ISSN (P): 2077-2351 ISSN (E): 3006-3280 A Scientific Journal Issued by the Faculty of Education For women - University of Kufa. This Journal ensures high standards of peer-review for all submitted manuscripts. This journal provides immediate open access to its content on the principle that making research freely available to the public supports a greater global exchange of knowledge. Official Correspondence is directed to the Editorial in Chief Prof. Dr. Ibtihal Kadhim Kareem. Address: Faculty of Education for women, University of Kufa, P.O Box (21) Kufa, Najaf - Iraq. Email: kufaj.sciences@uokufa.edu.iq.
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Cloud Point Methodology to Determination Pb+2 by 4-CMePADPI Reagent Coupled with Spectrophotometry
A modern extraction method for separating, enriching and estimating Pb+2 by using the CPE extraction technique and coupled with the spectrophotometry. For the purpose of determination Pb+2, it was prepared in the laboratory of 2-[4-carboxymethylphenylazo]-4,5-diphenyl imidazole 4-CMePADPI as an organic reagent to formation complex with lead, which is extracted to the non-ionic surface TX-100 by the volume of 0.8 mL at 80oC degree of the critical temperature needed to form a cloud point. Where the rich phase by lead complex is separated and dissolved in ethanol and is determined by spectrophotometric method at λmax = 437 nm. The optimum pH = 9 and 30 μg / 5 mL of Pb+2. The values of the thermodynamic functions for extracting the ion association complex of Pb+2ΔHex = – 0.005214 kJ, ΔSex = + 188.036 J, and ΔGex = – 66.382 kJ, as the study of the molar composition of the ion association complex obtained by following the slope analysis is (1:1). The method gave an enrichment factor 13.428 and a reconcentration’s 6.25.
Copyright (c) 2025 Ibtehaj Raheem Ali, Majida Hameed Khazaal, Zainab Abd Ulmuttaleb Hammood, Mohammed Hadi Al–Douh https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0
pb(II) ion Removal from contaminated water samples using a New Nanopolymer by spectrophotometric technique
This study involved the preparation of a new nanopolymer with outstanding environmental properties and high stability. The polymer was manufactured through a copolymerization process involving hydrophilic and hydrophobic monomers. The starting materials used were acrylic acid (AA), methyl cellulose (MC), and polylactic acid (PLA).To achieve the nanopolymerization, a free-radical photopolymerization method was employed. This process involved the polymerization of methyl cellulose, acrylic acid, and polylactic acid, with 1,6-hexanediol diacrylate (HDODA) as a cross-linking agent and 1-hydroxycyclohexylphenyl ketone as a photoinitiator.The resulting nanopolymer combines the properties of the starting materials, demonstrating its high environmental friendliness and structural stability. This makes it a promising candidate for applications requiring high-performance and sustainable materials. The nanopolymer was characterized using FTIR, TGA, DSC, SEM, and TEM techniques. The swelling ratio of this polymer was measured as a type of gel polymer. The study applied the nanopolymer to the spectroscopic determination of lead(II) ions. The optimal conditions for the determination process were determined, such as determining the wavelength of maximum absorption. A spectroscopic reference method was used to calculate the remaining ion using a new standard method for estimating the ion is characterized by the use of the reagent (2-[(6-Methoxy-2-benzothiazolyl) azo]-4-methoxyphenol) 6-MBTAMP at a wavelength of 670 nm, pH 7, reagent volume of 0.5 ml, and ion volume of 2 ml. A standard calibration curve for the lead(II) complex was also prepared before adsorption. Studying the best conditions for the adsorption process and estimating the effect of pH, shaking time, mass of the adsorbed surface, and volume of the ion solution on the adsorption process. A calibration curve was also prepared after the adsorption process to estimate the remaining lead(II) ions. Linearity range was 0.5 to 10 mg.L-1, and Sandell's sensitivity was 0.1666 µg.cm-2, molar absorptivity( Ƹ ) was 1.2432×103L.mol-1.cm-1.
Copyright (c) 2025 Ghabbha Abdul Zahra Hussein, Khdeeja Jabbar Ali, Hayfaa Jasim Mohammed https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0
Cathepsin-L as New Diagnostic Biomarker for Detection and Pathogenesis of Fatty Liver Disease
Background: Non-alcoholic fatty liver disease (NAFLD) is one of the most common causes of chronic liver disease in Western countries, most likely related to the increased incidence of obesity, metabolic illnesses, and exposure to certain environmental chemicals. Objective: The aim of this study was to forecast the severity and course of non-alcoholic fatty liver disease (NAFLD) in patients who were in the early stages of the disease., Cathepsins are the most prevalent lysosomal proteases, mostly found in acidic endo/lysosomal compartments, where they play a key role in intracellular protein degradation, energy metabolism, and immunological responses, among a variety of other function., Evaluated demographic factors (Age, BMI, ) for the two study groups and insulin ,blood glucose and HOMA IR and lipid profile and liver function test and albumin Also assessing the levels of Cathespin L level, The current study was conducted on 60 Iraqi patients in Najaf Governorate, Iraq, diagnosed with non-alcoholic fatty liver disease (NAFLD), in addition to 30 healthy individuals. The age of study groups ranged from 20 to 60 years. Methods: The Cobas C111 device and the sandwich enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA) were used to determine the levels of study criteria. Results indicated that the body mass index (BMI) of the fatty liver disease that of the healthy group, while HDL and albumin levels decreased. The study also showed group was higher than an increase in LDL and vLDL cholesterol, triglyceride, AST and ALT. The study showed that Cathespin L levels in the serum of patients were significantly higher than those in the healthy group.
NAFLD, Cathepsins, CTSL, Protease, lysosomal
Copyright (c) 2025 Zahraa Falah Jali , Elham Abed Mahdi https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0
Using Modified Chestnut-Nano Shell for Removal of Diclofenac from Aqueous Solution
In this study, the adsorption of an anti-inflammatory drug diclofenac (Dc) by modified chestnut peels. Chestnut peels (CP), acid chestnut peels carbonized (ACSPC), and chestnut peels carbonized impregnation by ferric and nickel (II) oxide (NiFe2O4-CPC) nanocomposite, investigated to remove Dc from an aqueous solution. Batch experiments were conducted for adsorption capacity for Dc from an aqueous solution using the modified chestnut peels. The modified chestnut peels and morphological changes after adsorption were characterization by the following techniques: FTIR, XRD, SEM, and EDX respectively. The kinetic model; pseudo-second-order and isothermal model; Langmuir demonstrated the adsorption processes on adsorbents. The K2, qe, and R2 values were in the range (0.303 to 1.20) gµg-1min-1, (0.039 to 0.160) mgg-1, and (0.712-0.972) respectively, at three different temperatures 298, 308, and 318 K. While for Langmuir isotherm the value of KL, Cm, and R2 in the range (0.014–0.024) L mg−1, (14.286-16.667) mg g−1, and (0.737-0.982) respectively for Dc on the adsorbents. The thermodynamic parameters revealed that the spontaneous and exothermic Dc adsorption process on the modified chestnut peels and the nanocomposite, also having good adsorption efficiency for removing pharmaceutical pollution from aqueous solutions could be used for water treatments.
Copyright (c) 2025 Rounak Shariff https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0
Galectin-13 and Integrin: Novel Markers for Assessment the Efficiency of Chemotherapy in Suppressing Solid Tumors
Background: Cancer remains one of the leading causes of morbidity and mortality worldwide, posing a significant challenge to healthcare systems and medical research. Broadly speaking, tumors can be classified into two main categories: solid tumors and hematologic (liquid) malignancies. While hematologic cancers-such as leukemia and lymphoma-primarily affect the blood and bone marrow, solid tumors are characterized by the abnormal growth of tissue in the form of a mass or lump within a specific organ or body site. Solid tumors encompass a wide range of cancers, including those of the breast, lung, prostate, colon, liver, brain, and many others. These malignancies account for a substantial portion of global cancer cases and deaths, highlighting the urgent need for continued research, early detection, and effective treatment strategies. Patients and Healthy Control a total of 60 individuals were enrolled in the current study, divided into two main groups: The first group (patients): included 30 patients diagnosed with various types of solid malignant tumors, ranging in age from 27 to 77 years. The second group (healthy controls): included 30 healthy individuals, serving as a control group, ranging in age from 26 to 66 years. Kits and technique: Sandwich-ELISA technique was applied to determine the level ofGalectin-13and Integrinin the serum samples of the study individuals. Results:the results showed a significant decrease in Galectin-13 levels in the study patients both before (p=0.022) and after receiving treatment (p=0.050) compared to the control group,On the other hand, the results of the current study indicate no significant changes (p=0.707) in Galectin-13 levels in solid tumor patients before receiving chemotherapy and after completing the doses specified by the specialists.Statistical analysis using an ANOVA test revealed a significant increase in Integrin levels in samples from patients with solid tumors before treatment compared to healthy individuals (p=0.012), while the results indicated that levels of this protein did not decrease significantly after chemotherapy (p=0.389). The study indicated that Integrin levels in patients with solid cancers after chemotherapy declined to levels close to those recorded in the healthy group, with no statistical differences recorded when comparing these two groups (p=0.090),The study showed that the highest sensitivity(97%) Galectin-13 and Integrin. The results showed that the combined sensitivity reached its maximum (100%) Galectin-13 and Integrin , while the highest specificity (91%) was recorded for integrins. Conclusions: Galectin-13 and Integrin are excellent tools for diagnosing malignant solid tumors. Integrin are an effective follow-up function for cancerous tumor detection.
Copyright (c) 2025 Hanan Khalid Alwan , Rasha Hasan Jasim https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0
Synthesis and Identification of Some New Mono- and Bis-Tetrazole Derivatives with an Evaluation of the Free Radical Scavenging Activity of a Selected Compound
The research involved the preparation of mono- and bis-tetrazole ring derivatives from the 4,4-thio-dianiline compound as a substrate. These derivatives were prepared using two methods. The first method was a multicomponent reaction, where 4,4-thiodianiline reacted with sodium azide and triethyl orthoformate in glacial acetic acid as a solvent with reflux. The second method involved converting 4,4- 4,4-thiodianiline to an organic azide derivative by reacting diazanium salt with inorganic azide, followed by reacting the organic azide with phenyl isothiocyanate. In addition, a chloroacetamide derivative containing a tetrazole ring was prepared using an SN2 reaction. The characterization of these compounds was conducted by measuring their melting points and using FT-IR, ¹H-NMR, and 13C-NMR spectroscopic techniques. Compound C3, which contains a tetrazole ring group with a free aromatic primary amine group, was selected for investigation as an antioxidant compared to Ascorbic acid.
Copyright (c) 2025 Ayaat Abdel Wahab, Radhiyah Abdul Baqi Aldujaili https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0
Synthesis,Characterization biological activity and molecular docking of triazole derivatives from the medication sulphadoxin
In this study, click chemistry is used to synthesize heterocyclic derivatives from the medication sulphadoxine. To create the (S) derivative, sulphadoxine initially interacted with sodium nitrate, sodium hydrochloric acid, and sodium azide (1).,then P-hydroxy benzaldehyde and 3-bromo-1-propyne reacted in the second stage to form the (A) derivative, which then reacted with various aromatic ketones to create many additional chalcons derivatives (A3-A5). These chalcons then reacted with the (S) derivative to create the triazole derivatives (E3-E5). These structures were found using TLC, FT-IR,1H-NMR,13C-NMR and the study of Molecular docking of some derivatives
Sulfonamides, Chalcones, Triazoles, molecular docking
Copyright (c) 2025 Nada Ali Salih Al-Shadood, Nadia Sadiq Majeed https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0
Spectrophotometric Determination of Acyclovir Drug by Azo Coupling With 4,4'-Sulfonyldianiline and Study Properties of Thermodynamic.
Determination of Acyclovir (ACV) in both pure and pharmaceutical preparations is carried out using a simple, accurate, and controlled spectrophotometric method. This process is done by anticreative with 4,4'-sulfonyldianiline (SDA). Optimal conditions were determined by the following factors. In this research the detector (SDA) was used in addition to a suitable oxidizing agent with a basal solution of sodium hydroxide. Several factors affecting the course of the reaction have been identified and studied, including the reaction time and optimal temperature for the formation of a colored product (AZO) applicable to the limits of the Bear Lambert Act (2.5 to 22.5 ~ g/mL) at 620 nm wavelength. the molar absorption, Sandell's sensitivity, detection limit (DOL) and quantitative limit (LOQ) were1048.28L.mol-1.cm-1, 0.3204 μg.cm-2, 0.243 μg.ml-1 and 0.738 μg.ml-1 respectively. The proposed method was successful for determining the pharmaceutical anti-drug (ACV) in pharmaceuticals. Dynamic functions have been identified including thermal (∆H) enthalpies, (∆S) entropic, and caps free energy (∆G) the absorption process of the drug is not automatic, the internal thermal process has made the system more regular
Copyright (c) 2025 Riyadh Radhi Mohammed https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0
L-Selectin and Adiponectin as Novel Biochemical-Immune Markers for the Response of Infertile Polycystic Ovary Syndrome Patients to Metformin Treatment
Background: Polycystic ovary syndrome (PCOS) is a common endocrine disorder affecting women throughout their lifespan. The prevalence of PCOS varies depending on the population studied, but it is estimated to affect between 10% and 13% or ∼140 million women globally. PCOS in adults is diagnosed according to the International Evidence-based Guideline Criteria based on two of either ovulatory dysfunction, clinical or biochemical hyperandrogenism, and/or polycystic ovary morphology (PCOM) on ultrasound or elevated anti-Müllerian hormone levels. Infertility is a serious global health problem affecting an estimated 50 to 70 million couples worldwide. Infertility is a condition in which pregnancy does not occur even after regular unprotected sex for more than one yearو for women under 35 years of age, a couple's failure to conceive after 12 months of regular sexual activity without using contraception, and after 6 months for women 35 years of age or older. Infertility results in disability expressed through impaired function, social exclusion, and psychological trauma; thus, it is ranked by the World Health Organization as the fifth highest serious disability worldwide. Population of the study: This study included samples of 90 women of reproductive age (20-40 years). They were distributed into three groups. The first: included 30 patients undergoing treatment for infertility due to PCOS, the second group included 30 patients who were diagnosed with PCOS through the simultaneous appearance of 3-4 symptoms that are essential for diagnosis. The third group (the control group) included 30 women who were completely free of symptoms of PCOS and all of whom had children without any medical intervention and did not suffer from any disease, based on clinical examinations and ultrasound examinations. Kits and technique: Sandwich-ELISA technique was applied to determine the level ofL-Selectin and Adiponectin in the serum samples of the study individuals. Results: Respectable statistical differences in L-Selectin levels were observed when comparing the group of PCOS patients treated with infertility drugs (p=0.000) and those with Untreated PCOS patients group as well as the members of the control group (p=0.000).The results showed a significant increase in adiponectin levels when comparing the three study groups together (p=0.000).The present data indicate a moderately positive correlation between L Selectin and adiponectin in PCOS patients treated with infertility drugs (r=0.408 at p=0.048), and healthy women (r=0.641 at p=0.046)the indicate a very weak and practically insignificant negative correlation between L-Selectin and adiponectin in the untreated PCOS group (r=0.168 at p=0.228). The study showed the highest sensitivity (97%) and specificity (97%) for adiponectin were recorded in the Metformin-treated group. The study revealed that adiponectin exhibited the highest individual sensitivity (93%) and specificity (97%) in the group of untreated PCOS patients. Conclusions: L-Selectin and adiponectin are promising tools for differentiating PCOS patients treated with Metformin and untreated PCOS patients.
Copyright (c) 2025 Safa Hamzah Yousifand, Rasha Hasan Jasim https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0
Solar cell application via Metal oxide nanoparticles
This review explains types of metal oxide nanoparticles which are used with solar cell application such as Aluminum Oxide Nanoparticle (Al2O3 NPs), Titanium dioxide Nanoparticle (TiO2 NPs), Tin oxide nanoparticles (SnO2 NPs), copper oxide nanoparticles (CuO NPs) and Zinc oxide nanoparticles (ZnO NPs). The researchers could create above metal oxide nanoparticles of nanoscience via nanotechnology so we would mention that types of metal oxide nanoparticles with solar cell application. The physical properties of the metal oxide would change after fragmentation from metal plate by using laser ablation, Sol-Gel technology or electrochemical. On the other way, the meta salt could oxidize by using chemical reaction methods such as microwave, sonication bath, thermal methods or mechanical methods. Other properties of metal oxide nanoparticles such as Chemical, mechanical, electronic, optical and thermal give the scientists big area to use them with solar cell application to make different things in our life. The solar cell is clean technology to convert the sun energy to electric energy without any side effect such as toxic gas, waste product…etc. The researchers develop this application via adding many different types of dyes to the cell to get high efficiency.
Copyright (c) 2025 Aqeel Mahdi Jreo Alduhaidahawia , Ahmed Hussein Mohammed Alantaki https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0
Synthesis , Characterization and Biological activity of New Heterocyclic (4-(pyridin-2-yl)phenyl)-1,2,4-triazolidine-3-thione Derivatives
Benzoin is prepared by the condensation of two aldehyde molecules in the presence of potassium cyanide as a catalyst. The carbonyl group of the benzoin reacts with the primary amine groups of the phenylhydrazine derivative to give a hydrozone derivative (Schiff base). Sodium thiocyanide reacts with the imine group by ( 2+3 ) addition reaction in acidic media to produce a five-ring heterocyclic derivative of 1,2,4-triazolidine-3-thione Derivative. The product have biological activity with Escherichia coli and Staphylococcus. , The course of interaction was followed up with TLC, and the compounds prepared were diagnosed with infrared radiation spectrum FTIR and nuclear magnetic resonance spectrum 1H-NMR.
Heterocyclic, 1,2,4-Triazolidine, benzoin , Schiff base, biological activity
Copyright (c) 2025 Aseel A. sharefi, Faez A. Alrammahi https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0
Evaluation of Optimal Parameters for Lead(II) Ion Extraction Using a Newly Azo Organic Reagent via Cloud Point Extraction Method
A new organic reagent [3-((2-chloro-4-hydroxyphenyl) diazenyl)-5nitrobenzene-1,2-diol] (CHPDND) was prepared and characterized by (IR, HNMR, 13C-NMR, C.H.N) used for spectrophotometric determination of Pb(II) ions in aqueous solution. The maximum wavelength of organic reagent λmax=410nm and for its complex with Pb(II) was 395nm. The study includes all optimal parameters for Pb(II) ions extraction as chelation complex by cloud point method such as pHex, temperature in addition to calculate thermodynamic data ΔHex, ΔGex, and ΔSex, heating time, surfactant volume, etc. Slope analysis method used for determine the probable structure of Pb(II)- (CHPDND) complex was 1:1. Applied method for spectrophotometric determination of Pb(II) in some environmental samples with LOD=0.219mg/L and LOQ=0.664mg/L and the results compared with AAS as standard method.
Copyright (c) 2025 Khadija Abdel-Ilah Ali Al-Saeedi, Safa Majeed Hameed, Hadeel Noori Saad https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0
Anticancer Activity of Gold (III) Nanoparticles with New Azo Ligand: Synthesis, Characterization and Spectral Identification of Its Metallic Complexes derived from Histidine
The new heterocyclic azo ligand, (E)-2-amino-3-(2-((2-hydroxy-4-nitrophenyl)diazenyl)-1H-imidazol-5-yl)propanoic acid, was synthesized by the reaction of histidine with 5-nitro-2-amino phenol. Various analytical methods, including mass spectrometry, 1H-NMR, FT-IR, CHN elemental analysis, and UV-vis spectroscopy, facilitated the characterization of a recently developed azo ligand. This ligand served as the basis for synthesizing a set of coordination compounds with Ni(II), Cu(II), Co(II), Zn(II), Cd(II), and Au(III) ions, which were subsequently examined using several of the same techniques. Measurements of magnetic susceptibility and molar conductivity were also conducted. The data from electronic spectra and magnetic properties indicate an “octahedral structure” for the entire compounds excluding Au(III) compound, which adopts a “square planar geometry.” All complexes exhibit non-electrolyte properties, with the exception of the Au(III) complex, which displays electrolyte properties. The behavior of the new azo ligand is a tridentate, according to the results overall. The complex Au(III) anticancer properties are very efficacious. The Au-complex destroys leukemia cells while not affecting healthy cells. This compound holds promise as a fresh therapeutic option for tackling leukemia cancer, with plans brewing to explore its impact on additional cancer varieties down the road.
Copyright (c) 2025 Rehab Abid Salim, Muna Abass Hadi https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0
A Novel Approach for the Rapid Detection of Sulfanilamide in Pure and Formulated Samples Using Cloud Point Extraction
To determination of sulfanilamide (SNA) as a pure and pharmaceutical forms by easy, fast, and sensitive method. A liquid ion association complex of SNA formation by NiCl4-2 in the presence of nonionic surfactants TritonX-114 and mixture of (TritonX-114+Tween80) to form cloud point layer. The highest absorption at 277nm with both surfactants. The optimum conditions effect on the separation method was studied: concentration of HCl (0.8M), temperature (75℃), heating time (15min), the concentration of Ni (II) was 100μg.mL-1, and (0.5mL) of both surfactants. The calibration curve was linear over the concentration range of 10-100μg.mL-1with LOD of (0.984 μg.mL-1) and LOQ of (2.98 μg.mL-1) with TritonX-114 and LOD of (0.9936μg.mL-1) and LOQ of (3.011μg.mL-1) with mixture (TritonX-114+Tween80). SNA spectrophotometric determination was carried out by CPE and compared with HPLC. The results showed no significant differences between the two methods.
Sulfanilamide, Ni (II), Liquid ion exchange, HPLC
Copyright (c) 2025 Farah Abdul Adheem Razooqi Kerbal, Safa Majeed Hameed https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0
The role of the rs2144908 SNP of the HNF4A Gene in T2DM of Iraqi Patients
High blood glucose levels are a hallmark of type 2 diabetes mellitus (T2DM). A connection between genetic variations and the incidence of type 2 diabetes has been shown by several studies conducted in various nations, while others are unable to detect a noticeable outcome. In Iraq, diabetes has become an epidemic in the past ten years, paralleling the global rise in the prevalence of diabetes mellitus. The goal of our research was to examine the relationship between T2DM disease in Iraqi patients and the polymorphism of the HNF4A SNP rs2144908. A group of 100 healthy control individuals and a group of 100 T2DM patients participated in a case-control study. Using specially created primers for this research, the RT-PCR technique was utilized. The findings of the assessment of biochemical parameters showed a marked rise in the codominant, dominant, overdominant, and additive genotype models between the two groups. In codominant characteristics, it indicates that for GG, GA, and AA, insulin, HOMA-IR, TG, and VLDL have shown values, while in dominant for GG vs. GA + AA, the insulin, HOMA-IR, cholesterol, TG, LDL, and VLDL have shown significant values. As we Know this is the first study in Iraq deal with this gene with T2DM, so the study indicated that the development of T2DM is significantly influenced by HNF4A rs2144908 G/A in Iraqi patients.
T2DM, HNFA4 gene, rs2144908 SNP, Real Time PCR, RT_CR.
Copyright (c) 2025 Thanaa Naji AboGhunaim, Seenaa Kadhum Ali https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0
Cloud Point Extraction and Spectrophotometric Determination Zinc II Ion Complex in Real Samples Using BTAD Reagent
New azo reagent 2-[Benz Thiazol azo]-1 –Dopamine , The reagent was Prepared through a coupled reaction and characterized using spectroscopic methods, including (FTIR) and (UV. –Vis.) is spectroscopy , as well as proton nuclear Magnetic resonance ( HNMR).to verify its chemical identity .This reagent was used to estimate Zinc( II ) ion through the formation of a doubly charged complex, Which was extracted and identified using cloud point extraction(CPE) technique , Optimization conditions and factors affecting is study that effected on extraction Efficiency E%. The measured of spectrophotometrically at a wavelength of at λ max =515 nm for Zn+2 complex . The conditions for complex formation and extraction Using (CPE)technique were studied and optimized , and the optimum pH is found =9 , critical volume the Triton X-100 concentration is at 0.5 mL, heating time is 85 C˚. Thermodynamic study of parameters to CPE are also calculated ,and their values Were as follows ΔH =0. 243874 KJ ,ΔG=-0. 181914134 KJ and ΔS =50.8821 J Indicating that the reaction is endothermic (LOD=6.4486x10-6µg mL-1) and LOQ= 6.4486x10-5µg mL-1 , with( Molar absorptivity Ɛ=286.88L.mol-1,cm-1. The Stoichiometry of the ]Zn+2(BTAD)[ showed that the ratio of M:L obtained are (1:1). at optimum conditions , the analysis 10 mL of sample yielded pre concentration Factor and enrichment factor of (200 and65.92366) respectively, while the Sandal's sensitivity(4.1x10-6 µg cm-2).Standard calibration curve was linearity at Range between 0.05-1ppm, with a correlation coefficient of 0.9933. The RSD% of Repeated measurements by a concentration of determinations at (90) µg 10mL−1 is 74.11%this developed method was applied to estimate Zinc concentration in Different samples and compered whit FAAS for samples and use t-test to compered The results accept Nell hypothesis and this method can be depend at confidence Limit 95%.
Copyright (c) 2025 Kawthar Abed Al Ameer , Ibtehaj Raheem Ali https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0
The Impact of Physicochemical Descriptors on the Biological Activity of 5-Fluorouracil Analogs
5-FU remains a key anticancer drug, especially for colon, breast, and other cancers. This study developed a QSAR model to predict the anticancer activity of seven 5-FU analogs. Physicochemical properties, calculated using ChemSW and GAMESS software, showed a strong correlation with experimental IC50 values (R²), validating the model's predictive capability.
Copyright (c) 2025 Falah Shareef Abed Suhail https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0
The Role of Vascular Endothelial Growth Factor VEGF-A Levels in Thyroid Vascular changes in Patients with Hashimoto's Thyroiditis
Background: Tissue damage is a common and characteristic feature of autoimmune diseases. Tissue damage has been significantly associated with blood vessels, the expression of vascular endothelial growth factor (VEGF- A) it has great importance of angiogenesis in organs, tissues, and glands. aimed the current study to measure the levels of VEGF- A and its relationship to clinical manifestations of thyroid tissue damage and follicle enlargement in patients with autoimmune Hashimoto's disease (HI). Evaluated demographic factors (Age, BMI, systolic pressure, diastolic pressure) for the two study groups and functional thyroid hormone levels (TSH, T4, T3, FT4, FT3) Also assessing the levels of diagnostic antibodies to the disease (Anti-TPO, Anti-TG), The current study was conducted on 30 Iraqi female patients in Najaf Governorate in Iraq diagnosed with Hashimoto's disease and 30 healthy women. The ages of the study groups ranged from 25 to 50 years. methods used electro chemiluminescence immune assay ECLIA, enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay Sandwich -ELISA, (Competitive- ELISA) in determining the levels of Study criteria. The findings indicated that the Hashimoto's group's BMI was higher than that of the health group., while the levels of functional hormones T3, FT3, FT4 decreased, the study also showed an increase in levels of (TSH, Anti-TPO, Anti-TG), the study showed VEGF-A levels in the serum of women in the HI group were significantly higher than those in the health group. The study revealed the involvement of VEGF-A in the tissue damage that occurs to the thyroid gland in the autoimmune disease Hashimoto's
VEGF-A, Endothelial cells, Hashimoto's disease, Autoimmune diseases, Anti-TPO
Department of Chemistry, Faculty of Science, University of Kufa
Copyright (c) 2025 Hiyam Habeeb Al-thabhawee, Elham Abed Mahdi https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0
Serum Levels of Interleukin 35 as Risk Markers for Increased Mortality in Lung Cancer with Covid-19
Background: Worldwide, lung cancer is still the biggest killer when it comes to cancer, arising from uncontrolled cell division in lung tissues. A homeostatic chemokine with a high degree of conservation, SARS-CoV-2, the culprit responsible for the 2019 new coronavirus disease (COVID-19), has posed a serious threat to worldwide public health. Additionally, COVID-19 infection may predispose persons to hyperglycemia. Hyperglycemia, when combined with other risk factors, may modify immunological and inflammatory responses, predisposing patients to severe COVID-19 infection. Methods: The materials and methods are a case-control study conducted on 180 participants (aged 45–77): There were 90 patients of lung cancer, and 90 were healthy controls. IL-35 levels were measured using ELISA, along with CBC, cholesterol, triglycerides, and liver enzymes (ALT, AST, ALP). Results: The average age of all lung cancer patients with COVID-19 was 45-77 years. The patients with lung cancer and Coronavirus had a significantly lower lymphocyte count and platelet count compared with the healthy, but the neutrophil was significantly higher when compared with the same groups. In the severe disease group, the leucocyte count and neutrophil count were significantly higher when compared with moderate disease. D-dimer, ferritin, and alkaline phosphatase were significantly higher, but platelet and albumin were significantly lower when compared with the same groups. Conclusions: Our results support the idea that COVID-19 should be considered a risk factor for COVID-19 disease progression and prognosis. covid should receive increased care in the event of rapid deterioration. To identify information gaps that necessitate additional research on COVID-19 in lung cancer
Copyright (c) 2025 Wisam Abdulameer Noman, Hanaa Addai Ali https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0
Synthesis, Identification and Study of Anti-Tumor Activity for Macrocyclic Formazan-Triazan Compounds
Formazan derivatives composites were equipped concluded condensation reactions and using altered solvents and mediums. They were derived from Mefenamic acid and were converted to a primary amine by reacting it with semicarbazide and going through an esterification step, where this amine was converted to Anil derivative for coupling reaction. Preparation of Macro-Cyclic-Formazan and Macro-Cyclic-Formazan-Triazan, which was synthesized for the first time as a bioorganic compounds via cyclization step with coupling reaction. The physical and chemical properties of the synthesized compounds are provided. The compounds were identified by FTIR, 1H.NMR and 13C.NMR spectroscopy, and evidence of the formation of these compounds was obtained. The second part of the research included a study of its behaviour against breast cancer as a type of cancer, where the results showed the emergence of strong inhibition of tumour cells at a concentration of (600 ppm) for Macro-Cyclic-Formazan-Triazan indicating the effect of heteroatoms on the effectiveness of the compound.
Copyright (c) 2025 Tabark Emad Abed-alameer, Nagham Mahmood Aljamali https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0
Effect of (Hg) on the Electrical and Structural Properties of High Temperature Bi2Ba2Ca2Cu3O10+δ Superconductor
This work investigates how the preparation process affects the electrical characteristics of the superconducting ceramic compound (Bi2-x(HgX) BaCa1.85(Sb0.15)Cu3O10+δ) by partially substituting (Hg) for (Bi), where x = (0, 0.1, 0.2, 0.3, 0.4). In order to achieve the highest critical transfer temperature (High-Tc) using the most efficient preparation technique, the study aims to investigate the conditions and optimal approach for achieving stability. In order to produce a conjugated material and promote an ideal progressive diffusion process among the atoms, the samples were created under ideal conditions using the solid-state reaction (SSR) method. We found the critical transition temperatures and energy gap values for the samples (x=0, 0.1, 0.2, 0.3, 0.4) by using the Four-Probe Technique to examine the resistance variation of the samples as a function of temperature. The samples showed metallic characteristics and superconducting behavior at 780° C. The SSR approach was used to create the ideal sample, which had a composition of x = 0.4 and a critical transition temperature of Tc = 122 K. In addition to outperforming other samples in terms of obtaining superconducting compounds with superior transition temperatures, this sample also showed the highest energy gap value of Eg = 0.037144 eV and a hole concentration of P(hole) = 0.16. AFM (atomic force microscopy) was also used to examine the surfaces of these systems. Through it, the average diameter (nm), average roughness (Ra), and root mean square (Rg) were calculated. The results showed that the sample with the replacement ratio (0.4) had the bast average diameter of (608.8).
Copyright (c) 2025 Khulood.GH. Shanan, Haider M. J Haider https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0
Design of A New Bead Injection System for Removal Methylene Blue using Nanoparticale Derivative from Selenium(IV) Compound
This research included a study of a new bead injection system design for removing methylene blue dye using selenium nanoparticles at a wavelength of 664 nm. The optimum conditions pH, flow rate, dye volume, and selenium nanoparticle mass were studied and determined. Were 7 ,10 ml/min , 0.157 ml and 0.004 g respectively . The calibration curve was prepared and the linearity range was from (0.5-25) mg/L and the Sandell's sensitivity was = 8.695 × . The dispersion coefficient and repeatability were also studied, which were 2.383 , 10 reading respectively , and it was found that the proposed method gave good results with a recovery rate of ( 99.879 % -100.064% ).
Keywords : Bead Injection system , Selenium oxide , Methylene blue , Adsorption , Removal
Bead Injection system , Selenium oxide , Methylene blue , Adsorption , Removal
Copyright (c) 2025 Alaa Aboudi Obaid , Khdeeja Jabbar Ali https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0
A review on Chromatographic Techniques for the Determination of Pharmaceuticals in Environment
The past several years have seen an increase in awareness of the pervasiveness of medications as pollutants in the aquatic environment. The main reason for concern regarding the release of pharmaceuticals into the environment is the possibility that biological agents may become opposing to them. The development of precise and reliable analytical techniques for pharmaceutical determination in a range of samples is necessary for their safe use in the pharmaceutical industry and medical treatments. This review offers a summary of chromatographic techniques for identifying and quantifying the examination of pharmaceuticals in a range of environmental samples. Both the general public and the scientific community are currently very interested in the topic of pharmaceutical-related environmental contamination. The current review also provides an overview of the more chromatographic techniques coupled to mass spectrometry that have been created and applied for the determination of pharmaceuticals in the environment such as GC-MS, LC-MS and LC-MS/MS.
Copyright (c) 2025 Jasim M. S. Jamur, Shaymaa K. Ghati, Nawar Jamal Abdulrada, Shaimaa A. Jadoo https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0
The influence of additions on the electrodeposition of the alloy of Co - Zn from a new eutectic deep solvent
E-coating deposition of Co-Zn alloys presents a promising approach for creating multifunctional coatings that simultaneously enhance mechanical properties and corrosion resistance. In this study, a novel eutectic deep solvent (DES) composed of lithium chloride and 1,3-propanediol was developed and maintained at 80°C. This solvent was utilized for electrodepositing Co-Zn alloy coatings onto copper substrates. The coatings' composition, phase structure, and morphology were characterized using field emission scanning electron microscopy (FE-SEM), atomic force microscopy (AFM), and X-ray diffraction (XRD). Electrochemical properties were assessed through cyclic voltammetry (CV) to investigate the effects of deposition temperature on composition and structural changes. Co-deposition of zinc and cobalt was achieved under galvanostatic conditions, resulting in high-quality Co-Zn alloy coatings with a compact morphology and a single phase when deposited at 80°C, with a current density of 0.012 mA/cm² over a duration of 2 hours. Additionally, the efficiency of the electrodeposition process improved with the incorporation of additives, specifically 10% H2O, TX100, and TW20.
Electrodeposition, Co - Zn alloy coatings, an eutectic deep solvent (EDS)
electrochemical properties, Lithium Chloride, additives
Copyright (c) 2025 Shymaa Hussien Al-Said, Azhar Y.M. Al-Murshedi https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0
Separation and Spectral Determination of Cd(II) as a Chelation Complexes in Aqueous Solution and Food Samples by Using 4-((4-hydroxyquinolin-3-yl) diazenyl) benzene sulfonamide and 3-((1H-indol-5-yl) diazenyl )quinolin-4-ol
This study reports on a cloud point extraction (CPE) method devised for the thorough separation, preconcentration, and spectrophotometric estimation of cadmium (Cd(II)) from solutions and food matrices using azo derivatives as complexing agents. The research problem under study concerns the sensitive and selective determination of Cd(II), a heavy metal recognized as toxic due to its profound environmental and health dangers. The specific aim was to optimize and check CPE method reproducibility for the more stable chelation complexes of cadmium (II) 4-((4-hydroxyquinolin-3-yl)diazenyl)benzenesulfonamide (HQDBS) and 3-((1H-indol-5-yl)diazenyl)quinolin-4-ol (IDQ). The optimization was performed by testing the following fundamental parameters: pH, type and volume of surfactant (Triton X-100), extraction temperature, and duration of heating. The maximum absorptions (λmax) of both examined complexes of cadmium with HQDBS and IDQ were found at 478 nm and 499 nm respectively. The spectroscopic methods and field emission scanning electron microscopy (FE-SEM) were applied to structural characterization of the extracted complexes. The developed method was applied to food samples and validated with Flame Atomic Absorption Spectroscopy (FAAS). It was showed that the methods gave highly sensitive and good selective responses which had a strong correlation with the FAAS results. F-test statistical calculations showed that the differences between techniques are insignificant, thus proving the reliability of CPE methodology expected for Cd(II) analytical chemistry. The CPE technique is recommended for determining the presence of Cd(II) in food and environmental samples since it is easy, economical, and less harmful to the environment.
Azo Derivatives, Cloud Point Extraction (CPE), Heavy Metal Analysis,
Environmental Monitoring, Food Sample Analysis
Triton X-100, Preconcentration Technique.
Copyright (c) 2025 Alaa Jawad Al-Khkany, Safa Majeed Hameed https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0
Anew Merging-Zone Flow Injection System For Determination Of Zn_(II) in Pharmaceutical_ Samples By New Reagent Derivative From 4- aminoantipyrine
A straightforward, automatic, delicate fresh , high throughput sample and creative spectrophotometric design for a new Merging Zone Injection system The automated_ method_ is based on the formation of red complex_ between Zn_(II) and new reagent (4(4-(1,5 dimethyl-2-phenyl-pyrazole-3-one azo)-2-methoxy -5- propenyl- phenol)(DMPPAMPP) at 490 nm to measure Zn(II). The impact of several system factors, including flow rate, reaction coil, and others, was examined. length, sample volume, reagent volume, reagent concentration, and medium pH. The determined linearity range , detection's limit LOD and limit of quantification was found to be 1 to 10 mg ml−1,0.323 mg_.L−1, and 1. _076 mg.L−1, correspondingly , 120 samples per hour is the sampling frequency. The technique was successfully used to determine the amount of Zn(II) in pharmaceutical formulations. The recovery average ranged between 90.35and 118.45%.
Copyright (c) 2025 Farah Khawwam Abd-Al Sahib Sheerali, Khdeeja_ Jabbar Ali https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0
Synthesis, Characterization and Preliminary Evaluation of New 1,3-Diazetidine-2-one derivatives from Benzimidazole as Antibacterial Agents
In this research a new series of 1,3-Diazetidine-2-one derivatives were synthesized by the reaction of 2-(1H-benzo[d]imidazol-2-yl) acetonitrile with terephthalaldehyde presence of 10%NaOH and absolute ethanol to form a compound alkene derivative. The alkene intermediate then react with 4- amino antipyrine, nicotinic hydrazide respectively, to obtain Schiff base derivatives. Then, it will be converted into Schiff base derivatives which will be treated with 4- bromo phenyl iso cyanate and 4-methoxy phenyl iso cyanate respectively to obtain the final products. The structures of the synthesized compounds were confirmed by the FT-IR, 1H-NMR,13C-NMR. In our conclusion, the antibacterial effects were tested with the use of Gram-positive Staphylococcus aureus and Gram-negative Acinetobacter baumannii,
Copyright (c) 2025 Marwa Kamel Nazim AL-Husseini, Hanan Faleh Mohsein https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0
Preparation and characterization of new ligand derived from dithiocarbamate and their metal complexes with biological study
The study involved creating a new dithiocarbamate derivative ligand, which is known for its significance in both medical and industrial fields. This was accomplished by joining the CS2 group with the substituted Schiff base 4-((1-(4-Chlorophenyl) imino) ethyl)aniline in basic medium to create the derivative sodium (4-((1-(4- Chlorophenyl) imino) ethyl) phenyl) carbamodithioate. The derivative is then reacted with the chlorides of Cu(II), Co(II), Ni(II), Pt(II) and silver nitrate Ag(I), and to create complexes of that derivative. Melting point measurements are performed using ultraviolet spectroscopy, infrared spectroscopy, mass spectroscopy, nuclear magnetic resonance spectroscopy, and other physical properties to examine the behavior of the derivative and the complexes made from it, as well as examining their biological efficacy as anticancer agents .
Copyright (c) 2025 Muna Hussein Issa , Mithaq Saeed Mohammed. https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0
Solvent Impact on Fluorescence and UV-Vis Spectra: Gáti and Szalay Relationship for Sulfonimide-Based Compound
Both absorption and fluorescence spectra are studied and measured for“4(4-HNBS),4-((4-hydroxynaphthalen-1-yl)diazenyl)-N-(pyrimidin-2-yl)benzenesulfonamide”, Which is dissolved in DMF, DMSO, 2-butanol, 2-propanol, 1,4-dioxane, methanol, Ethanol, acetone, acetonitrile, and ethyl acetate when Dissolved in different solvents. Fluorescence and absorption spectra peaks are Calculated and compared. The Solvation or dielectric constant effect is presented by Using the Gáti and Szalay Relationship.
Keywords: Fluorescence; UV-VIS; Solvent effect; Azo compounds
Copyright (c) 2025 Noor Hussein Mohsen , Zainab Abedumuttaleb Hammood https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0
Synthesis,Antifungl and Antibacterial Evaluation for new Thiazolidinone and 1,3-Diazetidine Derivatives
This research,included prepare of some new derivatives of the thiazolidinone ,diazetidne and evaluation of their biological effectiveness.The first step includes formation of new azo compound,from diazotizing a primary aromatic amine from 2-amino-5-mercaptothiazole with sodium nitrite in HCl, followed by a reaction coupling reaction with 2-hydroxyl naphthaldehyde. The product is then reacted with (thiosemicarbazide) or (4-amino-5- fluoro-1H-pyrmidine-2-one)to form a Schiff base derivative B1 and B3, which B1 reacts with α-chloroethylacetate by[2+3] cycloadition to yield a thiazolidinone derivative and B3 reacts with (4-bromophenlisocyante) or (4-nitrophenylisothiocyante) by[2+2] cycloadition to yield diazetidine-2-on and diazetidine-2-thione . Their structures have been characterized by FT-IR, 13C-NMR, and 1H-NMR spectroscopic methods. The antibacterial activity of the prepared compounds were studied against Gram-positive bacteria (Staphylococcus aureus) and Gram-negative bacteria (Acinetobacter baumannii).Furthermore,some new derivatives were evaluated as antiofungals .against Yeast (Candida Albicans) And presenting it as a future study of the importance of heterocyclic compounds in many medical, biological, chemical and physical applications.
Copyright (c) 2025 Hurra Jarad Yousif , Hanan Faleh Mohsein https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0