JOURNAL OF KUFA - PHYSICS (JKP) is a refereed scientific journal published by the Department of Physics, Faculty of Science, University of Kufa. JKP journal features peer-reviewed articles that address current research topics across the diverse fields of physics, providing a platform for advancements and discoveries within the scientific community. ISSN (Print) : 2077-5830 ISSN (online) : 2312-6671 Frequency: 2 Issues Per year DOI prefix: 10.31257 Indexed in: Iraq Academic Scientific Journals (IASJ), Crossref, Google Scholar, Research Gate, and The Directory of Open Access scholarly Resources (ROAD). Contact details: E-mail: jkp.sci@uokufa.edu.iq. Phone number: +9647801170668 Mail Address: University of Kufa, P.O Box 21, Kufa, Najaf Governorate, Iraq
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Effect of preparation temperature of titanium dioxide deposited on Si wafers on the UV response of the detector
In this study, nanocomposite films of titanium oxide (TiO2) were prepared on Si plates by hydrothermal method at high temperatures (i.e.150 °C, 160 °C and 170 °C) with the concentration of titanium oxide was fixed at 0.75 ml and the deposition time constant at 6 h. These films were prepared by adding 0.75 ml of titanium butoxide (TiO2), 20 ml of hydrochloric acid and 40 ml of deionized water. The heat treatment was carried out at 450 °C for 2 hrs. UV-vis tests were performed on FTO samples (T1, T2 and T3) at different temperatures, when the absorbance and energy gaps of the samples were studied. XRD examinations showed the peaks of each sample, and FESEM images also showed the shapes of nanorods for all samples. With using a photoluminescence device, it was found that the photoluminescence value was concentrated at (415 - 405 nm) in the samples prepared with TiO2, and its intensity was observed to increase with increasing temperature. Si/TiO2 photodetectors prepared at different temperatures. The sensitivity (844%, 500% and 440%) and photoresponse (0.0152, 0.0075 and 0.00585 A/W) were obtained for the temperatures (150 °C, 160 °C and 170 °C), respectively. These parameters were calculated using UV light with a wavelength of 385 nm and an intensity of 0.05 mW/cm2 at a room temperature, applying a bias voltage of 3 V, consistent with the electrical configuration used during photoresponse measurements with an on time of 20 s and off time of 20 s. These rays were incident perpendicularly on the photodetectors at a distance of 5 cm. In this study, we will focus on the best results obtained from the measurements.
Anatase and rutile phases annealing effect TiO2 nanorods hydrothermal method surface morphology
Copyright (c) 2025 Basheer Kadhim Hassan Al-Mayyahi, Mohammad Akbarzadeh Pasha, Husam S. Al-Salman https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0
Enhancing the Sensitivity of Silver Oxide Sensors to NO₂ Gas by Adding a TFB Polymer
In this study, a poly[(9,9-dioctylfluorenyl-2,7-diyl)-co-(4,4′-(N-(4-sec-butylphenyl) diphenylamine))] (TFB) polymer was added to silver oxide (AgO) thin films to increase their sensitivity. The S2 (TFB/AgO) sample demonstrated the highest sensitivity of 172.6% at an operating temperature of 150 °C and the shortest recovery time of 6 s at 25 °C and 200 °C. The composite films showed the biggest change in electrical resistance. Pulsed laser deposition (PLD) was used to deposit AgO thin films on glass and quartz substrates, and spin coating was used to deposit TFB polymer layers to create uniform films. AgO has a polycrystalline cubic structure, and the addition of TFB did not change this crystal structure, according to X-ray diffraction (XRD) analysis, which verified that TFB is amorphous. The TFB/AgO sample displayed dominant AgO absorption in the optical absorption spectra, while the polymer encasing the AgO particles made TFB absorption more noticeable in the TFB:AgO mixed film. Both AgO and TFB were identified by Fourier-transform infrared (FTIR) analysis, which showed distinct absorption peaks with observable shifts and intensity variations in the composite samples. The interaction between TFB and AgO and the creation of altered interfacial bonds are confirmed by these spectral shifts.
Copyright (c) 2025 zainab ali, Omar Adnan Ibrabim https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0
Improving the Coating Properties of Petroleum Product Pipelines Using Nanomaterials
In this research, coating mixtures of several percentages were prepared using aluminium oxide or alumina powder AL2O3. Pieces of petroleum derivatives pipes were selected and formed with equal dimensions (2x2x2) mm with several (5) pieces. The mixtures were prepared using the liquid mixing method and ultrasonic technology to stimulate the composites (coatings) from a percentage of (5%) to a percentage of (20%) of (AL2O3). Then they were mixed and added to the paint used in coating the pipes by immersion. The Tafel method was used to calculate the corrosion rate (electrochemical method) and the soil immersion method, and the results were compared between the two methods. The results showed a significant improvement for the samples reinforced with a percentage of (10%), the lowest corrosion rate, compared to the pure model and the coated model free of additives and the rest of the percentages.
AL2O3 Composites Coating Corrosion Tafel method
Copyright (c) 2025 Dr. Fadhil K. Farhan; Basem Kazem https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0
Synthesis and Characterization of Nanostructure of Ag doped ZnO/P-Si Detectors Prepared by CBD Method
In this work, nanostructured zinc oxide were doped with various silver doping ratios of 0%, 2%, 4%, and 8%. The nanorods were grown on silicon wafers using the chemical bath deposition (CBD) method. Aluminum contacts were evaporated onto the prepared samples using a thermal evaporation technique. Al/Ag:ZnO/Si/Al detectors were produced according to the above ratios, and were named as X1, X2, X3, and X4, respectively. The structural properties and surface morphology of the fabricated detectors were studied. The effect of (I-V) and (I-T) was also studied at a room temperature. The current values at UV wavelengths of 365 nm and 385 nm showed a distinct difference between the synthesized detectors. The photosensitivity values of the detectors based on Ag:ZnO composition (i.e. 0%, 2%, 4%, and 8%) under an applied source voltage of 5 V for samples X1, X2, X3, and X4 were 413%, 9722%, 2055% and 753% at a wavelength of 365 nm, and 444%, 4810%, 930% and 602% at a wavelength of 385 nm in UV light and a power density of 40 μW/cm², respectively. By calculating the rise and decay time for each sample and at each UV wavelength of 365 nm and 385 nm, it was found that the effect of doping was effective and good in improving and developing the prepared detectors. All detectors exhibited stability and high-speed response, especially for the extinction time.
ZnO, Ag-doping ZnO, CBD method, detectors, nanorods.
Copyright (c) 2025 Hussein Alshamarti https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0
Spectral Analysis of Gold Nanorods as Active Plasmonic Media in Different Dielectric Environments (Air and Water) across Visible and NIR Wavelengths
Gold nanorods (GNRs) have emerged as pivotal nanostructures in optical and electronic applications due to their unique localized surface plasmon resonance (LSPR) properties, which are highly sensitive to particle geometry and the surrounding medium. This study investigates the effects of spatial variations, radius of the cylindrical structure, surrounding media, and insulating layers on the scattering behavior of GNRs under illumination at selective wavelengths (610, 710, 810, 910) nm. Three key simulation models were developed: The first simulation model was on the impact of varying interparticle distances in different media (air and water), revealing significant shifts in scattering intensity and plasmonic spectra due to enhanced interactions at closer proximities. The second simulation model explored the role of insulating layers, demonstrating that coatings such as silica altered electric field distributions and attenuated environmental influences, resulting in modified scattering spectra. The third simulation model focused on the impact of varying the radius of GNRs in different media (air and water), again showing notable shifts in scattering intensity and plasmonic behavior. The results clearly highlight the critical role of gold nanoparticles as active nanostructures in controlling the optical response, particularly through the LSPR mechanism. This emphasizes their potential in nanophotonic applications, such as high-sensitivity optical sensors, nanoscale imaging systems, and optoelectronic devices. The findings also show that the maximum benefit of nanostructures in medical fields can be obtained by carefully designing these structures.
Gold nanorods Plasmonic scattering Interparticle coupling Dielectric environment Nanophotonics Scattering cross-section.
Copyright (c) 2025 Hanaa Al-abasi, Maher alibraheemi https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0
Occupational Chronic X-Ray Exposure and Its Effects on Blood Cell Profiles in Radiology Staff
Occupational exposure to ionizing radiation from radiology equipment is believed to impact the health of healthcare professionals, particularly those working in radiology departments. This study investigates the long-term effects of chronic X-ray exposure on hematological parameters in radiology staff across multiple hospitals in Raniya City. This cohort study was conducted in six government hospitals in the Raparin district of Sulaimaniyah Governorate. A total of 96 participants were enrolled: 48 radiographers (case group) with prolonged exposure to X-rays and 48 medical laboratory professionals (control group) without such exposure. The study focused on evaluating the correlation between annual radiation dose and changes in the hematological parameters (cases/ controls), including white blood cell (WBC), red blood cell (RBC), and platelet (PLT) counts. A minimum and maximum value of occupational chronic X-ray exposure for the radiographer was 1.69 μSv to 414.27 μSv, respectively. A significant increase in risk was observed when the X-ray dose exceeded 100 µSv. WBC count shows very weak and non-significant negative correlation with radiation dose. RBC count shows strong and statistically significant negative correlation, suggesting radiation exposure is associated with lower RBC counts. PLT count shows moderate and significant negative correlation, indicating platelet counts tend to decrease with higher radiation doses
Copyright (c) 2025 Razaw Hussein, Prof. Dr. Asaad H. Ismail https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0
Evaluation of the 1s and 2s Subshell Properties of Fluorine and Neon Atoms and Their positive Ions Using the Hartree-Fock Approximation
This is a comparative Hartree-Fock study of the atomic model systems Fluorine (F) and Neon (Ne), also the respective singly charged ions (F⁺ and Ne⁺), and considers the ground-state situations configurations of the 1s and 2s subshells. In particular, This study evaluates one- and two-particle radial density distributions, inter-electronic distribution functions, and expectation values of both radial and inter-electronic distances, along with their standard deviations. This study will also examine the kinetic energy, electron-nucleus attraction energy, electron–electron repulsion energy, and total Hartree-Fock energy. The results reveal significant spatial contraction and energetic stabilization in the 2s subshell following ionization, but not in the 1s subshell. The results presented here show the differential sensitivity to ionization of core and valence shells in a medium-light atomic system and and are consistent with previously reported results. All calculations were conducted using a self-consistent field implementation of the Hartree-Fock method in Mathcad 15, with Slater-type orbitals expressed in atomic units.
: Hartree-Fock approximation, fluorine and neon ions, radial density function, inter-electronic distribution, 1s and 2s subshell energies, ionization effects.
Copyright (c) 2025 Qasim S. Alkhfaji, qassim jabbar https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0
Enhancing the Efficiency and Stability for Next-Generation Solar Energy Harvesting
Scientific research is swiftly advancing to improve solar cell efficiency as a solution to environmental damage from fossil fuels. This study targets two main strategies: the production of nanostructured titanium dioxide (TiO2 NPs) through electrochemical methods, chosen for its ease, speed, and cost-effectiveness, and the high efficiency of titanium dioxide as a luminous solar concentrator (LSC). X-ray diffraction (XRD), and transmission electron microscopy (TEM) confirmed the formation of titanium dioxide nanorods and spherical particles. The research also utilized Rhodamine B dye only to enhance solar cell efficiency. Combining 50% titanium dioxide with rhodamine dye yielded change in efficiency (Δη) of 70%, whereas individual dye application resulted in (Δη) of 20% for rhodamine dye. These findings mark significant progress toward clean, efficient, and sustainable energy solutions, highlighting the potential of nanotechnology and innovative dye applications to enhance solar cell performance and reduce environmental impact
Solar cells, efficiency, titanium dioxide (NPs), electrochemical methods, rhodamine b dye, luminous solar concentrator
Copyright (c) 2025 Nagham subhi halboos , adnan https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0
Studying the effect of annealing time on structural, morphological and optical properties for AZO nanostructures
ZnO:Al films with a 1% Al/Zn atomic ratio were created using a sol-gel spin coating technique on glass substrates. The films were annealed for a duration ranging from 2:20 to 3.40 hrs. at 500 ºС. The effects of annealing time on the structural and morphological properties of AZO films were investigated utilizing X-ray diffraction (XRD), SEM and EDX to characterize samples. Scanning electron microscopy analysis showed that ZnO nanostructures with varying average sizes were developed for both as-deposited samples and annealed films. SEM revealed that both the number and size of nanosheets increased. The EDX patterns showed the right elemental traces and the oxygen ratio-mediated growth of the ZnO nanostructure on the glass substrate was visible in EDX patterns. By measuring the absorbance and transmittance spectra in the wavelength range (300-850 nm), the optical characteristics were obtained. It was found that as annealing time increases, absorbance reduces while transmission increases. The optical measurements revealed the type of transition that was a direct allowed with an average band gap energies lie between 3.76 eV and 3.12 eV with the rising of annealing time.
Copyright (c) 2025 Zainab Saad Lafta, Hayder J. Al-Asedy https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0
Selectivity A Study of the effect of pH of the Zn substituent ions on the structural and magnetic properties of copper-ferrite complex
Copper-zinc ferrite composites with composition (Cu₁₋ₓZnₓFe₂O₄) at x = 0.75 were successfully prepared using the sol-gel method. The effect of varying pH (pH = 7–11) on the structural and magnetic properties was studied. X-ray diffraction (XRD) results showed that all samples possessed a single-phase cubic spinel crystalline phase, which was confirmed by FTIR analysis, which revealed the presence of distinct M–O bonds at the tetrahedral and octahedral sites with absorption peaks observed in the frequency range of 490–535 cm⁻¹. FE-SEM images showed the presence of nearly regular nanocrystals, with particle size variation associated with pH variation. EDS results confirmed the purity of the samples and their absence of impurities. Magnetic tests using VSM showed that all samples possessed soft ferrite properties, with saturated magnetism (Ms) ranging between 13.40 and 17.40 emu/g, indicating their potential for use in electronic and micromagnetic applications.
sol-gel combustion, copper-zinc spinel ferrites, magnetic properties (VSM)
Copyright (c) 2025 Fares Abed Yasseeb https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0
Thermodynamic Stability, Phase Formation, and Structural Evolution of Al-Zn-Cu Alloys: A Combined Theoretical and Experimental Investigation
The thermodynamic characteristics are of significant importance for evaluating phase stability and understanding the relative stability of binary and ternary systems. This study investigates the thermodynamic and structural properties of Al-Zn-Cu alloys, with a particular focus on phase stability, enthalpy of formation. A semi-empirical model (Medema model) was used to estimate the enthalpies of these systems. The chemical enthalpy analysis of the Al-Cu, Zn-Cu, and Al-Zn binary systems reveals that Cu-Al and Cu-Zn exhibit negative enthalpy values, indicating a strong thermodynamic driving force for alloy formation, while the Al-Zn system displays positive enthalpy values, suggesting limited solubility. Elastic enthalpy calculations highlight significant lattice strain in the Al-Cu system due to atomic size mismatches, followed by Zn-Cu, while the Al-Zn system exhibits minimal elastic effects. Analysis of phase stability through enthalpy of formation calculations shows that intermediate compositions between Al and Cu along with Zn-rich areas achieve maximum thermodynamic stability. The empirical results show that after five hours of mechanical alloying of the Al₈₀Zn₁₀Cu₁₀ system yields a stable α-Al (Zn, Cu) solid solution with a face-centered cubic (FCC) structure formed and matches well with theoretical expectations. The nanoparticles exhibit irregularly shaped and a propensity to agglomerate together as a result of cold-welding during milling, according to FESEM (Field Emission Scanning Electron Microscopy) photos. The rod-like structures at the nanoscale indicate the formation of a secondary phase, which improves the hardness and wear resistance. The particle size distribution shows a successful decrease to an average of 33.112 nm with a consistent size spread, and EDX analysis validates the predicted elements composition.
Miedema model solid solutions, Enthalpy of formation
Copyright (c) 2025 Narjes Abbas Mahde, Ali K. Alsaaedi https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0
Natural Activity assessment for soil samples in various buildings of the University of Kufa, Iraq
People are continuously exposed to background radiation, or ambient radioactivity, from radionuclides that are manufactured or naturally occurring. One of the biggest sources of terrestrial radiation is soil. This study uses gamma-ray spectroscopy with "3 x 3" NaI (Tl) crystal to investigate soil samples collected from different buildings at University of Kufa in the Al-Najaf governorate of Iraq to evaluate the concentrations of natural radionuclides of 238U, 232Th, and 40K as well as radiological hazard factors. The average activity values for 238U, 232Th, and 40K in unit of Bq kg-1 were 15.37±4.85, 12.76±2.81, and 260.10±83.47, respectively. External hazard (Hex), absorbed dose rate (Dr), annual effective dose outside (AEDE), and cancer risk (ELCR×10-3) were among the radiological risk indicators with average values of 0.14±0.03, 25.66±5.95 nGy/h, 0.16±0.04 mSv/year, and 0.11±0.03 respectively All specific activities result for natural radionuclides and radiological hazard parameters in the research area were found to be under the worldwide limit.
Natural radionuclides, gamma-ray spectroscopy, Radiological parameters, Kufa University
Copyright (c) 2025 Amenah Kadhim Hmedat, Ruqaya Dosh https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0
Study of the mass attenuation coefficient and effective atomic number for partial interaction processes of polymers (C6H11ON), (C11H21ON), (C6H12) and (C2H4)
The mass attenuation coefficient (μ/ρ) of many polymers, such asPolyamide-6 (C6H11ON(, Nylon 1,1)C11H21ON(, Polymethyl pentane )C6H12(, and High density Polyethylene ) C2H4(, was determined in the available energy range (5.89-2.5*103) KeV using the XCOM code and the Phy-X/PSD program. The values of μ/ρ are higher when the photo-electric effect is dominant in 5.89 KeV of photon energy, but they are almost constant above 0.138 KeV of photon energy when the Compton scattering is dominating. These results showed a good agreement. Partial processes of interaction can explain variations in (μ/ρ) values. The effective atomic number (Zeff) was calculated with the XCOM code for several polymers. Zeff is the highest value in the photo-electric effect zone and is constant or almost constant in the Compton scattering region.
gamma-rays, mass attenuation coefficient, WinXcom, PhyX/PSD, effective atomic number
Copyright (c) 2024 ruaa salam, Rashid O. Kadhim https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0
Studying the nuclear structure for the 73Br isotope using NuShellX@MSU code
Effective f5pvh interactions have been identified and the NuShellX@MSU code within the fp- shell was utilized to compute the energy levels and electromagnetic transition probability of the 73Br nucleus. Applying the nuclear shell model with f5pvh interaction within the (fp- shell) is successful, according to the agreement with the experimental and theoretical data.
Copyright (c) 2025 sara fouad, Ali K.Hasan https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0
Production of Carbon nanoparticle-decorated ZnO Nanostructures and Pure ZnO for Extremely Effective Glucose Sensors.
This work presents a viable method for synthesis carbon nanoparticles decoration zinc oxide nanostructured films and synthesizing pure ZnO films for glucose sensors. Anodization was used to grow zinc oxide nanoparticles on zinc foil with an average particle size of 22.77 nm, and hydrothermal synthesis was used to create carbon nanoparticles. The ultrasonication method was used to decorate ZnO film nanocomposites with carbon nanoparticles. several tests were carried out, including observations of the microstructure, analyses of the crystallinity, and investigations of the electrochemical properties. X-ray diffraction (XRD), energy-dispersive X-ray spectroscopy (EDX), field-emission scanning electron microscopy (FE-SEM), transmission electron microscopy (TEM), and photoluminescence (PL) measurements were used to determine the nanostructures. The electrochemical analysis of the CNPs/ZnO nanostructures greatly improved the sensitivity to glucose compared with pure zinc oxide nanostructures, with a sensitivity of (1975 µA.mM-1.cm-2), the CNP/ZnO nanostructures improved glucose sensing. The low detection limit is (0.3 mM), and the linear range is 0.3 mM to 0.7 mM.
Glucose Sensors, non-enzymic biosensors, ZnO biosensors, Anodization method, Hydrothermal method.
Copyright (c) 2025 Mohammed Alsalami, Osama Abdul Azeez https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0
Synthesis and characterization of polypyrrole polymer thin film and the effect of adding silver nanoparticles (PPY/AgNPs)
In this research, a chemical oxidative polymerization process was used to prepare polypyrrole (PPY). The characterization of polypyrrole thin films pure and dopped with silver nanoparticles (AgNPs) at different weight ratios of AgNPs (i.e., 5, 10, and 15 wt%) was studied. The thin films were prepared via the drop casting method and flung down on a clean glass substrate at room temperature. Using FT-IR, XRD, and AFM, the system and facet morphology of the thin films were investigated. FTIR analysis of undoped PPY powder revealed distinctive vibrational frequencies of PPY undoped. Strong absorption bands at 3653 cm-1 (N-H stretching), 2342 cm-1 (nitridation), and peaks at 1542, 1459 cm-1 (C=C, C=N vibrations) were observed. Other peaks at 1176 cm-1 (C-N stretching), 1039, 964 cm-1 (C-H vibrations), 893, 782 cm-1 (C-H bend deformation), 670 cm-1 (C-C deformation), and 590 cm-1 (polypyrrole presence) were identified. The results showed that the FT-IR spectra of pure ppy and the spectra of PPY/AgNPs composites were similar. The single XRD data also showed that ppy is amorphous and The distinctive peak of polypyrrole was found at (2θ) 24.35◦, indicating the short-range arrangement of PPy chains the interlayer distance (d) between the measured value of spacing for PPY was 3.6599 A0. Additionally, By using AFM, the parameters Ra, R.M.S, and G.S. were determined for PPY doped AgNPs thin films. These values increased with higher doping percentages. For undoped PPY thin film, values were (2.557nm, 3.299nm, 33.40nm) while for doped films with 5%, 10%, and 15% AgNPs, values were (3.397nm, 4.859nm, 46.12nm), (9.328nm, 11.90nm, 66.33nm), and (13.87nm, 19.28nm, 86.89nm) respectively. the AFM results for all thin films of PPY undoped and composites doped with silver nanoparticles (PPY/AgNPs) demonstrated that the values of grain size (G.S.) and root-mean-square (R.M.S.) roughness average (Ra) increase as the number of AgNPs increases.
Copyright (c) 2024 ban mohammed tayeh, Qasim Sattar Kareem https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0
Description of some nuclear properties of ruthenium-94 isotope using Gloeckner model space
In the current research, several nuclear structure features of 94Ru isotope were computed by using Nu Shell X@MSU code. These properties were:[levels energy, spin and parity, transition possibilities for electric quadrupole and magnetic dipole, nuclear moments for electric quadrupole and magnetic dipole as well as the distributions of nuclear charge and nuclear mass density]. An active valance nucleon of 94Ru nucleus is occupied Gloeckner (Gl) model space that has the orbits:(2p1/2, 1g9/2) with (2d5/2,3s1/2) for protons and neutrons above the subshell ending of nucleus respectively. The calculations were achieved by utilizing Gloeckner interaction and bare g-matrix (Glb); appropriate effective nucleon charge and g-effective factor with Skyrme (sly4) potential were chosen for extracting the radial wave functions for the single-particle matrix elements for the isotope mentioned above. The results demonstrated that there have been properly compatible energy levels with the experimental data on the studied nuclear properties; the spins and parity have confirmed some experimental levels. On the other hand, for some experimental energies have assigned the total angular momentum and the parity. Another good agreement was notcied for dipole-magnetic moments of 94Ru isotope with the experimental values. These results have expected new values for the above mentioned properties that were not Experimentally specified before.
Model space,energy levels,electromagnetic transitions,nuclear moments
Copyright (c) 2024 Fatema Hameed, Ali Hasan https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0
Calculation of Exchange Energy in Double Quantum Dots Using COMSOL Wave Functions
Heitler-London(HL) and Hund-Mulliken(HM) approximations were applied in microscopic computations for double quantum dot (DQDs) spin qubits. The J- interaction between triplet and singlet states in a linked double quantum dot (DQD) at (Si/SiO2) interface using COMSOL Multiphysics wave functions was estimated. By evaluating different potential, this calculation is performed within a specified region of interest. We evaluated these findings in relation to a situation in which Fock-Darwin (FD) states are used and a precisely known solution of a one-dimensional Schrödinger equation exists. Our study reveals the effectiveness of the applied method and provides interesting investigation of the reliability and accuracy of the computational method used.
Copyright (c) 2024 imad sadiq, Sabah M. Ameen https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0
Effect of Zinc Oxide Nanoparticles and Structural Properties of PVA/PMMA Composite Films
Recent studies have been conducted on insulating polymers to convert them into semiconductor materials for use in many fields, including electronics. The polymers (PVA) and (PMMA) were chosen for their distinctive properties, availability, low production cost, and integration with each other, and nanoparticles (ZnO) were added to improve their structural and electrical properties. This research article investigates the impact of zinc oxide (ZnO) nanoparticles on the electrical and structural properties of composite films made from polyvinyl alcohol (PVA) and polymethyl methacrylate (PMMA). The researchers prepared composite films with varying concentrations of ZnO (0%, 1%, 3%, 5%, and 7% by wt.%) using a solution casting technique. The study employed several analytical methods to characterize the films. FTIR spectroscopy revealed hydrogen bonding between PVA and PMMA, indicating good compatibility between the polymers. XRD analysis showed that the films maintained a crystalline structure even at higher ZnO concentrations. SEM imaging provided insights into the structural reorganization of polymer chains and the distribution of ZnO within the composite. A key finding of the study was the significant improvement in electrical conductivity with the addition of ZnO nanoparticles. The pure PVA/PMMA blend was found to be an electrical insulator, with a conductivity of ,. However, the addition of ZnO dramatically enhanced conductivity, with the optimal concentration being 3% ZnO, which yielded a conductivity of . This transformation effectively changed the material from an insulator to a semiconductor. The researchers concluded that the composite with 3% ZnO concentration exhibited the best overall properties. They suggest that this material could have potential applications in various fields, including digital screens, LCDs, and optical signals. The study demonstrates the potential of incorporating nanomaterials to enhance the properties of polymer composite films, opening up new possibilities for their use in various industries. This is the first study of this PVA-PMMA/ZnO composite and its transformation into a semiconductor material.
Copyright (c) 2024 Mujtaba Hassan, Hisham Mohammed Ali Hasan, Hussein Hassan Mjali https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0
Synthesis of Photodetectors Based on CdS Nanostructures by SILAR Method without Using Ammonia as a Catalyst
In this paper, photodetectors based on CdS thin films were successfully prepared and deposited on glass substrates using the SILAR method without using ammonia as a catalyst and with the presence of ammonia. The previously mentioned samples were named as Z3 and Z4, respectively. The structural, morphological, and optical properties were studied. XRD data revealed a crystal phase and a cubic structure of CdS with peaks corresponding to planes (111), (022), and (131). Also, the measured crystal size of plane (111) was 20.506 and 54.661 nm for samples Z3 and Z4 respectively. FESEM images showed homogenous nanosized grains for prepared samples. The absorption spectra and energy band gap of CdS were measured with UV-Vis spectroscopy, which showed that for sample Z3 and for sample Z4 and both were seen to be tended toward redshift. The (I-V) properties of Z3 and Z4 photodetectors revealed a weak response under visible light, but a much higher response to UV light. At 5V bias, the photocurrent was increased from to for Z3, while increased from to for Z4. Photosensitivity investigation demonstrated that Z4 had a higher response than Z3. The rise time of samples Z3 and Z4 were 3.4 and 3.21 , respectively, while the decay time for Z3 was 3.2 and for Z4 was 3.2 . DOI: In this paper, photodetectors based on CdS thin films were successfully prepared and deposited on glass substrates using the SILAR method without using ammonia as a catalyst and with the presence of ammonia. The previously mentioned samples were named as Z3 and Z4, respectively. The structural, morphological, and optical properties were studied. XRD data revealed a crystal phase and a cubic structure of CdS with peaks corresponding to planes (111), (022), and (131). Also, the measured crystal size of plane (111) was 20.506 and 54.661 nm for samples Z3 and Z4 respectively. FESEM images showed homogenous nanosized grains for prepared samples. The absorption spectra and energy band gap of CdS were measured with UV-Vis spectroscopy, which showed that for sample Z3 and for sample Z4 and both were seen to be tended toward redshift. The (I-V) properties of Z3 and Z4 photodetectors revealed a weak response under visible light, but a much higher response to UV light. At 5V bias, the photocurrent was increased from to for Z3, while increased from to for Z4. Photosensitivity investigation demonstrated that Z4 had a higher response than Z3. The rise time of samples Z3 and Z4 were 3.4 and 3.21 , respectively, while the decay time for Z3 was 3.2 and for Z4 was 3.2 .
Copyright (c) 2024 Zainab Salam, Hussein A. Alshamarti https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0
The effect of annealing temperature on the optical properties of aluminum-doped zinc oxide nanostructures
The AZO nanostructure samples used in this investigation were made on a glass substrate by spin-coating utilizing an inexpensive sol-gel method. We investigated the effects Effect of annealing temperature on AZO (aluminum doped with zinc) thin film on optical characteristics. The films were annealed in an air environment at (350, 400, 450, 500, and 550) °C for four hours. The measurements of optical transmittance and absorbance were made in the 300–800 nm wavelength range using a single beam spectrophotometer. When the temperature of annealing increases, the optical band gap decreases from 3.36 eV to 3.2 eV and the UV–Vis absorption spectra exhibit a small red shift. The AZO films have transmittances over 35% in the IR region of spectrum for 350°C after annealing sample, but rises to 95% at 550°C after annealing at higher temperatures. With a rise in annealing temperature, AZO film extinction coefficient increased. An increase in annealing temperature results in an increase in both optical and electrical conductivities. The AZO films were characterized with respect to their optical properties using UV-vis spectroscopy, and the optical band gap was computed using the Tauc method. The optical test indicated a direct nature of the optical transition, with an average band gap energy propensity to decrease from 3.36 to 3.20 eV when the temperature was elevated from 350 to 550 °C during the temperature annealing process. The experimental results indicate that the properties of the AZO films were affected by the annealing.
Copyright (c) 2024 , Hayder J.Al-Asedy, Abass Raheem Soodi https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0
Characterization of Antimicrobial Activity of NiO Nanoparticles Against Pathogenic Bacteria Isolated from Biofilm of Water Lines in Medical Devices
The major goal of this research was to determine how well NiO nanoparticles (NPs) inhibited the growth of harmful bacteria that were separated from biofilm layers that had developed inside of medical equipment used on a regular basis in hospitals and dental offices. Chia seed extract was previously used in the preparation and physical characterization of NiO nanoparticles. Thirty isolates of Pseudomonas aeruginosa (n=16) and Staphylococcus aureus (n=14) were found in separate swab samples taken from dental office bottles, syringe tubes, spittoons, ventilation machine tubes, and emergency room bottles. Using conventional bacteriological techniques, moist swab samples were inoculated and identified on culture medium, and subsequently antibiotic susceptibility was assessed in accordance with NCCLs. Using two different techniques—well diffusion and microdilution, respectively—the antibacterial activity of NiO nanoparticles against contaminated bacteria was assessed both qualitatively and quantitatively. The antibacterial susceptibility of suggested antibiotics was determined using a Muller Hinton agar (MHA) plate. Antibacterial susceptibility of bacterial isolates revealed considerable resistance to the antibiotics utilized in the current investigation. According to these results, NiO nanoparticles showed the greatest effectiveness when used at a concentration of 30 mg/mL in well diffusion, and the mean inhibition zones for P. aeruginosa and S. aureus isolates ranged from 16 to 20 mm, as opposed to 16 mm for the positive control (ofloxacin disk). In this work, the inhibition zone diameters of NiO nanoparticles were within the region of high susceptibility of positive control (16 mm/ Ofloxacin disk breakpoint). However, the minimum inhibitory concentration (MIC) of NiO nanoparticles was 1.875 mg/ml for 57.1% of S. aureus isolates and 0.468 mg/ml for 31.2% of P. aeruginosa isolates, with no isolates inhibited at high doses. The MIC findings revealed that the lowest concentration of NiO nanoparticles had in vitro efficiency and proved to be a good antibacterial agent against contaminated bacteria.
Copyright (c) 2024 Wasnaa M. Albaghdadi, Zuhair S. Alsehlawi, Yasier M.Mjeed https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0
Examining the Antimicrobial Capabilities and Methods for Preparing Core-Shell Laser-Synthesized CdS@Cu Nanoparticles
The core-shell structure has good structural, optical, and electrical properties that make it useful for lighting devices and medical uses. According to this study, laser ablation in liquid makes CdS and Cu target nanoparticles. It was looked at how the core-shell method changed laser ablation and the properties of CdS@Cu NP. At 1064 nm and 480 mJ, Nd:YAG laser waves cut through CdS and Cu nanoparticles in water, which are the core and shell, respectively. The structure features showed that CdS was being made, which improved the crystallinity of laser ablation. The clumping of particles was slowed down by creating cores or shells. Plasmon absorption peaks were seen in UV-VIS spectroscopy, X-ray diffraction, Field Emission Scanning Electron Microscopy (FESEM), and Atomic Force Microscopy (AFM). According to XRD, the CdS@Cu phase was shaped like a cube. Clusters of spherical particles were about 60 nm in size in the FESEM. The synthesis was successful because the AFM showed the atomic makeup, a surface roughness of 2.397 nm (RMS) and 1.936 nm (Ra), and an average diameter of 14.16 nm. The ROS Reactive Oxygen Species production by CdS@Cu NPs stopped the growth of Escherichia coli, Staphylococcus aureus, Candida, and Pseudomonas aeruginosa. Creating a new chemical with special physical qualities that stops the growth of many types of bacteria effectively. It is possible to use this chemical in many different ways in health. This shows how versatile they are in fighting different kinds of germs and improving health and society.
Copyright (c) 2024 luma hafedh abed anza, Sahib Neamah Abdulwahid https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0
Characterization and comparison of titanium dioxide nanoparticles prepared by microwave and pulse laser ablation liquid methods
This study synthesized titanium dioxide (TiO2) quickly and cheaply using microwaves and pulsed laser ablation. Titanium isopropoxide (Ti[OCH(CH3)2]4) was the precursor and deionized water (DIW) was the solvent and reducer for sub-micrometer particle production in microwave technique. TiO2 nanoparticles were synthesized in pulsed laser ablation liquid medium after a 5-minute preparation period in a 1200 W commercial microwave and a 1-hour annealing at 400°C. A Q-switched Nd:YAG laser with 480 mJ energy per pulse was used for 100, 200, and 300 pulses. Multiple methods, including XRD, BET, and EDX. XRD showed anatase TiO2 in microwave-synthesised nanoparticles. Pulsed laser ablation produced pure TiO2 nanoparticles with a brookite crystalline structure. In microwave BET analysis, TiO2 has a large surface area of 72.727 to 108.28 m2/g. BET analysis indicated 82.44 to 98.67 m2/g of TiO2 surface area by pulsed laser ablation. Strong titanium (Ti) and oxygen (O) peaks in microwave and pulsed laser ablation EDX tests showed nanoparticle purity.
Copyright (c) 2024 Mariam khalid, Saleem Azara Hussain, Khalidah H. Al-Mayale https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0
Stabilizing magnetic order of cobalt-based anisotropic nanoparticles prepared using NaBH4 as a reducing agent
A one-pot chemical method was used to prepare cobalt nanoparticles (Co NPs) by employing sodium borohydride (NaBH4) as a reducing agent, as well as graphite and activated carbon as stabilizer materials. The resulting NPs were characterized by XRD, FE-SEM, EDX mapping and VSM measurements before and after annealing under a mixture of argon and hydrogen atmosphere at 600 ℃, in order to study their structural, morphological, and magnetic properties. This study focused on the shape and size of Co NPs, involving the formation of Co and Co3O4 phases with the effect of oxygen as the main factor that can significantly contribute to the magnetic anisotropy. Co NPs exhibited a high saturation magnetization (Ms) value after performing the annealing process, achieving Ms> 99 emu/g when using the graphite stabilizer. The results indicate that surface atoms play a significant role in the modification of magnetic characteristics of Co NPs.
Copyright (c) 2024 Mohammed H. Abbas, Hashim Jabbar https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0
Patients' dosimetry during lumbar radiographic examination (Lat) in certain hospitals at Dhi Qar governorate, Iraq
The work is aimed at investigating the entrance surface dose (ESD) for adult patients undertaking routine lumbar X-ray examination, and therefore ensure that the patients receive no excessive radiation dose during this radiography. This study was conducted at 4 selected hospitals: Al-Hussein Teaching Hospital (AHTH), Al-Nasiriyah Teaching Hospital (ANTH), Al-Haboubi Teaching Hospital (AHTH) and Souq Al-Shuyoukh General Hospital (SASGH) in Dhi Qar, Iraq. The ESD was calculated for 102 adult patients who underwent X-ray examinations of the lumbar spine using the physical parameters (i.e. Tube voltage-kVp, Tube loading- mAs and distance between X-ray tube and detector- SID) from all considered X-ray units, as well as on the X-ray tube output that was measured using an ionization chamber (Rad-Check Plus). The enrolled patients also had their demographic information recorded (gender, weight and height). The finding demonstrated that the average ESD values were (4.886, 4.288, 6.047, 6.378, 5.949, 9.322, 12.731, 4.094) mGy for AHTH1, AHTH2, AHTH3, ANTH1, ANTH2, ANTH3, AHTH, SASGH, respectively. The ESD values were seen to be comparable with internationally recognized sources UNSCEAR 2010, UK 2012, EC, and IAEA and with previously published studies such as those in Sudan 2014, Iran 2020, Nigeria 2019, and Ghana 2023. Finally, further studies must be carried out, and the relevant institutions must conduct continuous training courses for radiographers to ensure that the radiation dose is within the recommended level.
Copyright (c) 2024 Arkan Hassan, Hussien Mraity https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0
Effect the Magnetic Field on the Focus of Ion Beam from Plasma Source
One of the main component transport systems is a solenoid magnet, so in this study, a computational study was carried out to calculate some parameters of a solenoidal magnet. The most efficient technique to describe and track the charged particle beam along any optical system (in this example, a plasma source and two drift space areas before and after the solenoid magnet) is by theoretical analysis utilizing matrix representation, which has been provided. The configuration of the ion optical system necessary to create the magnetic identification focus and defocus the ion beam to the target using Matlab computational tools determines many magnet design elements, including magnetic rigidity, magnification, and focusing strength factor. The results demonstrate that a solenoid magnet functions as a convergent lens but can, under some circumstances, transform into a divergent lens. Additionally, changes in the solenoid magnetic field (B) affect the focusing of the beam that passes through the system, as indicated by the magnification values.
Copyright (c) 2024 Bushra Joudah Hussein https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0
Photodetector for visible light based on Fe(phen)2(SCN)2 molecule
This paper describes a unique method that uses Iron (phen) molecule [phen: 1,10-phenanthroline] placed on a glass substrate to create a photodetector (PD) that is sensitive to visible light as a heterostructure device. The structural, morphological, and optical properties of the samples were investigated using techniques such as X-ray diffraction (XRD), energy dispersive X-ray spectra (EDX), field emission scanning electron microscopy (FESEM), and UV-Vis spectrophotometry. The photosensitivity of the Iron (phen) /glass PD was evaluated at different bias voltages (5, 10, 15, and 20 V) at wavelength of 510 nm. The photosensitivity values were found to be 58.45, 76.82, 84.9, and 87.83, indicating the PD's ability to generate a measurable electrical response to light stimuli in the visible range. Furthermore, the response and recovery times of the Iron (phen) PD were assessed when exposed to pulsed visible light at a wavelength of 510 nm and bias voltages of 5, 10, 15 and 20 V. The results indicated favorable response and recovery times, suggesting the PD's capability to quickly detect and recover from changes in light intensity. At a bias voltage of 20 V and under illumination with visible light at 510 nm, the Iron (phen) PD demonstrated a maximum current gain of 9.22 and a quantum efficiency (ƞ) of 28.17. These values indicate the PD's ability to amplify the generated electrical current and efficiently convert incident photons into detectable electrical signals. Overall, the fabricated Iron (phen) glass PD exhibited promising photosensitivity, response and recovery times, current gain, and quantum efficiency when exposed to visible light. The findings suggest the potential application of Iron (phen) as a material for visible light photodetection.
Copyright (c) 2024 Hayder Fahim, Hashim Jabbar, Adil A. Al-Fregi https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0
Change Detection Using Multispectral Satellite Images for Sustainable Development in Regions of Al-Najaf Al-Ashraf, Iraq
The change detection in urban and surrounding areas, such as vegetation and bare, is a significant achievement for sustainable development, especially nowadays. The research conducted a supervisor classification of two images representing two time periods (1973 and 2023) using the method of land cover and land use (LCLU) using the ArcGIS 10.8.2 program. The classified pixels were converted into digital data to compare using the land cover method and land use change (LCLUG). The results showed a significant expansion in the urban areas of Najaf and Kufa districts, 5.72 km2 to 134.95 km2, with a decrease in the area of green areas, 17.26 km2 to 15.16 km2, and the absence of water areas, in addition to the transformation of most of the barren areas to urban areas 215.64 km2 to 88.51 km2, The study concluded that there was a significant decrease in the area of green areas in the study area and the absence of water bodies in urban areas, and these two indicators - along with the increase in urban areas - harm the environment of the region and the quality of environmental influences on the lives of the people who live in it. Which negatively affects its sustainable development plans.
Copyright (c) 2024 ali alyaquby, Ahmed Asal Kzar https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0
Fano and Dicke Effects in Parallel-Triple Quantum Dots Embedded Between Two Leads
This article explores electronic transport in a triple quantum dot system connected in parallel to metallic leads while subjected to an external magnetic flux. The Green-function formalism and the equation of motion approach were employed to derive a comprehensive formula for conductance. The study reveals the presence and modulation of Fano and Dicke effects in the conductance spectra of the Triple quantum dot system (TQD). These effects are controlled by adjusting the interdot coupling energy ( ), the coupling (Γ) of the three dots to the right and left leads, and manipulating the external magnetic flux.
Copyright (c) 2024 Abbas Ahmed Hashim, T. A. Salman, H. A. Jassem https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0