJ), EBSCO, Iraq Academic Scientific Journals (IASJ), Crossref, Google Scholar, Research Gate, and The Directory of Open Access scholarly Resources (ROAD).
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Progressive Zinc and Iron Deficiency Following Bariatric Surgery in Iraqi Patients: A 12-Month Pilot Study
Background: Obesity is a global pandemic, and the Middle East, particularly Iraq, faces a high burden of this condition. Bariatric surgery, such as Laparoscopic Sleeve Gastrectomy (LSG), is the most effective treatment, but it carries a significant risk of micronutrient deficiencies, notably zinc and iron, which are implicated in common post-operative complications, such as hair loss. While this association is well-documented in Western and Asian cohorts, there is a critical lack of localized data from the Iraqi patient population. This pilot study aimed to investigate changes in serum zinc and iron status over a 12-month period in a group of Iraqi patients following bariatric surgery, providing localized evidence to optimize post-operative nutritional protocols. Methods: A total of 15 morbidly obese patients (mean BMI 46.0 ± 4.0 kg/m², mean age 42.0 ± 7.5 years) undergoing bariatric procedures (mini-gastric bypass, RYGB, and SG) at Al-Batool Hospital, Najaf, Iraq, were included. Serum zinc and iron levels were measured preoperatively and at 3-, 6-, and 12-months post-operation. The prevalence of deficiency was determined using established reference values. Results: Both zinc and iron serum levels declined progressively post-surgery. The prevalence of zinc deficiency increased from 13.3% preoperatively to a peak of 33.3% at 6 months. Similarly, iron deficiency rose steadily from 20.0% preoperatively to 46.7% at 12 months. While changes in mean levels and deficiency prevalence were not statistically significant over time (P>0.05), a numerical trend toward higher deficiency rates was observed in female patients and in those with a higher preoperative BMI. Conclusion: Bariatric surgery significantly exacerbates the already high prevalence of zinc and iron deficiencies in Iraqi patients. The progressive increase in deficiency rates, particularly for iron, underscores the critical need for rigorous, lifelong nutritional monitoring and aggressive, targeted supplementation protocols to mitigate the risk of associated complications in this specific patient cohort.
Copyright (c) 2026 mohammed al-hakeem https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0
Histological and biomarker concordance between core needle biopsy and excision specimens in breast carcinoma
Core needle biopsy is commonly used to diagnose breast cancer and to assess important tumour markers before surgery. However, the results obtained from biopsy samples do not always match those from the final excision specimen, especially for markers related to tumour proliferation. In this study, we compared histological and biomarker findings between core needle biopsy and excision specimens in fifty patients with breast carcinoma. Estrogen receptor and Ki-67 were assessed by immunohistochemistry, and the expression of ESR1, MKI67, and TOP2A was analysed using real-time PCR. Estrogen receptor results were largely similar between biopsy and excision specimens, and ESR1 gene expression showed no relevant difference between the two sample types. In contrast, Ki-67 results varied considerably, with higher expression of proliferation-related genes seen in excision specimens. These findings suggest that estrogen receptor assessment on biopsy material is reliable, while evaluation of tumour proliferation may be affected by sampling differences. Additional molecular analysis may help in interpreting proliferation markers in routine practice.
Breast carcinoma; Histology; Estrogen receptor; Ki-67; ESR1
Copyright (c) 2026 Ahmed J. Alfahdawi https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0
Evaluation of some biomarkers levels in women suffering from irritable bowel syndrome
Abstract: This study was conducted to provide an approach for the diagnosis and prognosis of irritable bowel syndrome , with a particular focus on serotonin . The research was conducted in Najaf Governorate, Iraq, from July 1, 2025, to December 1, 2026 . A total of 90 participants were enrolled, including 60 patients diagnosed with IBS and 30 healthy individuals as controls. The results were stratified into subgroups according to age, body mass index , disease duration , diagnosis status (newly diagnosed or under treatment), familial or non , constipation or diarrhea , physical activity and non-physical activity. The results revealed a significant decrease in serotonin level among patients compared to the control group. The present results revealed significant decrease in serotonin in women patients in compare with control . In ages groups that results showed significant decrease in ages group (20-29) years than other groups , also significant decrease in diarrhea group in compare to constipation . The results also indicated a significant decrease in new diagnosed patients than treated ,also body mass index revealed a significant decrease in obese patients than overweight . Shorter duration of disease less than (1 year) showed significant decrease than long more than 1 year . both physical activity and familial status showed a significant decrease than non physical activity and non familial , In conclusion, the study suggests that serotonin is a novel biomarker for irritable bowel syndrome It may serve as a valuable diagnostic and prognostic tool.
Irritable bowel syndrome ; age ; disease duration
Keywords: Irritable bowel syndrome ; age ; disease duration ; BMI . serotonin level
Copyright (c) 2026 doaa_najim abood https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0
Assessment of monocytes chemoattractant protein -1 as a biomarker in females serum of hypertensive patients with and without Entamoeba histolytica
The current study deals with ninety (90) subjects as patients sixty (60)and thirty(30)as control.Samples were collected from suspected patients attended to Al-Sadr Medical City and Al-Furat Al-Awsat Teaching Hospital in Najaf province and also private laboratories. The serum were given from venous at (3-5)milliliter.Systolic and diastolic blood pressure were measured by Sphygmomanometer and lipid profile by AU480 Chemistry Analyzer, and biomarker Monocytes chemoattractant protein (MCP-1) was measured by ELISA technique. Women hypertensive patients were divided into sex sub groups according to types of hypertension (hypertensive only, hypertensive with hyperlipidemia and hypertensive with Entamoeba histolytica) ,also according to age, duration of disease, diagnosis , , body mass index , and according to family history .The current results revealed a significantly increase(p<0.0001) in monocytes chemoattractant protein (MCP-1) in women hypertension patients group in compare with control group ,biomarker revealed significant increase (p<0.0001) in age (50-59) years than other ages , in types of hypertensive sub groups also indicated significant increase(p<0.0001) in hypertension with hyperlipidemia in compare with another groups,in duration of disease(1-5) years showed a significant increase (p<0.0001) than(6-10) years , new diagnosis women patients were significant increase (p<0.0001) than treated ,obese women were highly significant (p<0.0001) than over weight and normal weight and familial hypertensive women were highly significant increase(p<0.0001) than nonfamilial hypertensive.The correlation of biomarker was showed significant positive correlation between all subgroups and both systolic and diastolic blood pressure . The present study concluded that Monocytes chemoattractant protein (MCP-1) biomarker considered as prognostic for prediction of hypertension in women.
Hypertension ,Entamoeba histolytica, Hyperlipidemia, MCP-1, Familial hypertensive
Copyright (c) 2026 Mariam Abdullah, Arshad Noori Al-Dujaili, Saleem khteer AL-Hadraawy https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0
Cross-Sectional Investigation of Pathogenic Bacteria Associated with Urinary Tract Infections in Women in AL-Najaf City, Iraq
Background: Urinary tract infections (UTIs) are the most frequent bacterial infection in women and an important public health issue because of their recurrent nature and rising antimicrobial resistance. This research was conducted to find the bacterial causes of UTI in women, and to determine the resistance pattern including MDR, XDR and ESBL production. Methods: One hundred and forty urine samples were obtained from women with confirmed UTIs. Bacterial isolation and identification of the bacterial isolates was carried out as per standard microbiological procedures including Gram staining followed by biochemical characterization. Susceptibilities to antibiotics were tested by the disk diffusion method. Patterns of resistance were categorized as XDR, MDR, or non-MDR, and ESBL production in Gram negative isolates was detected phenotypically. Results: A total of 157 bacterial isolates were recovered from a population of 140 urine samples: the presence of Gram-positive bacteria was observed more frequently than Gram-negative ones. Most of the isolates were related to chronic UTIs, predominantly among women aged 21-30 years and more commonly in married and pregnant women. The predominant pathogens were Enterococcus faecalis and Staphylococcus aureus. The rates of resistance to commonly used antibiotics were also very high with 61.2% and 28% isolates being classified as MDR and XDR respectively. Ciprofloxacin and imipenem were most potent antimicrobial agents among the tested. Conclusion: This study demonstrates the prevalence of chronic UTIs with a shift toward Gram-positive uropathogens and high prevalence of antimicrobial resistance, justifying regular susceptibility testing in addition to rational use of antibiotics.
Copyright (c) 2026 Ahmed Aljanaby, Nawres Humadi Hussein AL-essa https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0
Colon cancer development and histolomorphological appearance correlated to immune markers
Colon cancer is one of the most common cancers worldwide, ranking third in incidence and second in cancer-related deaths. This study aimed to evaluate the histological and molecular changes associated with colon cancer, focusing on molecular markers related to chemotherapy resistance. The study included 60 paraffin-embedded tissue samples from patients diagnosed with colon adenocarcinoma, along with 10 normal tissue samples as a control. All samples underwent routine histological examination using hematoxylin and eosin (H&E) staining to assess overall histological structure, and Giemsa staining was used to examine nuclear changes in cancer cells. Immunohistochemical assays using CK7 were also performed. The results showed clear histological changes in the affected colon and rectum tissues, characterized by glandular deformation, increased cellular irregularity, and nuclear clumping in cancer cells compared to the control sample. The study also showed a strong negative result for the immunohistochemical marker CK7, which is within the normal expression range for colorectal cancer.
colon cancer, histological appearance, IHC, CK7
Copyright (c) 2026 Ban Hatam https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0
Vitamin B12 Deficiency in Type 2 Diabetes Mellitus: Prevalence, Risk Factors, and the Influence of Metformin
Vitamin B12 deficiency represents a clinically relevant concern in patients with type 2 diabetes mellitus (T2DM), as it may exacerbate neuropathic, hematologic, and cognitive complications. This study aimed to assess serum vitamin B12 levels in T2DM patients and to identify independent clinical roles and long-term therapeutic predictors of deficiency. A case-control design was implemented at Al-Sadder Hospital in Najaf, Iraq, between January and March 2025, involving 60 diabetic patients and 20 healthy individuals. Vitamin B12 levels in serum were measured using chemiluminescent immunoassay, and glycemic regulation was evaluated through HbA1c and random blood glucose. Different types of treatment were written down, with a focus on metformin monotherapy and insulin-based protocols. In the diabetic group, mean blood vitamin B12 levels were much lower than in the control group (395.48 ± 147.36 pg/ml vs. 211.53 ± 95.48 pg/ml, P < 0.0001), and 70% of diabetic patients were found to be vitamin B12 deficient. Age ≥ 40 years (OR = 7.33, 95% CI: 2.15–24.99, P = 0.001), BMI ≥ 25 kg/m² (OR = 5.03, 95% CI: 1.54–16.43, P = 0.008), 5 years or more of diabetes (OR = 0.64, 95% CI: 1.70–18.66, P = 0.005), and a HbA1c level > 5.6% (OR = 7.50, 95% CI: 2.11–26.69, P = 0.002) were all strong indicators of vitamin D deficiency. A higher risk was linked to taking metformin by itself (odds ratio = 8.50, 95% confidence interval (CI): 2.44–29.56, p=0.001). But hypertension wasn't forecast very well (odds ratio = 2.94, 95% CI: 0.92–9.36, p=0.068). Strong negative correlations were found between vitamin B12 levels and age (r = -0.67), length of diabetes (r = -0.69), body mass index (r = -0.44), glycated hemoglobin (HbA1c = -0.49), and random blood glucose (r = -0.39). These results indicated that vitamin B12 insufficiency in type 2 diabetes is caused by more than one thing. They also stress the importance of regular screening, especially for people who are taking metformin or who don't have adequate metabolic control.
Copyright (c) 2025 intisar .sharba, Baneen Ali Abdulrahman , Dhamya K. Sarhan, Fatima K. Kazim https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0
Physiological study of Aurora kinase A (AURKA) in relation with Breast Cancer Tissue
Abstract Background: Breast cancer, a widespread and frequently fatal condition impacting women globally, results in over 40,000 deaths each year. The disease presents in multiple forms, such as benign tumors, normal tissue, in situ carcinoma, and invasive carcinoma. Despite advancements in early identification and treatment efficacy, 20% to 30% of women diagnosed with breast cancer develop metastatic illness, often affecting visceral organs, either at the time of diagnosis or as the disease progresses. Aims: The aim of this study is to Investigate the expression levels of the biochemical marker AURKA and its function in tumor proliferation. Methods: A total of 60 females diagnosed with breast cancer were selected from Al-WATANI Oncology Hospital and Center Labs in Najaf for further laboratory research. Additionally, 30 females, free from any known diseases and apparently healthy, were recruited as control subjects. Results: The findings indicate that the patient group demonstrates a higher average value (3.3 ± 1.0) in comparison to the control group (1.6 ± 0.15), reflecting a raw difference of roughly (1.7). Statistical testing reveals no significant difference between the two groups, as indicated by a p-value of 0.095. Conclusion: The data reveals no substantial increase in the biochemical marker AURKA, as shown by the results. This marker may still be significant in breast cancer progression, likely due to its role in cell cycle regulation and tumor development.
Copyright (c) 2026 Shahad Merza, Adhraa Baqer Hassan https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0
The Comprehensive Epidemiological Study on Cancer Patterns in Iraq: A National Analysis of Gender and Geographical Disparities
Abstract: Background: One of the most common cancers in Iraq is Colorectal and Bronchus &Lung and leukemia and Brain, CNS. Objectives: In this study, Iraq national cancer registry [2022] is employed to analyses the gender and regional disparities of four common cancers [colorectal, leukemia, brain/CNS, and lung/bronchus]. Methods: This study was conducted among 9577 patients. The data from Iraqi National Cancer Registry [2022] - Ministry of Health. Data were analyzed using statistic. Results: Statistics showed that Baghdad recorded the highest number of cases [2,225], while Muthanna recorded the lowest [89]. An increase in lung cancer [73.9%] and leukemia [61.3%] cases was observed among males, while females were the most common gender among leukemia cases in Dhi Qar [59 females compared to 38 males]. Using statistical tests, we observed highly significant spatial variations [Moran's coefficient = 0.42, p < 0.001] and gender disparities [p < 0.05]. Conclusions: These findings underscore the need for targeted prevention strategies and environmental research in high-risk governorates.
Copyright (c) 2026 Ghassan Nissan, Rawa Faris Hussein, Zainab S. Hallab; Akram A. Khalaf, Mohammed Hudhaifa A. Karem Alsammarrai; Mahmmoud Shakir Abdullah, Shahad Mohammed Mustafa, Noor Issam Muzahim, Imran A. Khalaf https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0
EXTRACT MANGIFERA INDICA PARTS TO STUDY THE GREEN SYNTHESIS OF SILVER NANOPARTICLES
The green synthesis silver nanoparticles has main significance in the modern research evolution due to the antimicrobial ability of biosynthesized silver nanoparticles to compared to using of plant extract alone . In recent study, the silver nanoparticles were green synthesized using Mangifera indica leaves and peels extracts separately and the biological inhibitory effect of biosynthesized silver nanoparticles were investigated using agar diffusion methods against (Staphylococcus aureus, proteus sp., Pseudomonas aeruginosa, E. coli, Serriatia sp., and Candida albicans), also the ability of biosynthesized silver nanoparticles against the selective bacterial and fungal isolates were studied and compared with amoxicillin. The characterization of biosynthesized silver nanoparticles were indicated by changing the color of solution to reddish brown. UV-vis spectroscopy conformed the formation of the nanoparticles due to present the significant beak at 450 nm. The absorption beak was detected by FT-IR spectrum at 685.46 cm-1. While the Scan Electron Microscope analysis (SEM) was fixing the size at 35nm to biosynthesized silver nanoparticles by leaves extract and 29nm to silver nanoparticles by peel extract. The outcomes measured significant effect at different concentrations to biosynthesized silver nanoparticles, plants extracts. The results showed potent effect to silver nanoparticles by peels extract with inhibition zone ranged between 15-45 mm. The silver nanoparticles by leaves extract reveled remarkable inhibitory effect with 11-42mm inhibition zone, while the amoxicillin fail to inhabit the growth of Staphylococcus aureus, Serriatia sp. and Candida albicans. The findings of the present study focused on the ability of using biosynthesized Ag-NPs as altar choice in many medical and biomedical application particularly in treating many bacterial and fungal infection.
Nanotechnology, Green synthesis silver nanoparticles, Mangifera Indica extracts, biomedicals, Antibacterial and Antifungal.
Copyright (c) 2016 Wasnaa Mohammed, Hamssa. E. Abdul-Wahed, Saba A. Mahdy https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0
Production of bacteriocin from local isolate Lactobacillus acidophilusand its nanoscale improvement and study of its properties
The study was conducted on the bacteriocin produced by the isolate of Lactobacillus acidophilus under optimal conditions that were approved according to a previous study after investigating its ability to inhibit a number of test bacteria that divided into two types, including positive bacteria, Staphylococcus aureus Bacillus cereus and negative bacteria Salmonella typhimurium, coli. E The diameter of the damping halo ranged between 9, 8 and 6, 6, respectively .Then the bacteriocin was partially purified by ammonium sulfate with a saturation average of about 70%, and then dialysis using Spectra Dialyzer tubing Cat. No 3787 for 18 hours to get rid of salts and impurities. The obtained bacteriocin was measured so that the kidneys reached about 34500 units, and the total effectiveness was about 115000 units/mg. To improve traits of bacteriocin, it was coated with a chitosan biopolymer, which also has an enhanced role in eliminating microorganisms that cause food spoilage and spoilage through the ionic gelatinization method and to obtain particles with nanoscale dimensions. /ml with a fixed percentage of chitosan has reached about 0.2 g. The reason behind the success of the encapsulation process was due to the ability of the inner cavity of the laboratory-created nano chitosan to accommodate the studied amount of bacteriocin. Nano-characterization of the nanoparticles obtained from bacteriocin coated with chitosan was coundected by scanning electron microscope (SEM). It took the form of smooth, dense and uniform clumps of uniform consistency, compared to the usual bacteriocin, which was in the form of three-dimensional crystals with a monoclinic system, taking the shape of an almost prism. As for the analysis of the chemical composition of the synthetic nanoparticles, they were identified by FTIR spectroscopy at a wavelength of 3435 cm-1, which showed the presence of all the molecules that make up bacteriocin without any change in their arrangement inside the chitosan cavity. The same is true for testing the samples using the X-ray diffraction device, which showed that the match was completely and correctly through the chemical phases of the standard sample with the synthetic material, with the compound not losing its structural integrity during the ion gelatinization process.
bacteriocin - chitosan - nanotechnology - ionic gelatinization - Lactobacillus acidophilus
Copyright (c) 2022 Muntazar Halim Jawad , Sadiq Munir Shawkat https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0
Detection of Prostate specific antigen and LDH in Toxoplsama gondii infected prostate Tissue using immunohistochemical and molecular techniques
Background: Toxoplasma gondii is a highly prevalent single-celled protozoan parasite that is estimated to infect billions of people worldwide, making it one of the most common human pathogens. Although humans are considered intermediate hosts,meaning the parasite cannot complete its full sexual life cycle, humans acquire the infection primarily through. Mehods: A total of 100 paraffin embedded blocks containing fine needle aspiration tissues from patients suspected with prostatitis as per the histopathological report. A total of 50 paraffin embedded blocks containing healthy prostate tissues as confirmed by the histopathologist were used as control tissues. All samples underwent routine histological examination using hematoxylin and eosin (H&E) staining to assess overall tissue structure. Immunohistochemical (IHC) assays were performed to detect Prostate specific antigens and lactate dehydrogenase . Quantitative polymerase chain reaction (qRT-PCR) was used to assess the gene expression levels of PSA and LDH gene. Results: the results of this study showed weak Immunohistochemical staining for Anti prostate specific antigens and Positive Immunohistochemical staining for anti LDH in T. gondii infected prostate tissue and elevated molecular gene expression of the PSA and LDH gene compared to control tissues. Conclusion: the aim of this study is evaluate the pathogenic effect of T. gondii on prostate tissues in patients clinicaly diagnoses with Prostatitis.
prostatitis, IHC, RT-qPCR, PSA, LDH, Najaf, Iraq.
Copyright (c) 2026 Wisam aqeel https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0
Value of different diagnostic assay for detection of Leishmania parasite in dermal clinical samples
Abstract: Cutaneous leishmaniasis (CL) is a widespread disease in many countries, including Iraq. The current study aimed to assess in Salah Al-Din Governorate, for comparison various methods for diagnosis the infection with Leishmania parasite which causing CL and comparing their sensitivity and efficiency. A total of 102 samples were collected from patients attended to the Tikrit teaching hospital in Salah Al-Din Governorate through the period from September 2024 till March 2025. The patients from both sexes, ages ≤ 2-75 years. Initially, clinical diagnosis was performed by a specialist physician, followed by taking blood from the central and edge of lesion for staining smears with Giemsa. Also, a third portion of aspirated blood was preserved for molecular analysis. The results showed a 100% success rate for clinical diagnosis, while microscopic diagnosis, considered the gold standard, achieved a higher success rate (97.32%). A lower percentage of infection was recorded using molecular diagnosis for ITS1 gene (73.53%). The results of the current study confirm that the molecular method should be combined with clinical diagnosis and microscopic examination to increase the accuracy of leishmaniasis diagnosis. The present study recommends future research using different DNA extraction methods for ITS1 gene since some of samples were negative for this gene. However, the study recommends future comparative research to evaluate the efficiency of the kDNA genefor identification the species of Leishmania causing CL in endemic areas.
Copyright (c) 2026 Sara Ali, Prof. D. Fatima S. Al-Nasiri https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0
Impact of Dietary Protein on Growth and Digestive Enzyme Activity in Adults Laboratory Mice
The present study was conducted to determine the effects of different protein diets on growth parameters (body weight, length and growth rate), activities of digestive enzymes (pepsin, trypsin, chymotrypsin and amylase) in laboratory mice; also to monitor the relationship between dietary protein intake-somatic growth-digestive enzyme efficiency for highlighting physiological importance of protein nutrition in animal models. Forty-eight male BALB/c mice were randomly placed into four dietary groups fed on 8%, 14%, 18% or 24% protein diet respectively for eight weeks as per experimental design. Growth parameters were recorded weekly throughout the experiment until samples from digestive tissues together with blood samples for biochemical indicators plus enzyme activities analysis at endline collection time point .Data analyses involved one way ANOVA besides Pearson correlation test using SPSS. Statistically, increasing dietary protein significantly improved body weight, weekly weight gain, and body length in mice (P < 0.01) (Table 1). The difference in groups’ digestive enzyme activities between HP and LP was also statistically significant, with a higher value recorded from the HP group. Very high positive correlations were noted between dietary protein level and body weight (r = 0.92, P < 0.001), as well as pepsin activity (r = 0.90, P < 0.001). Both food and water consumption increased under the low-protein diet condition while decreasing with an increase in dietary protein content.Apart from making them grow better and appear healthier when fed higher laboratory mice on physical health manifested by growth; it enhances their digestive enzymatic activity effectively evidenced by substantial experimental results establishing minimum effects due to lack or insufficiency..
Copyright (c) 2026 Zahraa Hasan Abdulmuttaleb Khan , Zahraa Hatem Hameedi kaab https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0
The relationship between lipid levels and leptin concentration in obese adolescents compare with control group
This study investigated the relationship between lipid metabolism and leptin concentration in obese adolescents. A total of 70 obese and 20 normal-weight adolescents [aged 14–19 years] were recruited from Iraqi schools. Serum lipid profile parameters [HDL, LDL, TG, VLDL, and total cholesterol] and leptin concentrations were measured. The results revealed decreased HDL, non-significant changes in LDL and cholesterol, and significant increases in TG and VLDL in obese adolescents. Unexpectedly, leptin levels were lower in obese participants compared to controls. These findings suggest that altered lipid metabolism may influence leptin regulation in obese adolescents
Copyright (c) 2026 alaaddin alsallami https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0
Assessment of the Cytotoxic and Genotoxic Effects of Cold Aqueous Extract of Glycyrrhiza glabra Roots on Triple-Negative Breast Cancer Cells (MDA-MB-231) and Normal REF Cells In Vitro
Cancer is still a serious health problem around the world with some types including triple-negative breast cancer (TNBC) later research showed resistance to the traditional chemotherapies, which encourages researchers to try and find effective and safe alternative herbal treatments. Glycyrrhiza glabra (licorice) has recently surfaced in the literature as a bioactive plant compound that could display anticancer properties. This study aimed to evaluate the cytotoxic and genotoxic impacts of a cold aqueous G. glabra root extract on TNBC cells (MDA-MB231) and normal rat embryonic fibroblasts (REFs) in vitro. Proliferation of MDA-MB231s treated with five extract concentrations (70–350 μg/ml) for 24, 48, and 72 hours was assessed, while REFs endured 72 hours' exposure. Proliferation inhibition intensified dose- and time-dependently, from 9.27% at 70 μg/ml (24 h) to 90.13% at 350 μg/ml (72 h). In REFs, the IC50 was 5.59 mg/ml; viability dropped from 92.12% (1 mg/ml) to 12.50% (12 mg/ml) by 72 hours, implying relatively lower toxicity. Comet assay findings revealed significant DNA damage in MDA-MB231s at 72 hours which amplified with concentration—minor dd = 40.69 at 70 μg/ml but moderate-to-severe dd = 15.81–17.73 at 350 μg/ml. All inhibitory effects proved statistically significant (p ≤ 0.05). In conclusion, the cold aqueous G. glabra root extract demonstrates noteworthy cytotoxic and genotoxic impacts on TNBC cells, with reduced toxicity to normal cells, supporting its potential as a natural anticancer agent
Glycyrrhiza glabra; cytotoxicity; Comet assay; MDA-MB231 cells; REF cells
Copyright (c) 2025 Muslim Mohammed Kadhim https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0
Study the genetic variations of Extended Spectrum Beta-Lactamase genes (blaSHV and blaCTX-M) in Klebsiella pneumoniae isolated from clinical samples.
<a href="https://journal.uokufa.edu.iq/index.php/ajb/Klebsiellapneumoniae exhibits notable multidrug resistance in burnpatients; genomic characterization of resistance determinants is pivotal forelucidating resistance mechanisms and guiding precise therapeuticinterventions. Theaim of this study to investigate genetic variation among Klebsiellapneumonia isolates obtained exclusively from burn wound infections byanalyzing blaSHV, blaCTX-M genes. Between November 2023 and March 2024, 95 burn swabs were collected frommale and female patients in five Baghdad hospitals. After culturing and DNAextraction, PCR was performed, and three amplicons (blaSHV, blaCTX-M)were Sanger-sequenced by Macrogen- Korea. Ofthe 95 burn swab samples, 44% were identified as Klebsiella pneumoniaeusing the VITEK 2 Compact System, with isolates obtained from 43% male and 57%female patients. A high level of resistance was observed against Ceftriaxone,Ceftazidime, Cefepime, and Cefotaxime, whereas Imipenem and Meropenem exhibitedcomplete efficacy, with no detected resistance. Molecular analysis of the blaSHVand blaCTX-M genes was conducted on ten multidrug-resistant isolates.The blaSHV gene was detected in 100% of isolates, while blaCTX-Mwas present in 30%. Gene sequences for (JH85, JH86, JH93) submitted to GenBankshowed high similarity (99–100%). One mutation (G→A at position 78) was notedin the blaCTX-M sequence from isolate JH93. Phylogenetic analysis linked this variant to CTX-M-14. The study highlights a high prevalence of ESBLgenes, especially blaSHV and blaCTX-M genes, underscoring the needfor continuous surveillance and proper treatment of resistant K. pneumoniaein burn patients">Klebsiella pneumoniae exhibits notable multidrug resistance in burn patients; genomic characterization of resistance determinants is pivotal for elucidating resistance mechanisms and guiding precise therapeutic interventions. The aim of this study to investigate genetic variation among Klebsiella pneumonia isolates obtained exclusively from burn wound infections by analyzing blaSHV, blaCTX-M genes. Between November 2023 and March 2024, 95 burn swabs were collected from male and female patients in five Baghdad hospitals. After culturing and DNA extraction, PCR was performed, and three amplicons (blaSHV, blaCTX-M)were Sanger-sequenced by Macrogen- Korea. Of the 95 burn swab samples, 44% were identified as Klebsiella pneumoniae using the VITEK 2 Compact System, with isolates obtained from 43% male and 57%female patients. A high level of resistance was observed against Ceftriaxone, Ceftazidime, Cefepime, and Cefotaxime, whereas Imipenem and Meropenem exhibited complete efficacy, with no detected resistance. Molecular analysis of the blaSHV and blaCTX-M genes was conducted on ten multidrug-resistant isolates. The blaSHV gene was detected in 100% of isolates, while blaCTX-M was present in 30%. Gene sequences for (JH85, JH86, JH93) submitted to Gen Bank showed high similarity (99–100%). One mutation (G→A at position 78) was noted in the blaCTX-M sequence from isolate JH93. Phylogenetic analysis linked this variant to CTX-M-14. The study highlights a high prevalence of ESBL genes, especially blaSHV and blaCTX-M genes, underscoring the need for continuous surveillance and proper treatment of resistant K. pneumoniae in burn patients
K. pneumonia, ESBL, blaSHV, blaCTX-M, burns
Copyright (c) 2025 Rajaa Abed Ali, Hind Taher Mohi, Mohammad Hassan Mohammad Tariq https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0
Evaluation of antibiotic resistance and virulence genes of Listeria monocytogenes isolated from aborted women aborted in Hillah city
Pregnant women who contract Listeria monocytogenes may experience invasive disease, miscarriage, stillbirth, and severe infections in the developing fetus. This study sought to identify antibiotic susceptibility patterns, Listeria monocytogenes in aborted women, and the genes that encode its virulence factors. Methods: In total, 100 specimens were obtained from multiple hospitals in Hilla city between August 2024 and December 2024. Of these, 70 high vaginal swabs were taken from pregnant women with a history of abortion and 17 placental tissue specimens (i.e., pieces of the placenta) were taken from aborted women. Using the conventional disk diffusion method, antibiotic susceptibility to a panel of ten antibiotics was ascertained. actA, inlA, and prfA genes were also checked for by PCR in order to determine the presence of these virulence factors. Results: There was a total of 23 isolates of Listeria monocytogenes found (14 placenta and 9 vaginal swabs). antibiotic susceptibility teste for streptomycin (96.65%; n = 22), erythromycin (86.95%; n = 20), gentamicin (73.91%; n = 17), and tetracycline (60.86%; n = 14), high rates of resistance were noted. The actA (100 %; n = 23), inlA (86.95 %; n = 20), and prfA (95.65%; n = 22) are the distribution of the L. monocytogenes virulence genes. Conclusion: Control measures include raising public awareness of listeriosis infections, employing quick diagnostic techniques for efficient treatment, conducting susceptibility testing, choosing the appropriate antibiotics, and preventing the bacteria's effects on expectant mothers.
virulence factor genes, PCR, antibiotic susceptibility, Listeria monocytogenes
Copyright (c) 2025 Luma Hakem Ali https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0
Nephrotoxic and Hematotoxin Effects of Sublethal Isoniazid Administration in Albino Rats
Isoniazid, a synthetic antibiotic developed in 1952, remains a cornerstone of first-line tuberculosis treatment. Its effectiveness and specificity against Mycobacterium tuberculosis have made it a vital medication for decades. Using probit analysis, the LD50 of isoniazid was determined to be 1500 mg/kg. For the chronic exposure study, a sublethal concentration of 150 mg/kg (10% of the LD50) was administered for 30 days. The experimental design involved two groups—a control group and a treatment group—each with three replicates, and five rats per replicate. Hematological and nephrotoxic parameters were evaluated at three time points: after 1, 15, and 30 days. The study's findings revealed a significant decrease (p<0.05) in WBC count was observed on first day, but this change was no longer significant on days 15th and 30th. The RBC count showing no significant alterations. A significant decrease in hemoglobin was recorded on 15th day, while no significant changes were noted on days first and last day. Platelet counts showed a non-significant alter. A significant decrease (p<0.05) in MCV was observed on the last day of the experiment. while, the kidney functions results show, a significant elevation in urea levels was consistently recorded throughout the experiment, also, creatinine value shows a significant increase in last days and non-significant increase in the 1st and 15th days of experiments. suggesting potential nephrotoxic effects.
Isonziad, Hematological markers, kidney functions, Sublethal effects, Albino rats
Copyright (c) 2025 Jaafar badr obaid Al gburi https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0
The Association of Relaxin and CD40 with Glycemic and Inflammatory Markers in Patients with Atherosclerosis
Background & Objective: Atherosclerosis is a long-term inflammatory condition that causes plaque to gradually build up in artery walls. It frequently results in ischemic problems and vascular blockage. Vascular remodeling signals and immune-inflammatory mediators are important factors in the development of illness. The purpose of this study was to examine the pathological and diagnostic importance of CD40 and Relaxin levels in atherosclerosis patients as well as their relationships to hematological markers and lipid profiles. Methods: 90 individuals aged 45 to 65 were divided into three groups for a case-control study: thirty patients with atherosclerosis who also had diabetes and hypertension, thirty pathological controls who had both diseases but no atherosclerosis, and thirty healthy controls. Blood samples obtained while fasting were analyzed for lipid profiles, hematological traits, and inflammatory markers (Relaxin , CD40). ELISA and spectrophotometric techniques were applied. Statistical analysis was done using SPSS v26. Results: According to the study, CD40 and Relaxin levels were noticeably higher in atherosclerosis patients (P = 0.001). The strong correlation between CD40 and lymphocyte count (r = 0.421, P = 0.046) lends credence to CD40's function in immune-system-induced vascular inflammation . There was a positive connection between VLDL and relaxin levels (r = 0.464, P = 0.026), suggesting a metabolic-compensatory relationship. Furthermore, the patient group's hematological markers (WBCs, PLT, and LYM) were significantly higher. According to ROC analysis, Relaxin performed somewhat well in terms of diagnostic accuracy (AUC = 0.758), whereas CD40 had outstanding diagnostic accuracy (AUC = 0.880, sensitivity = 87%, specificity = 80%).
Atherosclerosis, CD40, Relaxin, Inflammation, Endothelial dysfunction, Lipid profile, Biomarkers, ROC curve, Immune response
Copyright (c) 2025 zahraa Al-yasiri https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0
Detection of Human T-cell Leukemia Virus Type 1 of adult T- cell Leukemia by RT-qPCR
Human samples from Leukemia patients were collected from November 16, 2024, to January 1, 2025. The age range of the patients was 8 months to 80 years. The RT-qPCR method was used to detect Human T-cell Leukemia Virus Type 1 in all samples; the results showed Twenty-five positive cases for Human T-cell Leukemia Virus Type 1 . The population groups studied were divided into five age groups: 18-27, 28-37, 38-47, 48-57, and 58-67 years. The first group (18-27) had the highest number of infected cases at 56%, compared to the age group (28-37 at 12%, 38-47 at 8%, 48-57 at 14%, and the age group 58-67 at 8%). The samples were collected from Hospital, Middle Euphrates Cancer Center in Najaf province.
Leukemia ,Human T-cell Leukemia Virus Type 1 ,RT-qPCR
Copyright (c) 2025 zainab majed https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0
Molecular Detection of fimA Gene and Its Association with Serum Resistance and Proteolytic Activity in Clinical Isolates of Enterobacter cloacae
Background : Bacterial virulence factors are essential components of microorganisms' ability to cause disease. This study aims to investigate the prevalence of candidate virulence-associated gene (fimA( in clinical Enterobacter cloacae isolates , and to assess the potential correlation between the presence of this gene with proteolytic activity, and their resistance to human serum. Methods and materials : Polymerase chain reaction (PCR) was used to detect virulence gene ( fimA). Serum resistance was also tested in an in vitro experiment using human serum. A portion of the serum was heated at 56°C for 30 minutes to inactivate the complement system and compared with untreated serum to assess the isolates' ability to survive under both conditions. The proteolysis ability of Enterobacter cloacae was assessed using skim milk agar Result : Molecular analyses using PCR revealed variations in the distribution of virulence factor gene among the studied bacterial isolates. The fimA gene was detected in 13 out of 20 isolates (65%). 15(75%) were resistant to serum and 5(25%) were sensitive. Strong proteolytic activity was seen in 6 resistant isolates. Moderate activity appeared in 11 isolates, mostly from the resistant group. Weak activity was found in 3 isolates, all of which were serum-sensitive. This suggests potential correlation between higher proteolytic activity and serum resistance showed the highest survival rates in unheated-serum. The role of FimA gene is associated with bacterial adhesion to host tissue and it is does not play significant role in serum resistance and proteolytic ability.
FimA gene , serum resistance, proteolysis activity , Enterobacter cloacae
Copyright (c) 2025 Maysalreem ayad, prf.Dr.Oruba k. AlBermani https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0
Antibacterial and antioxidant activity different extract of Thyme (Thymus vulgaris L.) and Sage( Salvia officinalis L .)
The current study was conducted during (2024-2025) to determine antibacterial activity and antioxidant activity of different organic solvents extract of Salvia offcinalis L. (Sage) and Thymus vulgaris L.(Thyme ). Five solvents were used (petroleum ether, Hexane, Acetone, Ethyl acetate and Ethanol ) to extract dried leaves of Sage and Thyme individually using soxhlet apparatus at different concentrations . Results showed that S.aureus was more sensitive to plant extract than E.coli .Highest inhibition growth zone produced in both (ethyl acetate and petroleum ether . In general there is increase in growth inhibition zone with increase plant extract concentration compared to control. For antibiotic sensitivity test , ,both examined bacterial strains are resistant to most antibiotics . Antioxidant activity was studied using DPPH (2,2-diphenyl-1-picrylhydrazyl) method . Results showed that Sage proceed Thyme in its scavenging for free radicals .Ethanol extract gave highest value for antioxidant activity . There is increase in extract scavenging activity with increasing plant extract concentration.
Salvia offcinalis, Thymus vulgaris , Antioxidant , Antibacterial , DPPH,organic solvents
Copyright (c) 2025 Atyaf Jameel https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0
Hematological Biomarkers in Acute Myeloid Leukemia: A Comparative Study of New and Relapsed Iraqi Cases
The hematopoietic cell cancer known as acute myeloid leukemia (AML) starts in the bone marrow and quickly spreads to the blood. Despite recent advancements in treatment, the prognosis for people with acute myeloid leukemia (AML) remains poor . Aim: This study aims to evaluate changes in hematological parameters in Iraqi patients with acute myeloid leukemia (AML), by comparing several hematological parameters (such as white blood cell (WBC) count, hemoglobin (Hb) concentration, platelet count (PLT), and blast count) between newly diagnosed and relapsed patients, as well as a healthy control group. Methods: The study was conducted from September 2023 to March 2024 and included 70 patients diagnosed with AML (50 new cases and 20 relapsed cases), in addition to 38 healthy individuals as a control group. Children under the age of 18, patients with AML-M3, and patients with chronic diseases or other malignancies were excluded.Peripheral blood samples were collected from all participants, and a complete blood count (CBC) was performed using automated hematology analyzers. The percentage of blast cells was assessed using Giemsa-stained blood smears, and cytological and immunological tests were performed to confirm the diagnosis. Results: The results showed significant differences between AML patients (new and relapsed) and the control group. The mean white blood cell (WBC) count in new patients was 26.69×10³/µL, and in relapsed patients, 22.05×10³/µL, compared to 7.32×10³/µL in healthy controls (P=0.0061). Hemoglobin (Hb) concentration also decreased significantly in patients, reaching 8.27 g/dL in new cases and 9.01 g/dL in relapsed cases, compared to 13.53 g/dL in controls (P≤0.0001). The platelet count (PLT) was 82.88×10³/µL in new patients and 48.39×10³/µL in relapsers, compared to 217.47×10³/µL in healthy controls (P≤0.0001). Regarding the percentage of blast cells, the study did not record significant differences between new patients (39.66% in the blood and 47.92% in the marrow) and relapsers (42.05% in the blood and 39.85% in the marrow), with P values > 0.05 in both cases Conclusions: The study concludes that acute myeloid leukemia (AML) causes a marked disturbance in hematologic function, leading to significant changes in hematologic parameters that can be used as supportive tools in diagnosis and clinical assessment. The results also confirm similarities in the hematologic pattern between new and relapsed cases, highlighting the importance of continuing research into immunological and molecular factors to explain this similarity and assess the likelihood of treatment response and relapse.
Acute myeloid leukemia , Relapse , New diagnosis ,WBC, HB .
Copyright (c) 2025 Ghaydaa Alaa Nabat, Israa H. Hamzah , Bassam F. Matti https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0
Dynamics of IL-35 Expression in Myeloid Leukemia: Implications for Immunosuppression and Chemotherapeutic Efficacy
Background: Interleukin-35 (IL-35), an immunosuppressive cytokine, is implicated in tumor immune evasion and myeloid leukemia progression. While prior studies associate elevated IL-35 with acute myeloid leukemia (AML) pathogenesis and poor prognosis, its regulatory dynamics under chemotherapeutic interventions remain underexplored. This study evaluates IL-35 expression in AML, chronic myeloid leukemia (CML), and healthy cohorts, alongside its modulation by Decitabine and cytarabine. Methods: Serum IL-35 levels were quantified via ELISA in 50 AML patients, 50 CML patients, and 30 healthy controls. Patient cohorts (mean age: AML=65, CML=64; controls=46) were stratified by disease activity and treatment status. Chemotherapeutic impact on IL-35 was assessed in AML patients receiving Decitabine (hypomethylating agent) or cytarabine (antimetabolite). Statistical analysis employed one-way ANOVA. Results: IL-35 levels were non-significantly reduced in leukemia groups (AML: 98.84±81.03 pg/mL; CML: 73.82±61.09 pg/mL) versus controls (136.14±106.8 pg/mL). Neither Decitabine nor cytarabine significantly altered IL-35 expression in treated AML patients. Intergroup comparisons (AML vs. CML) also showed non-significant differences. High interpatient variability (wide SDs) and paradoxical lower IL-35 in leukemia cohorts contrasted with literature linking IL-35 to immunosuppression. Conclusion: IL-35 may not serve as a standalone prognostic biomarker in myeloid leukemias due to its context-dependent expression and resistance to chemotherapy-induced modulation. Its role in immune evasion likely involves microenvironmental or receptor-level mechanisms rather than systemic concentration. Future studies should integrate longitudinal IL-35 profiling with multi-omics to refine therapeutic strategies targeting immunosuppression.
IL-35, AML, CML, Decitabine, Cytarabine.
Acute Myeloid Leukemia (AML) Chronic Myeloid Leukemia (CML)
Biomarkers in Hematological Malignancies
Copyright (c) 2025 Mortada Hamed AL-Zobaidy, Hawraa Abdulmeer Ali Al-Dahhan https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0
Some biological markers associated with risk factors in Iraqi women with polycystic ovary syndrome
Objective: This study aimed to determine the clinical, hormonal and lifestyle risk factors in Iraqi women with polycystic ovary syndrome (PCOS). Methods: From January to May 2025, 85 PCOS patients (aged 18-45) who attended the Al-Ramadi Obstetrician-Gynecologist Hospital participated in this study, and 50 healthy controls were recruited. Women with PCOS were diagnosed based on Rotterdam criteria,. Clinical assessments included anthropometric features , hyperandrogenism signs, menstrual history and lifestyle factors and HOMA-IR were measurements . Hormonal investigations included Luteinizing Hormone (LH), Follicle-stimulating hormone (FSH), Follisatin,Vaspin and ghrelin levels . Results: PCOS was significantly associated with higher BMI, HOMA-IR, physical inactivity, frequent consumption of junk food, sleep deprivation, and an increased LH/FSH ratio. Hirsutism, acne, and menstrual irregularities were more prevalent in the PCOS group. Hormonal results showed an increase of Follisatin and Vaspin levels in PCOS patients compared to the control group, with evident decrease observed in ghrelin levels in PCOS patients compared to the control group. Conclusion: PCOS is strongly associated with modifiable lifestyle and metabolic risk factors. Follisatin, Vaspin, and Ghrelin disorders have been closely linked with HOMA-IR in women with PCOS. Early screening, education, and targeted interventions are critical for avoiding long-term reproductive complications.
Copyright (c) 2026 Hiba Muwafaq Saleem, Hussein Riyadh Abdul Kareem Al-Hetty , Reem K. Ibrahim https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0
Relationship between gender of fetus and the EEG changes and the relation of these changes with some inflammatory biomarkers in preeclamptic pregnant females
Background: The electroencephalograph records spontaneous electrical activity generated in the cerebral cortex. This activity reflects the electrical currents that flow in the extracellular spaces of the brain that are the summated effects of innumerable excitatory and inhibitory synaptic potentials upon cortical neurons. Preeclampsia is a disease of pregnancy characterized by a blood pressure of 140/90 mmHg or more on two separate occasions after 20th week of pregnancy in a previously normotensive woman. This is accompanied by significant proteinuria (>300 mg in 24 hours) (Philip, 2006). Subjects and methods: The study included 97 pregnant patients with a confirmed diagnosis of preeclampsia, also 72 females with normal pregnancy have been included as a control group. Their ages and gestational ages were consistent with that of the patients', EEG test and some serological tests including ICAM-1, RCRP and IL-6 was done for the participants. Results: There was a high percentage of EEG changes in the preeclamptic women whom fetus are males. There was a significant differences in the values of the interleukin-6 (IL-6) between preeclamptic women with male fetus and those with female one.
gender of fetus , inflammatory biomarkers , pregnant females
Copyright (c) 2016 Ihsan Mohammed Abud Ajeena, Muhannad Yahya I. Al-Muhanna https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0
BACTERIAL CONTAMINATION OF MOBILE PHONES IN A HEALTH CARE WORKERS IN HOSPITALS AND HEALTH CARE CENTERS IN DUHOK CITY, IRAQ
The indiscriminate use of cell phones by health professionals within the Intensive Care (ICU) Unit is observed. The objectives of this study are to investigate whether there is a bacterial contamination to cell phones of the health professionals and to know whether these professionals perform any type of disinfection on their cell phones. One hundred eighty-six swabs were collected from the surface of cell phones for health worker staff at different hospitals and health care centers in the Duhok city, Iraq. To identify whether professionals performed any type of cleaning agents on their device, a semi-structured questionnaire was applied. It was found that (56.99%) of the mobile phones surface were contaminated with various bacterial profile of them pathogenic. The most prevalent isolated bacteria were: Staphylococcus epidermidis (40.16%), followed by Staphylococcus lentus (33.07%), Staphylococcus haemolyticus (3.15%) and Pantoea spp. (3.15%) show some results of whether professionals performed any type of cleaning on their device. It is understood that there is an urgent need for awareness, through continuing education, for the hospital community.
Mobile Phone, Bacterial Contamination, Health professionals, Duhok city, Iraq
Copyright (c) 2022 Ayas Hussein Omar, Adel Talib Mohammed Al-Saeed https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0
Plants diseases are affecting on the quality and quantity of crops. The chemical pesticide can use to control the menace of crop disease. Chemical pesticide causes many environmental and health damage therefore biological agents are gaining importance to suppress of the plant diseases. Live organisms are utilization to control of the plant pathogens that use to suppress one or more pathogens and called to as biological control. Living organisms or products are used in the biocontrol of plant diseases that act to decrease the negative effect of pathogens.
Copyright (c) 2021 Sraa nsayef muslim, Zainab Salim Hussin https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0
The Effect of Finasteride on Serum Cortisol and testosterone Levels in Rats
finasteride is a medication used in the treatment of androgenic alopecia in both males and females, as well as in the management of benign prostatic hyperplasia ((BPH) in males. the study aimed to investigate the effects of finasteride on serum cortisol and testosterone levels. Female wister rats were used as the experimental model. Forty-five female rats were divided into control and treatment groups .Hormone levels were measured using ELISA kits for cortisol and testosterone. Finasteride significantly reduced cortisol levels in treated rats compared to cortisol . At the same time. testosterone levels increased in a dose-dependent manner. Finasteride alters adrenal and gonadal hormones by lowering cortisol and elevating testosterone. these findings highlight its broader impact on endocrine regulation.
Copyright (c) 2026 hajar khalid https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0