Microbial colonization and water Quality evaluation in Drinking water Distribution systems: A study in Sulaimani city
DOI:
https://doi.org/10.36077/kjas/2026/v18i1.13605Keywords:
Keywords: CCME Water quality index, physical-chemical properties, treated wastewater.Abstract
The present study aimed to study the factors affecting biofilm formation in drinking water distribution system. Our Results reveal that most pipe surfaces in water distribution systems are colonized by microorganisms. Heterotrophic bacteria, coliform, and Enterobacteriaceae have been isolated and enumerated from the biofilm in distribution systems. Also, this study investigates some safety aspects of drinking water in some locations in Sulaimani city. The safety parameters covered some physicochemical parameters that affect biofilm formation, and the results were ranged as follows; pH between 7 – 7.7, Electrical conductivity (EC) between 239– 942 μS cm -1, Total Dissolved Solid (TDS) between 673 and 201 mg.L-1, Nitrate (NO -3 ) between 1.10 - 4.90 mg.L-1, Ammonia (NH 3) between 0.06-0.44 mg.L-1, total Phosphate (PO4) between 0.0 – 0.44 mg.L-1, Sulfate (SO4) between 11-97 mg.L-1, Iron (Fe) between 0.02-0.07, Biological Oxygen Demand ( BOD) between 0.09- 0.040 mg.L-1, Chemical Oxygen Demand (COD) between 0.11- 0.76 mg.L-1, Temperature(temp.) between 12-27 oC, turbidity is < 1 for all samples of drinking water, taste, odor and color are in satisfactory limit. In this study, the physicochemical values except free chlorine are found within the permissible limit of the World Health Organization (WHO), and all the water samples do not pose any water quality problems regarding physicochemical parameters.
Downloads
Downloads
Published
Issue
Section
License
Copyright (c) 2026 Jihad Abdulla Manuchar, Taghreed A.W. Nashi
This work is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License.
Kufa Journal for Agricultural Sciences is licensed under the Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License, which allows users to copy, to create extracts, abstracts and new works from the Article, to alter and revise the Article, and to make commercial use of the Article (including reuse and/or resale of the Article by commercial entities), provided the user gives appropriate credit (with a link to the formal publication through the relevant DOI), provides a link to the license, indicates if changes were made and the licensor is not represented as endorsing the use made of the work. The authors hold the copyright for their published work on KJAS website, while KJAS responsible for appreciate citation for their work, which is released under CC-BY-4.0 enabling the unrestricted use, distribution, and reproduction of an article in any medium, provided that the original work is properly cited.
How to Cite
