ISSN (P): 2077-2351 ISSN (E): 3006-3280 A Scientific Journal Issued by the Faculty of Education For women - University of Kufa. This Journal ensures high standards of peer-review for all submitted manuscripts. This journal provides immediate open access to its content on the principle that making research freely available to the public supports a greater global exchange of knowledge. Official Correspondence is directed to the Editorial in Chief Prof. Dr. Ibtihal Kadhim Kareem. Address: Faculty of Education for women, University of Kufa, P.O Box (21) Kufa, Najaf - Iraq. Email: kufaj.sciences@uokufa.edu.iq.
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Recent Advances in Azo-Based Corrosion Inhibitors for Steel in Acidic Media: Adsorption Mechanism, Electrochemical Performance, and Theoretical Insights( review article)
Azo and azo–Schiff base derivatives have been widely explored as corrosion inhibitors for steel in acidic environments due to their electron-rich heteroatoms and conjugated π-systems. This review critically examines recent experimental and computational studies, with emphasis on adsorption thermodynamics, electrochemical response, and structure–efficiency relationships in 1 M HCl and H₂SO₄ solutions. Reported inhibition efficiencies frequently exceed 90%, although performance varies depending on molecular substitution pattern and medium conditions. Adsorption behavior is commonly described by the Langmuir isotherm, with ΔG°ads values (−28 to −42 kJ mol⁻¹) indicating spontaneous adsorption involving both physical and chemical interactions. Electrochemical impedance spectroscopy and polarization measurements consistently show increased charge transfer resistance and reduced corrosion current density in the presence of azo-based inhibitors. Complementary density functional theory (DFT) calculations further clarify the role of molecular electronic descriptors, such as EHOMO and energy gap (ΔE), in determining adsorption strength and inhibition performance. By integrating thermodynamic analysis with quantum chemical insights, this review outlines key structure–performance trends and highlights strategic considerations for the rational development of high-efficiency azo-derived corrosion inhibitors
Copyright (c) 2026 Reyam H. Marah , Saifaldeen M. Abdalhadi, Asmaa Yahya Al-Baitai https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0
The Antibacterial and Anti-biofilm Efficacy of Nanoparticles Against Multi-Drug Resistant Bacteria Associated with Periodontitis Disease.
Periodontitis is defined as a long-lasting multifactorial inflammatory disease include the breakdown of the tooth's supportive tissues, such as the bone, soft tissues, and periodontal ligament .its initiation and progression is related to biofilm formation, unhealthy meals characterized by high carbohydrate intake, smocking ,hormonal changes and poor oral hygiene .it is considered as the most important leading cause of tooth loss so it is necessary to improve the treatment of periodontitis . the traditional management of periodontitis is local or systemic antibiotic, mouthrinse, dentifrices, along with scaling and root planning. Nanoparticles (NPs) have been increased interest in dentistry in the last few years. Their favorable biological and physicochemical characteristics can increase periodontitis diagnosis, prevention, and therapy. NPs have demonstrated antibacterial activity against pathogens that cause periodontal disease. Additionally, nanoparticles can limit the generation of exopolysaccharides by oral cavity bacteria and prevent biofilm development.
bacteria; biofilm formation; periodontal diseases
Copyright (c) 2026 Abeer Abdulridha Abass, Ghufran Salman, Wurood Hashim Majeed Al-Ameedee https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0
Industrial Preparation Method for Liquid Organic Fertilizers from Fish Residue and Determination of Their Elements Content
Liquid organic fertilizers have been used in several applications in agriculture field due to their unique properties, like their ability to deliver nutrients and improving long-term soil health. So, in this study, new liquid organic fertilizers were prepared using cheap manner which contain fish waste and residues. The waste was first cut and then treated with concentrated phosphoric acid to prepare several samples in different pH (1-2, 3-4 and 5-6), and in different temperatures (45-60 and 65-80 °C), with and without oxygen. After that, the prepared samples were neutralized and filtered to get a liquid layer which underwent to NPK measurement (NPK refer to contains of nitrogen (N), phosphorus (P) and potassium K) to estimate the percentage of contains of Nitrogen, Phosphorus, Potassium, Manganese, Iron and Sulfur elements. This method is considered as efficient, novel, and environmentally benign steps. Moreover, it is known that the liquid organic fertilizers now are used as an effective and suitable alternative to the conventional solid organic fertilizer and chemical fertilizer. In our country, this technique is not popular hence this should be spread among fish sellers, researchers and common people omit. This will be helpful to generate employment. Fish remains can be turned from “waste” into wealth i.e. waste to best, not only for environment and agriculture, but also for fishery industry.
Copyright (c) 2026 Hussein Habeeb Mustafa https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0
Interleukin-1β and Glycolytic Enzyme Alterations in Beta-Thalassemia Major: Insights into Inflammation-Metabolism Crosstalk
Background: Beta-thalassemia major is characterized by chronic hemolytic anemia, ineffective erythropoiesis, and systemic iron overload, leading to metabolic and inflammatory alterations. Objective: This study investigated the relationship between serum interleukin-1β (IL-1β), key glycolytic enzymes (hexokinase [HK], pyruvate kinase [PK], phosphofructokinase [PFK]), and PFKP gene expression in beta-thalassemia major patients. Methods: A case-control study was conducted involving 42 beta-thalassemia major patients and 30 healthy controls. Serum levels of IL-1β, HK, PK, and PFK were measured using ELISA, while PFKP gene expression was assessed by RT-qPCR. Results: Patients exhibited significantly elevated IL-1β (41.34 ± 42.23 vs. 21.43 ± 26.45 pg/mL; p = 0.0276), HK (327.71 ± 282.40 vs. 131.47 ± 158.67 pg/mL; p = 0.0012), and PFK (1.83 ± 1.52 vs. 0.51 ± 0.53 ng/mL; p < 0.0001) compared to controls. Strong positive correlations were observed between IL-1β and glycolytic enzymes (r = 0.637-0.690, p < 0.0001). Conclusion: These findings demonstrate significant inflammation-metabolism crosstalk in beta-thalassemia major, suggesting that targeting inflammatory pathways may ameliorate metabolic disturbances in affected patients.
Beta-thalassemia major; Interleukin-1β; Glycolytic enzymes; Hexokinase; Pyruvate kinase; Phosphofructokinase; PFKP gene expression; Inflammation; Metabolic alteration
Copyright (c) 2026 Karima Jalil Hamza, Maysoon Khalid Hussein https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0
Synthesis, DFT calculations and Anti-breast cancer activity of Co(II) and Ru(III) Complexes with Benzoyl Thiourea Derivatives :
This study was conducted to prepare complexes of carbonyl thiourea derivatives with Cobalt(II) and Ruthenium(III). The geometries of these complexes were investigated using mass spectrometry, electrostatic spray ionization (ESI), and infrared (IR) spectroscopy, including molar conductivity, magnetic susceptibility, cyclic voltammetry (CV), and thermogravimetric analysis (TGA). The elemental ratios in the complexes were determined using inductively coupled plasma atomic emission spectroscopy (ICP-AES). Co(II) and Ru(III) complexes were prepared in different molar ratios: 1:1 (liquid –metal) and 2:1 (liquid –metal). The ligands were selected as (S,O) bistochondria . The metal is bonded to the ligand via oxygen and sulfur atoms. The geometry of the prepared Co(II) and Ru(III) complexes was octahedral. To support and justify the experimental results, a comprehensive theoretical study was conducted using density functional theory (DFT) with the functional basis set B3LYP\LANL2DZ. The computational study included determining the energies of the boundary molecular orbitals (HOMO and LUMO) and the atomic Molten charges. The structural parameters of the compounds, including bond length, triangular angle, and quadrantal angle, were analyzed and compared with experimental data. The cytotoxicity of the Co(II) and Ru(III) synthesized complexes was evaluated in vitro against human MCF-7 breast cancer cells using the MTT assay. The results showed that the compounds exhibited low cytotoxicity under the experimental conditions.
Thiourea Benzamide,LUMO,HOMO, DFT,Cyclic Voltammetry,breast cancer.
Copyright (c) 2026 Ahmed.Hamed.Al-Yaqoubi, Rafid H. Al-Asadi https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0
Removal of sulfur ions from crude oil using copper Oxide Nanoparticles
The present study was designed to investigate the effectiveness of the adsorption desulfurization of crude oil using CuO-NPs. The prepared of nanoparticles using a sol-gel method was subjected to a novel analysis comprising standard analytical methods, including XRD, FESEM, and EDX, to identify the crystalline phase, morphological, and referring contained of the element in the particles. Hence, the XRD of crystalline planes of CuO exhibited peaks of the monoclinic structure at 31.6°, 45.4°, 56.4°, 66.3, and 75.2° corresponding to indexed planes of 110, 112, 202, 220, and 004, respectively. The average size of CuO-NPs was found to be 34 nm based on the Debye-Scherrer equation. Comparatively, the FESEM demonstrated through agglomerated spherical shape is shown at different magnifications. The particle size was found to follow an interval ranging from 42.43 to 87.09 nm. The elemental composition of EDX profiles was composed of Cu standing at 80.6%, O at 13.9 %, and 5.5 C%. The peak of Cu along with O shows sound evidence, suggesting that it contains nanocrystals made up of CuO nanoparticles at 1:1. In summary, the lowest removal efficiency was found at the highest temperature of 328K, 150 minutes of time, and 50 mg of adsorbent, while the removal efficiency increased as the temperature fell, the adsorbent was increased, and the contact time increased. Thus, the scavenged material was providing effective removal with optimal results and possibilities to develop for industrial applicability.
Adsorption, CuO-NPs, desulfurization, Crude oil
Copyright (c) 2026 Alaa E. Sultan https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0
Synthesis, Identification and Breast cancer Studies of New Bi-Cyclic Oxazepine and Diazepine Derivatives
In this study, new compounds were produced to form several new Schiff bases by combining compounds {1, 4, 5, 6, and 7} with di-carboxyl groups, and by combining compounds {2 with 3} with compounds containing an amino group. Through this condensation, six- and seven-membered rings were obtained, in addition to five-membered rings such as triazoles and oxazoles with seven membered ring like oxazepane and diazepine, which are important and fundamental compounds used in various industrial fields, such as pharmaceuticals, vitamins, dyes, and many industrial and natural products. Triazoles and their derivatives are among the important compounds used in the manufacture of nucleic acids, enzymes, and polymers. The structural formulas of these compounds were diagnosed and determined using spectroscopic studies such as infrared spectroscopy (FT-IR), carbon nuclear magnetic resonance spectroscopy (13C-NMR), and proton nuclear magnetic resonance spectroscopy (1H-NMR). Biological activity was utilized according to the functional groups of these compounds and their appearance in each spectrum. The difference was also found in the substituted groups during the comparison of the derivatives preparation process.
Bi-Cyclic Oxazepine and Diazepine Derivatives
Copyright (c) 2026 Zainab Mohamed Farhan , Nagham Mahmood Aljamali https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0
Chalcone Promising Bioactive Structure in Medicinal Chemistry: A Review
In medicinal chemistry, privilege structures are essential and useful templates for the creation of new drugs. The chalcone scaffold stands out as one of the most basic yet important of these structures in this regard. Its unique structural features—the α,β-unsaturated carbonyl system and a fully delocalized π-electron system—as well as its simplicity of chemical synthesis and great amenability to substitution, make it logical to do extensive research on it. Because of these characteristics, it has a relatively low redox potential, which increases the possibility that it will take part in biological electron transfer reactions. The purpose of this review is to offer a thorough and critical analysis in order to assess the therapeutic potential of chalcone and its derivatives. A wide range of biological activities, including strong antibacterial, antifungal, anti-inflammatory, and anticancer properties, have been shown for these compounds. In particular, the review aims to examine the structure-activity relationship (SAR), with a focus on the reactive α,β-unsaturated keto function and its connection to the antibacterial mechanism. By looking at these various functions, this study aims to evaluate the advancements made thus far and pinpoint the present obstacles and research gaps required to fully realize chalcone's promise as a potent treatment for a variety of illnesses.
Chalcone, Biological activity, structure-activity relationship,α,β-unsaturated ketone
Copyright (c) 2026 Rana Neama Atiya, Hajer A. Jawad, Ruaa W. Adam, Samer Ali Hasan, Ahmed Wheed Radhi https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0
Cloud Point Methodology to Determination Pb+2 by 4-CMePADPI Reagent Coupled with Spectrophotometry
A modern extraction method for separating, enriching and estimating Pb+2 by using the CPE extraction technique and coupled with the spectrophotometry. For the purpose of determination Pb+2, it was prepared in the laboratory of 2-[4-carboxymethylphenylazo]-4,5-diphenyl imidazole 4-CMePADPI as an organic reagent to formation complex with lead, which is extracted to the non-ionic surface TX-100 by the volume of 0.8 mL at 80oC degree of the critical temperature needed to form a cloud point. Where the rich phase by lead complex is separated and dissolved in ethanol and is determined by spectrophotometric method at λmax = 437 nm. The optimum pH = 9 and 30 μg / 5 mL of Pb+2. The values of the thermodynamic functions for extracting the ion association complex of Pb+2ΔHex = – 0.005214 kJ, ΔSex = + 188.036 J, and ΔGex = – 66.382 kJ, as the study of the molar composition of the ion association complex obtained by following the slope analysis is (1:1). The method gave an enrichment factor 13.428 and a reconcentration’s 6.25.
Copyright (c) 2025 Ibtehaj Raheem Ali, Majida Hameed Khazaal, Zainab Abd Ulmuttaleb Hammood, Mohammed Hadi Al–Douh https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0
Review of Analytical Techniques for the Analysis of Cephalosporins and Fluoroquinolones
This review surveys cephalosporins and fluoroquinolones analytical methodologies in biological and environmental samples. Since both humans and animals have been using antibiotics carelessly, the amount of antibiotics in wastewater and animal products has increased. The presence of cephalosporins and fluoroquinolones, the most commonly used antibiotics, in aqueous matrices can result in treatment failure. For the sake of both human health and environmental protection, these levels must be established. To improve stability and evaluate the possible risk of impurity products, more details regarding the drug's structure and degradation are required. A more detailed knowledge of degradation processes is necessary to ensure the stability of prescription medications. The current study provides an overview of the behaviors, features, and analytical techniques utilized to identify cephalosporins and fluoroquinolones. Data collection was done by searching scientific publications in the international literature. Reversed-phase high-performance liquid chromatography with UV detection and precipitation or extraction cleanup procedures are the mainstays of cephalosporins and fluoroquinolones techniques for biological and environmental samples. Although high-performance liquid chromatography is used in the majority of the methods, ultraviolet, infrared spectroscopy, and spectrometry techniques have also been used. There was a discussion emphasizing the necessity of creating new ecological techniques that use less hazardous solvents, analyze data quickly, and reduce sample size.
Analytical techniques, Antibiotics, Cephalosporins, Fluoroquinolones, Review
Copyright (c) 2026 Jasim M. S. Jamur, Hala Mohammed Salh, Mohammed Salah Abdulraheem https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0
Synthesis, Characterization of some Metallic Complexes and Exploring the Anticancer Activity of Au(III) Complex with Newly Ligand drived from xanthine compounds
The new Azo-Schiff ligand8-((1E)-(2-(((4-hydroxy-3-methoxybenzylidene)amino)methyl)phenyl)diazenyl)-1,3,7-trimethyl-3,7-dihydro-1H-purine-2,6-dione was prepared from Ortho-aminobenzylamine azoate and reaction with Caffeine, followed by the condensation of the resulting compound withVanillin . Different analytical and characterization techniques including (FT-IR, UV-Vis. Spectroscopy, GC-mass, 1HNMR and C.H.N elemental analysis) in the investigation of newly prepared ligand. A series of novel solid metal complexes of this ligand with Cu (II),Ag(I) and Au(Ⅲ) were prepared and all complexes were characterization by techniques above, excluding the mass and the 1H-NMR spectroscopy of some prepared solid metal complexes and the use of flame atomic absorption spectroscopy to determine the percentages of metal ions in the prepared complexes and molar conductivity of the metal complexes dissolved in DMSO at 1 × 10-3 M concentration laboratory temperature. The results of this studies showed that the coordination sites for the new Azo-Schiff base ligand with Cu (II), Ag (I) were to be through nitrogen of the Caffeine ring, ,the nitrogen of azo group and the nitrogen of azomethine group . The Electronic spectral and magnetic measurement data predict octahedral structure of the Cu (II),tetrahedral of the Ag (I) complexe while it has a square planar shape with the Au(III) ion. All complexes have electrolytic properties . Significant antiproliferative activity was seen in it against human lung cancer (A549) and normal cell lines (HDFn), as evidenced by the IC50 values. This study could contribute to the development of pharmaceutical preparations.
Gold complex, lung cancer, xanthine derivatives
Copyright (c) 2026 Majida Ibrahim Obaid, Ibtihal Kadhim Kareem, Wurood Ali Jaafar https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0
pb(II) ion Removal from contaminated water samples using a New Nanopolymer by spectrophotometric technique
This study involved the preparation of a new nanopolymer with outstanding environmental properties and high stability. The polymer was manufactured through a copolymerization process involving hydrophilic and hydrophobic monomers. The starting materials used were acrylic acid (AA), methyl cellulose (MC), and polylactic acid (PLA).To achieve the nanopolymerization, a free-radical photopolymerization method was employed. This process involved the polymerization of methyl cellulose, acrylic acid, and polylactic acid, with 1,6-hexanediol diacrylate (HDODA) as a cross-linking agent and 1-hydroxycyclohexylphenyl ketone as a photoinitiator.The resulting nanopolymer combines the properties of the starting materials, demonstrating its high environmental friendliness and structural stability. This makes it a promising candidate for applications requiring high-performance and sustainable materials. The nanopolymer was characterized using FTIR, TGA, DSC, SEM, and TEM techniques. The swelling ratio of this polymer was measured as a type of gel polymer. The study applied the nanopolymer to the spectroscopic determination of lead(II) ions. The optimal conditions for the determination process were determined, such as determining the wavelength of maximum absorption. A spectroscopic reference method was used to calculate the remaining ion using a new standard method for estimating the ion is characterized by the use of the reagent (2-[(6-Methoxy-2-benzothiazolyl) azo]-4-methoxyphenol) 6-MBTAMP at a wavelength of 670 nm, pH 7, reagent volume of 0.5 ml, and ion volume of 2 ml. A standard calibration curve for the lead(II) complex was also prepared before adsorption. Studying the best conditions for the adsorption process and estimating the effect of pH, shaking time, mass of the adsorbed surface, and volume of the ion solution on the adsorption process. A calibration curve was also prepared after the adsorption process to estimate the remaining lead(II) ions. Linearity range was 0.5 to 10 mg.L-1, and Sandell's sensitivity was 0.1666 µg.cm-2, molar absorptivity( Ƹ ) was 1.2432×103L.mol-1.cm-1.
Copyright (c) 2025 Ghabbha Abdul Zahra Hussein, Khdeeja Jabbar Ali, Hayfaa Jasim Mohammed https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0
Cathepsin-L as New Diagnostic Biomarker for Detection and Pathogenesis of Fatty Liver Disease
Background: Non-alcoholic fatty liver disease (NAFLD) is one of the most common causes of chronic liver disease in Western countries, most likely related to the increased incidence of obesity, metabolic illnesses, and exposure to certain environmental chemicals. Objective: The aim of this study was to forecast the severity and course of non-alcoholic fatty liver disease (NAFLD) in patients who were in the early stages of the disease., Cathepsins are the most prevalent lysosomal proteases, mostly found in acidic endo/lysosomal compartments, where they play a key role in intracellular protein degradation, energy metabolism, and immunological responses, among a variety of other function., Evaluated demographic factors (Age, BMI, ) for the two study groups and insulin ,blood glucose and HOMA IR and lipid profile and liver function test and albumin Also assessing the levels of Cathespin L level, The current study was conducted on 60 Iraqi patients in Najaf Governorate, Iraq, diagnosed with non-alcoholic fatty liver disease (NAFLD), in addition to 30 healthy individuals. The age of study groups ranged from 20 to 60 years. Methods: The Cobas C111 device and the sandwich enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA) were used to determine the levels of study criteria. Results indicated that the body mass index (BMI) of the fatty liver disease that of the healthy group, while HDL and albumin levels decreased. The study also showed group was higher than an increase in LDL and vLDL cholesterol, triglyceride, AST and ALT. The study showed that Cathespin L levels in the serum of patients were significantly higher than those in the healthy group.
NAFLD, Cathepsins, CTSL, Protease, lysosomal
Copyright (c) 2025 Zahraa Falah Jali , Elham Abed Mahdi https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0
Using Modified Chestnut-Nano Shell for Removal of Diclofenac from Aqueous Solution
In this study, the adsorption of an anti-inflammatory drug diclofenac (Dc) by modified chestnut peels. Chestnut peels (CP), acid chestnut peels carbonized (ACSPC), and chestnut peels carbonized impregnation by ferric and nickel (II) oxide (NiFe2O4-CPC) nanocomposite, investigated to remove Dc from an aqueous solution. Batch experiments were conducted for adsorption capacity for Dc from an aqueous solution using the modified chestnut peels. The modified chestnut peels and morphological changes after adsorption were characterization by the following techniques: FTIR, XRD, SEM, and EDX respectively. The kinetic model; pseudo-second-order and isothermal model; Langmuir demonstrated the adsorption processes on adsorbents. The K2, qe, and R2 values were in the range (0.303 to 1.20) gµg-1min-1, (0.039 to 0.160) mgg-1, and (0.712-0.972) respectively, at three different temperatures 298, 308, and 318 K. While for Langmuir isotherm the value of KL, Cm, and R2 in the range (0.014–0.024) L mg−1, (14.286-16.667) mg g−1, and (0.737-0.982) respectively for Dc on the adsorbents. The thermodynamic parameters revealed that the spontaneous and exothermic Dc adsorption process on the modified chestnut peels and the nanocomposite, also having good adsorption efficiency for removing pharmaceutical pollution from aqueous solutions could be used for water treatments.
Copyright (c) 2025 Rounak Shariff https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0
Galectin-13 and Integrin: Novel Markers for Assessment the Efficiency of Chemotherapy in Suppressing Solid Tumors
Background: Cancer remains one of the leading causes of morbidity and mortality worldwide, posing a significant challenge to healthcare systems and medical research. Broadly speaking, tumors can be classified into two main categories: solid tumors and hematologic (liquid) malignancies. While hematologic cancers-such as leukemia and lymphoma-primarily affect the blood and bone marrow, solid tumors are characterized by the abnormal growth of tissue in the form of a mass or lump within a specific organ or body site. Solid tumors encompass a wide range of cancers, including those of the breast, lung, prostate, colon, liver, brain, and many others. These malignancies account for a substantial portion of global cancer cases and deaths, highlighting the urgent need for continued research, early detection, and effective treatment strategies. Patients and Healthy Control a total of 60 individuals were enrolled in the current study, divided into two main groups: The first group (patients): included 30 patients diagnosed with various types of solid malignant tumors, ranging in age from 27 to 77 years. The second group (healthy controls): included 30 healthy individuals, serving as a control group, ranging in age from 26 to 66 years. Kits and technique: Sandwich-ELISA technique was applied to determine the level ofGalectin-13and Integrinin the serum samples of the study individuals. Results:the results showed a significant decrease in Galectin-13 levels in the study patients both before (p=0.022) and after receiving treatment (p=0.050) compared to the control group,On the other hand, the results of the current study indicate no significant changes (p=0.707) in Galectin-13 levels in solid tumor patients before receiving chemotherapy and after completing the doses specified by the specialists.Statistical analysis using an ANOVA test revealed a significant increase in Integrin levels in samples from patients with solid tumors before treatment compared to healthy individuals (p=0.012), while the results indicated that levels of this protein did not decrease significantly after chemotherapy (p=0.389). The study indicated that Integrin levels in patients with solid cancers after chemotherapy declined to levels close to those recorded in the healthy group, with no statistical differences recorded when comparing these two groups (p=0.090),The study showed that the highest sensitivity(97%) Galectin-13 and Integrin. The results showed that the combined sensitivity reached its maximum (100%) Galectin-13 and Integrin , while the highest specificity (91%) was recorded for integrins. Conclusions: Galectin-13 and Integrin are excellent tools for diagnosing malignant solid tumors. Integrin are an effective follow-up function for cancerous tumor detection.
Copyright (c) 2025 Hanan Khalid Alwan , Rasha Hasan Jasim https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0
Attitudes of Medical and Non-Medical Undergraduate Students Toward Antibiotic Use and Herbal Medicines in Sulaimani- Iraq
Background: Misuse of antibiotics and uncritical use of herbal medicines are common among young adults, potentially contributing to public health risks such as antimicrobial resistance and herbal–drug interactions. Evaluating university students' attitudes toward these practices is essential for shaping targeted educational strategies. Objective: To assess and compare the attitudes of medical and non-medical undergraduate students in Sulaimani, Iraq, toward the use of antibiotics and herbal medicines. Methods: A descriptive, cross-sectional study was conducted among 301 undergraduate students (195 medical and 106 non-medical) using a structured self-administered questionnaire. Data were analyzed using SPSS (version X), and chi-square tests were used to assess statistical significance, with a p-value of p<0.05 considered significant. Results: Medical students demonstrated significantly greater awareness of antibiotic resistance and were less likely to self-medicate with antibiotics compared to non-medical students. Both groups expressed generally positive attitudes toward herbal medicines; however, non-medical students were more likely to rely on herbal remedies for common ailments. Awareness of potential side effects and interactions of herbal medicines was low across both groups. Conclusion: Medical students showed better-informed antibiotic use behaviors, while misconceptions about herbal medicines were common in both student groups. Targeted awareness programs are recommended to promote responsible use of both antibiotics and herbal treatments among university students in Iraq.
Copyright (c) 2026 Nwa Rebaz Mohammed, Namam Rebaz Mohammed, Lalan Rebaz Mohammed, Shanaz Omer Bapir, Rozhan Bahadeen Abdalla, Adil Omer Baba Shekh, Bakhtyar Kamal Aziz https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0
Synthesis and Identification of Some New Mono- and Bis-Tetrazole Derivatives with an Evaluation of the Free Radical Scavenging Activity of a Selected Compound
The research involved the preparation of mono- and bis-tetrazole ring derivatives from the 4,4-thio-dianiline compound as a substrate. These derivatives were prepared using two methods. The first method was a multicomponent reaction, where 4,4-thiodianiline reacted with sodium azide and triethyl orthoformate in glacial acetic acid as a solvent with reflux. The second method involved converting 4,4- 4,4-thiodianiline to an organic azide derivative by reacting diazanium salt with inorganic azide, followed by reacting the organic azide with phenyl isothiocyanate. In addition, a chloroacetamide derivative containing a tetrazole ring was prepared using an SN2 reaction. The characterization of these compounds was conducted by measuring their melting points and using FT-IR, ¹H-NMR, and 13C-NMR spectroscopic techniques. Compound C3, which contains a tetrazole ring group with a free aromatic primary amine group, was selected for investigation as an antioxidant compared to Ascorbic acid.
Copyright (c) 2025 Ayaat Abdel Wahab, Radhiyah Abdul Baqi Aldujaili https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0
Synthesis,Characterization biological activity and molecular docking of triazole derivatives from the medication sulphadoxin
In this study, click chemistry is used to synthesize heterocyclic derivatives from the medication sulphadoxine. To create the (S) derivative, sulphadoxine initially interacted with sodium nitrate, sodium hydrochloric acid, and sodium azide (1).,then P-hydroxy benzaldehyde and 3-bromo-1-propyne reacted in the second stage to form the (A) derivative, which then reacted with various aromatic ketones to create many additional chalcons derivatives (A3-A5). These chalcons then reacted with the (S) derivative to create the triazole derivatives (E3-E5). These structures were found using TLC, FT-IR,1H-NMR,13C-NMR and the study of Molecular docking of some derivatives
Sulfonamides, Chalcones, Triazoles, molecular docking
Copyright (c) 2025 Nada Ali Salih Al-Shadood, Nadia Sadiq Majeed https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0
Spectrophotometric Determination of Acyclovir Drug by Azo Coupling With 4,4'-Sulfonyldianiline and Study Properties of Thermodynamic.
Determination of Acyclovir (ACV) in both pure and pharmaceutical preparations is carried out using a simple, accurate, and controlled spectrophotometric method. This process is done by anticreative with 4,4'-sulfonyldianiline (SDA). Optimal conditions were determined by the following factors. In this research the detector (SDA) was used in addition to a suitable oxidizing agent with a basal solution of sodium hydroxide. Several factors affecting the course of the reaction have been identified and studied, including the reaction time and optimal temperature for the formation of a colored product (AZO) applicable to the limits of the Bear Lambert Act (2.5 to 22.5 ~ g/mL) at 620 nm wavelength. the molar absorption, Sandell's sensitivity, detection limit (DOL) and quantitative limit (LOQ) were1048.28L.mol-1.cm-1, 0.3204 μg.cm-2, 0.243 μg.ml-1 and 0.738 μg.ml-1 respectively. The proposed method was successful for determining the pharmaceutical anti-drug (ACV) in pharmaceuticals. Dynamic functions have been identified including thermal (∆H) enthalpies, (∆S) entropic, and caps free energy (∆G) the absorption process of the drug is not automatic, the internal thermal process has made the system more regular
Copyright (c) 2025 Riyadh Radhi Mohammed https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0
Exploring the Antimicrobial Activity of some Oreganometallic complexes Derived from 6- methoxy -2- amino Benzothiazole
The Oregano Metallic complexes of Cobalt (II) and Nickel (II) were prepared by Complexation reaction with new organic compound Derived from (6- methoxy -2- amino Benzothiazole) type Schiff base (DTIMP) . The structures of these organometallic complexes were verified by several spectroscopic techniques ;by using Carbon , Hydrogen and Nitrogen Elemental analysis technique , FT-IR spectroscopy , UV-Vis. spectroscopy. and in order to determine the proportion of elements in their complexes, the technique of (FAAS) spectroscopy was used. a DMSO at a concentration of (1ᵡ10-3 M) was Used as a solvent to measure the electrolytic property of complexes.. The Comparison of the ligand spectrum (DTIMP) with the organometallic complexes in infrared technique showed a difference suitable for explaining the Complexation process ;this was also supported by the interpretations obtained from the UV-vis spectra of the ligand and its organometallic complexes, where the complexes showed high-intensity electronic transitions due to charge transfer of the type (M→L). Also, estimating the percentage of elements, confirming the correctness of their chemical composition, and studying the electrolytic properties, which showed that the complexes are non-electrolytes, supports the previous spectral interpretations. So the behavior of the didentate ligand type N,O donor atoms with mono negative charge .Their proposed geometrical shapes, where the octahedral structure was proposed . The antibacterial activity of the organometallic complexes under study was studied, and two types of Gram-positive and Gram-negative pathogenic bacteria were selected., Staph. aurous and Escherichia coli (G -) respectively, by using the Well diffusion method, with three concentrations of (100, 500, 1000) ppm in DMSO as solvent the sensitivity of these bacteria was studied . As a result of this study, it was shown that the metal complexes had a higher bacterial activity than the ligand, based on the inhibition zone value measured in millimeters.
Copyright (c) 2026 Safaa Mohammed Jawad Radhi https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0
L-Selectin and Adiponectin as Novel Biochemical-Immune Markers for the Response of Infertile Polycystic Ovary Syndrome Patients to Metformin Treatment
Background: Polycystic ovary syndrome (PCOS) is a common endocrine disorder affecting women throughout their lifespan. The prevalence of PCOS varies depending on the population studied, but it is estimated to affect between 10% and 13% or ∼140 million women globally. PCOS in adults is diagnosed according to the International Evidence-based Guideline Criteria based on two of either ovulatory dysfunction, clinical or biochemical hyperandrogenism, and/or polycystic ovary morphology (PCOM) on ultrasound or elevated anti-Müllerian hormone levels. Infertility is a serious global health problem affecting an estimated 50 to 70 million couples worldwide. Infertility is a condition in which pregnancy does not occur even after regular unprotected sex for more than one yearو for women under 35 years of age, a couple's failure to conceive after 12 months of regular sexual activity without using contraception, and after 6 months for women 35 years of age or older. Infertility results in disability expressed through impaired function, social exclusion, and psychological trauma; thus, it is ranked by the World Health Organization as the fifth highest serious disability worldwide. Population of the study: This study included samples of 90 women of reproductive age (20-40 years). They were distributed into three groups. The first: included 30 patients undergoing treatment for infertility due to PCOS, the second group included 30 patients who were diagnosed with PCOS through the simultaneous appearance of 3-4 symptoms that are essential for diagnosis. The third group (the control group) included 30 women who were completely free of symptoms of PCOS and all of whom had children without any medical intervention and did not suffer from any disease, based on clinical examinations and ultrasound examinations. Kits and technique: Sandwich-ELISA technique was applied to determine the level ofL-Selectin and Adiponectin in the serum samples of the study individuals. Results: Respectable statistical differences in L-Selectin levels were observed when comparing the group of PCOS patients treated with infertility drugs (p=0.000) and those with Untreated PCOS patients group as well as the members of the control group (p=0.000).The results showed a significant increase in adiponectin levels when comparing the three study groups together (p=0.000).The present data indicate a moderately positive correlation between L Selectin and adiponectin in PCOS patients treated with infertility drugs (r=0.408 at p=0.048), and healthy women (r=0.641 at p=0.046)the indicate a very weak and practically insignificant negative correlation between L-Selectin and adiponectin in the untreated PCOS group (r=0.168 at p=0.228). The study showed the highest sensitivity (97%) and specificity (97%) for adiponectin were recorded in the Metformin-treated group. The study revealed that adiponectin exhibited the highest individual sensitivity (93%) and specificity (97%) in the group of untreated PCOS patients. Conclusions: L-Selectin and adiponectin are promising tools for differentiating PCOS patients treated with Metformin and untreated PCOS patients.
Copyright (c) 2025 Safa Hamzah Yousifand, Rasha Hasan Jasim https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0
Solar cell application via Metal oxide nanoparticles
This review explains types of metal oxide nanoparticles which are used with solar cell application such as Aluminum Oxide Nanoparticle (Al2O3 NPs), Titanium dioxide Nanoparticle (TiO2 NPs), Tin oxide nanoparticles (SnO2 NPs), copper oxide nanoparticles (CuO NPs) and Zinc oxide nanoparticles (ZnO NPs). The researchers could create above metal oxide nanoparticles of nanoscience via nanotechnology so we would mention that types of metal oxide nanoparticles with solar cell application. The physical properties of the metal oxide would change after fragmentation from metal plate by using laser ablation, Sol-Gel technology or electrochemical. On the other way, the meta salt could oxidize by using chemical reaction methods such as microwave, sonication bath, thermal methods or mechanical methods. Other properties of metal oxide nanoparticles such as Chemical, mechanical, electronic, optical and thermal give the scientists big area to use them with solar cell application to make different things in our life. The solar cell is clean technology to convert the sun energy to electric energy without any side effect such as toxic gas, waste product…etc. The researchers develop this application via adding many different types of dyes to the cell to get high efficiency.
Copyright (c) 2025 Aqeel Mahdi Jreo Alduhaidahawia , Ahmed Hussein Mohammed Alantaki https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0
Synthesis , Characterization and Biological activity of New Heterocyclic (4-(pyridin-2-yl)phenyl)-1,2,4-triazolidine-3-thione Derivatives
Benzoin is prepared by the condensation of two aldehyde molecules in the presence of potassium cyanide as a catalyst. The carbonyl group of the benzoin reacts with the primary amine groups of the phenylhydrazine derivative to give a hydrozone derivative (Schiff base). Sodium thiocyanide reacts with the imine group by ( 2+3 ) addition reaction in acidic media to produce a five-ring heterocyclic derivative of 1,2,4-triazolidine-3-thione Derivative. The product have biological activity with Escherichia coli and Staphylococcus. , The course of interaction was followed up with TLC, and the compounds prepared were diagnosed with infrared radiation spectrum FTIR and nuclear magnetic resonance spectrum 1H-NMR.
Heterocyclic, 1,2,4-Triazolidine, benzoin , Schiff base, biological activity
Copyright (c) 2025 Aseel A. sharefi, Faez A. Alrammahi https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0
Evaluation of Optimal Parameters for Lead(II) Ion Extraction Using a Newly Azo Organic Reagent via Cloud Point Extraction Method
A new organic reagent [3-((2-chloro-4-hydroxyphenyl) diazenyl)-5nitrobenzene-1,2-diol] (CHPDND) was prepared and characterized by (IR, HNMR, 13C-NMR, C.H.N) used for spectrophotometric determination of Pb(II) ions in aqueous solution. The maximum wavelength of organic reagent λmax=410nm and for its complex with Pb(II) was 395nm. The study includes all optimal parameters for Pb(II) ions extraction as chelation complex by cloud point method such as pHex, temperature in addition to calculate thermodynamic data ΔHex, ΔGex, and ΔSex, heating time, surfactant volume, etc. Slope analysis method used for determine the probable structure of Pb(II)- (CHPDND) complex was 1:1. Applied method for spectrophotometric determination of Pb(II) in some environmental samples with LOD=0.219mg/L and LOQ=0.664mg/L and the results compared with AAS as standard method.
Copyright (c) 2025 Khadija Abdel-Ilah Ali Al-Saeedi, Safa Majeed Hameed, Hadeel Noori Saad https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0
Anticancer Activity of Gold (III) Nanoparticles with New Azo Ligand: Synthesis, Characterization and Spectral Identification of Its Metallic Complexes derived from Histidine
The new heterocyclic azo ligand, (E)-2-amino-3-(2-((2-hydroxy-4-nitrophenyl)diazenyl)-1H-imidazol-5-yl)propanoic acid, was synthesized by the reaction of histidine with 5-nitro-2-amino phenol. Various analytical methods, including mass spectrometry, 1H-NMR, FT-IR, CHN elemental analysis, and UV-vis spectroscopy, facilitated the characterization of a recently developed azo ligand. This ligand served as the basis for synthesizing a set of coordination compounds with Ni(II), Cu(II), Co(II), Zn(II), Cd(II), and Au(III) ions, which were subsequently examined using several of the same techniques. Measurements of magnetic susceptibility and molar conductivity were also conducted. The data from electronic spectra and magnetic properties indicate an “octahedral structure” for the entire compounds excluding Au(III) compound, which adopts a “square planar geometry.” All complexes exhibit non-electrolyte properties, with the exception of the Au(III) complex, which displays electrolyte properties. The behavior of the new azo ligand is a tridentate, according to the results overall. The complex Au(III) anticancer properties are very efficacious. The Au-complex destroys leukemia cells while not affecting healthy cells. This compound holds promise as a fresh therapeutic option for tackling leukemia cancer, with plans brewing to explore its impact on additional cancer varieties down the road.
Copyright (c) 2025 Rehab Abid Salim, Muna Abass Hadi https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0
A Novel Approach for the Rapid Detection of Sulfanilamide in Pure and Formulated Samples Using Cloud Point Extraction
To determination of sulfanilamide (SNA) as a pure and pharmaceutical forms by easy, fast, and sensitive method. A liquid ion association complex of SNA formation by NiCl4-2 in the presence of nonionic surfactants TritonX-114 and mixture of (TritonX-114+Tween80) to form cloud point layer. The highest absorption at 277nm with both surfactants. The optimum conditions effect on the separation method was studied: concentration of HCl (0.8M), temperature (75℃), heating time (15min), the concentration of Ni (II) was 100μg.mL-1, and (0.5mL) of both surfactants. The calibration curve was linear over the concentration range of 10-100μg.mL-1with LOD of (0.984 μg.mL-1) and LOQ of (2.98 μg.mL-1) with TritonX-114 and LOD of (0.9936μg.mL-1) and LOQ of (3.011μg.mL-1) with mixture (TritonX-114+Tween80). SNA spectrophotometric determination was carried out by CPE and compared with HPLC. The results showed no significant differences between the two methods.
Sulfanilamide, Ni (II), Liquid ion exchange, HPLC
Copyright (c) 2025 Farah Abdul Adheem Razooqi Kerbal, Safa Majeed Hameed https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0
The role of the rs2144908 SNP of the HNF4A Gene in T2DM of Iraqi Patients
High blood glucose levels are a hallmark of type 2 diabetes mellitus (T2DM). A connection between genetic variations and the incidence of type 2 diabetes has been shown by several studies conducted in various nations, while others are unable to detect a noticeable outcome. In Iraq, diabetes has become an epidemic in the past ten years, paralleling the global rise in the prevalence of diabetes mellitus. The goal of our research was to examine the relationship between T2DM disease in Iraqi patients and the polymorphism of the HNF4A SNP rs2144908. A group of 100 healthy control individuals and a group of 100 T2DM patients participated in a case-control study. Using specially created primers for this research, the RT-PCR technique was utilized. The findings of the assessment of biochemical parameters showed a marked rise in the codominant, dominant, overdominant, and additive genotype models between the two groups. In codominant characteristics, it indicates that for GG, GA, and AA, insulin, HOMA-IR, TG, and VLDL have shown values, while in dominant for GG vs. GA + AA, the insulin, HOMA-IR, cholesterol, TG, LDL, and VLDL have shown significant values. As we Know this is the first study in Iraq deal with this gene with T2DM, so the study indicated that the development of T2DM is significantly influenced by HNF4A rs2144908 G/A in Iraqi patients.
T2DM, HNFA4 gene, rs2144908 SNP, Real Time PCR, RT_CR.
Copyright (c) 2025 Thanaa Naji AboGhunaim, Seenaa Kadhum Ali https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0
Cloud Point Extraction and Spectrophotometric Determination Zinc II Ion Complex in Real Samples Using BTAD Reagent
New azo reagent 2-[Benz Thiazol azo]-1 –Dopamine , The reagent was Prepared through a coupled reaction and characterized using spectroscopic methods, including (FTIR) and (UV. –Vis.) is spectroscopy , as well as proton nuclear Magnetic resonance ( HNMR).to verify its chemical identity .This reagent was used to estimate Zinc( II ) ion through the formation of a doubly charged complex, Which was extracted and identified using cloud point extraction(CPE) technique , Optimization conditions and factors affecting is study that effected on extraction Efficiency E%. The measured of spectrophotometrically at a wavelength of at λ max =515 nm for Zn+2 complex . The conditions for complex formation and extraction Using (CPE)technique were studied and optimized , and the optimum pH is found =9 , critical volume the Triton X-100 concentration is at 0.5 mL, heating time is 85 C˚. Thermodynamic study of parameters to CPE are also calculated ,and their values Were as follows ΔH =0. 243874 KJ ,ΔG=-0. 181914134 KJ and ΔS =50.8821 J Indicating that the reaction is endothermic (LOD=6.4486x10-6µg mL-1) and LOQ= 6.4486x10-5µg mL-1 , with( Molar absorptivity Ɛ=286.88L.mol-1,cm-1. The Stoichiometry of the ]Zn+2(BTAD)[ showed that the ratio of M:L obtained are (1:1). at optimum conditions , the analysis 10 mL of sample yielded pre concentration Factor and enrichment factor of (200 and65.92366) respectively, while the Sandal's sensitivity(4.1x10-6 µg cm-2).Standard calibration curve was linearity at Range between 0.05-1ppm, with a correlation coefficient of 0.9933. The RSD% of Repeated measurements by a concentration of determinations at (90) µg 10mL−1 is 74.11%this developed method was applied to estimate Zinc concentration in Different samples and compered whit FAAS for samples and use t-test to compered The results accept Nell hypothesis and this method can be depend at confidence Limit 95%.
Copyright (c) 2025 Kawthar Abed Al Ameer , Ibtehaj Raheem Ali https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0
The Impact of Physicochemical Descriptors on the Biological Activity of 5-Fluorouracil Analogs
5-FU remains a key anticancer drug, especially for colon, breast, and other cancers. This study developed a QSAR model to predict the anticancer activity of seven 5-FU analogs. Physicochemical properties, calculated using ChemSW and GAMESS software, showed a strong correlation with experimental IC50 values (R²), validating the model's predictive capability.
Copyright (c) 2025 Falah Shareef Abed Suhail https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0
Synthesis, characterization and thermal study of the new Schiff base ligand derived from sulfonic acid with Cobalt, Nickel, Zinc and cadmium complexes
We study in the presented work Schiff base formation from reaction of 4-amino-3-naphthol-1-sulfonic acid with 3-chioro-borobenzaldehyde. Common organic compounds of major relevance in coordination chemistry are Schiff bases since they can combine with metal ions for the purpose of generating metal complexes. The Schiff base has been formed then reacted with certain transition metal chlorides including nickel, cobalt, cadmium, and zinc. This reaction produced unique metal complexes with particular qualities. The characteristics and structure of such complexes were ascertained by means of numerous advanced analytical approaches. Among such methods were infrared (IR) spectroscopy, which enabled the ligand-metallic element chemical bond identification. Additionally utilized to investigate light absorption and extract information on the electronic interactions in the complexes is ultraviolet (UV) spectroscopy. Furthermore examined internal structure regarding the complexes was nuclear magnetic resonance (NMR) spectroscopy. At last, the stability of complexes under various temperatures has been investigated with the use of the thermogravimetric (TGA) analyses. The work intends to generate complexes with physical and chemical characteristics suitable for use in materials science, analytical chemistry, and environmental chemistry as well as to deepen knowledge of Schiff base interactions with the metal ions.
Copyright (c) 2026 Nuha Naji Salih, Wurood Ali Jaafar https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0