Kufa Journal for Agricultural Sciences
https://journal.uokufa.edu.iq/index.php/kjas
<p><strong>Print ISSN: 2072–7798 Online ISSN: 2312-8186. </strong> International open access Agricultural Scientific Journal publishing in four volumes annually by Faculty of Agriculture University of Kufa, Iraq.(DOI Crossref USA) DOI:10.36077 , Iraqi National Library and Archives (INLA) No. (2377) 2019 , <a href="https://www.scopus.com/sourceid/21101132408" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><strong>Scopus</strong> </a>.</p> <p> </p> Faculty of Agriculture - University of Kufa, Iraqen-USKufa Journal for Agricultural Sciences2072-7798<p>Kufa Journal for Agricultural Sciences is licensed under the <a href="http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/">Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License</a>, which allows users to copy, to create extracts, abstracts and new works from the Article, to alter and revise the Article, and to make commercial use of the Article (including reuse and/or resale of the Article by commercial entities), provided the user gives appropriate credit (with a link to the formal publication through the relevant DOI), provides a link to the license, indicates if changes were made and the licensor is not represented as endorsing the use made of the work. The authors hold the copyright for their published work on KJAS website, while KJAS responsible for appreciate citation for their work, which is released under CC-BY-4.0 enabling the unrestricted use, distribution, and reproduction of an article in any medium, provided that the original work is properly cited.</p>Influence of Irrigation Water Acidity, Chemical Fertilizer and Propagation Method on the Contents of Nutrient Elements of Strawberry (Fragaria x ananassa Duch.) cv. Festival
https://journal.uokufa.edu.iq/index.php/kjas/article/view/10313
<p>The experiment was conducted to study the effect of the reproduction method and acidity of irrigation water and chemical fertilization plus their interactions on the strawberry fruit of the cv. Festival indicators. The percentage of total soluble solids, total acidity, total sugars, ascorbic acid content, and nitrate content were estimated. Results showed the superiority of the method of propagation using the plant tissue culture technique. The ascorbic acid content was 32.73 mg.100 g<sup>-1</sup> fresh mass for the method of propagation by runners. Also, the water treatment with pH 5.5 was superior for the total sugars content in fruits 6.72% and the content of ascorbic acid 32.71 to 73 mg.100 g<sup>-1</sup> fresh mass compared to the control treatment. As for the triple interaction, the method of propagation with runners and pH water 5.5 and the fertilizer recommendation of macro-elements outperformed in the percentage of T.S.S and carbohydrate content in the strawberry fruits reached 11.70% and 10.41%, respectively, but the total acidity decreased to 2.37 mg.g<sup>-1</sup> for the same combination. In contrast, the highest content of ascorbic acid in fruits 44.81 mg.100 g <sup>-1</sup> of fresh mass was recorded by using the propagation method of tissue culture technique. Moreover, the lowest nitrate content was 11.19 mg. 100 g <sup>-1</sup> dry mass when using the propagation method of runners and pH of irrigation water at 6.5 plus the fertilizer recommendation of macro-elements.</p>Baqer Sajad Mohmod Al- khayytAli. Saeed Atiyah Al-janabi
Copyright (c) 2024 Baqer Sajad Mohmod Al- khayyt, Ali. Saeed Atiyah Al-janabi
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2024-03-012024-03-0116111610.36077/kjas/2024/v16i1.10313Role of Jasmonic acid and Nano-fertilizer in the vegetative growth indicators of three cultivars of Rocket Plant (Eruca sativa Mill.)
https://journal.uokufa.edu.iq/index.php/kjas/article/view/10613
<p>The experiment was conducted in the orchards and nurseries development project belonging to Karbala Agriculture Directorate for the two seasons 2020-2021 and 2021-2022 to study the physiological effects of jasmonic acid (JA) and NPK Nano-fertilizer on the vegetative growth indicators of three cultivars of rocket plant (<em>Eruca sativa</em> Mill). The experiment was designed according to the split split plot design using the Randomized Complete Block Design (R.C.B.D). This experiment included 27 treatments from three factors distributed randomly with three replicates (81 experimental units). The first factor represented by three cultivars of rocket plant; (French, Turkish, and the local cultivar) was set up in the main plots. The second factor, NPK nano fertilizer (0, 2, 4) g.L<sup>-1</sup> was set up in the subplots, while the third factor comprised three concentrations of jasmonic acid JA (0, 15, 30) mg. L<sup>-1 </sup>was set up in the sub-subplots. The most important results indicated that spraying with jasmonic acid and nano fertilizer on the three varieties of rocket plants revealed significant differences in the studied indicators. The local cultivar that was sprayed with nano-fertilizer at 4 g.L<sup>-1</sup> significantly excelled, and jasmonic acid at 30 mg.L<sup>-1</sup> denoted by (V1N2J2) gave the highest results for both seasons compared to plants of the other two cultivars in all indicators of plant vegetative growth. The average plant height was (87.91 and 88.37 cm), number of leaves per plant (28.41 and 28.73 leaves), leaf area(774.67 and 717.57 cm.plant<sup>-1</sup>), dry weight of vegetative growth(8.53 and 7.43 g.plant<sup>-1</sup>) and the productivity of leaves (2440.7 and 2328.6 g.m<sup>2</sup>) for both seasons, respectively. However, the plants of the French cultivar, which were sprayed with distilled water (J0N0V2) recorded the lowest results (55.68 and 55.89 cm) and (13.69 and 13.65 leaves.plant<sup>-1</sup>), (327.43 and 294.80 cm².plant<sup>-1</sup>), (5.83 and 5.75 g.plant<sup>-1</sup>), and (1258.4 and 1136.5 g.m²) for both seasons of the experiment, consecutively.</p>Hisham Aziz AmranJamal Ahmed Abbass Abbass
Copyright (c) 2024 Hisham Aziz Amran
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2024-03-012024-03-01161173210.36077/kjas/2024/v16i1.10613Rooting of blackberry (Rubus fruticosus L.) hardwood cuttings as influenced by cutting time and cutting length
https://journal.uokufa.edu.iq/index.php/kjas/article/view/10727
<p>This study was carried out during 2021-2022, in the Department of Horticulture, College of Agricultural Engineering Sciences, University of Sulaimani, Sulaymaniyah, Kurdistan Region-Iraq, to find out the effects of cutting time (T1: Mid-Nov., T2: Mid-Dec., T3: Mid-Jan., and T4: Mid-Feb.), cutting length (L1: 10 cm and L2: 20 cm), and their interactions on rooting and some growth parameters of blackberry <em>Rubus fruticosus</em> L. hardwood cuttings. The local blackberry cuttings were transplanted in a low tunnel greenhouse at Zarrayen, Sulaymaniyah governorate. Plastic pots of 28 cm radius x 26 cm height, containing a substrate (peat moss: perlite: builder’s sand with a 1:1:1 v/v ratio) were used, and 6 cuttings were planted as a replicate out of three replicates. The experimental design was laid out in a factorial complete randomized design (CRD), the data were subjected to the Analysis of Variance (ANOVA), and the means were separated by Duncan’s multiple range test (P≤0.05). After 90 days, the results showed that T1 was significantly superior in rooting (95.83%), shoot dry weight (2.03 g), shoot length (24.68 cm), and average leaf area (2.22 cm<sup>2</sup>). L2 cuttings recorded the highest significant values of rooting (96.87%), shoot dry weight (1.83 g), root dry weight (0.56 g), shoot length (25.49 cm), number of lateral branches per cutting (18.52), and average leaf area (2.19 cm<sup>2</sup>). The interaction (T1+L2) was significantly superior in rooting (98.61%), shoot dry weight (3.02 g), shoot length (28.41 cm), root length (51.04 cm), and average leaf area (2.47 cm<sup>2</sup>)</p>Iman Jaza Baqi HawramiIbrahim Maaroof Noori
Copyright (c) 2024 Iman Jaza Baqi Hawrami, Ibrahim Maaroof Noori
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2024-03-012024-03-01161334810.36077/kjas/2024/v16i1.10727The role of Lactobacillus acidophilus LA-5 and Bifidobacterium lactis BB12 in improving some characteristics of fermented banana puree
https://journal.uokufa.edu.iq/index.php/kjas/article/view/10776
<p>Green banana puree was fermented using a combination of single and mixed probiotic cultures of <em>Lactobacillus acidophilus</em> LA-5 and <em>Bifidobacterium lactis</em> BB12 by seven different treatments. All treatments showed statistically significant differences during the two fermentation periods (24 and 48 hours) in terms of the viability of probiotics, pH and sensory evaluation. It was found that the 48-hour period of fermentation is better than the 24-hour period in improving the quality and properties of fermented bananas. Treatment (Tre.5) which included a mixed probiotic culture prepared in a ratio of (50:50), obtained the highest viability of probiotics as reached 11.37 log CFU/g, an appropriate pH which reached 3.42, better sensory acceptance which reached 86% as compared to other treatments, and sufficient level of anti-bacterial activity against some species of pathogenic and undesirable bacteria.</p>Abdullah AwadAmer Al-Zobaay
Copyright (c) 2024 Abdullah Ismaeel Awad, Amer Hussein Hamdan Alzobaay
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2024-03-012024-03-01161496410.36077/kjas/2024/v16i1.10776Effect of shelling time and Sheller feeding rate of locally Sheller in some mechanical and physical traits of the process of Maize shelling
https://journal.uokufa.edu.iq/index.php/kjas/article/view/10766
<p> The experiment was conducted to study the effect of the time shelling process by two levels of 30 and 40 seconds, and Sheller feeding rate with three levels of 4, 7, and 10 kg on the specific energy, specific capacity, unshelled grains, and broken kernels maize. The statistical analysis showed that increasing shelling time from 30 to 4 seconds led to a significant increase in specific capacity and broken kernels, moreover leading to a significant decrease in specific energy and unshelled grains. The increase in sheller feeding from 4 to 7 then to 10 kg, to increase specific capacity, unshelled grains, decrease in specific energy and broken kernels. The least specific energy was 0.154 kw.kW.kg-1 and the highest specific capacity was 6.66 kg/kw.h<sup>-1</sup> with the time of shelling 40 second and feeding rate of 10 kg. Whereas that results shows there is no significant effect of the interaction between the time of shelling and sheller feeding rate in the unshelled grains and kernels. </p>Ali Mohammed AliAhmed Akbar AliBasim Aboud Abbas
Copyright (c) 2024 Ali Mohammed Ali, Ahmed Akbar Ali, Basim Aboud Abbas
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2024-03-012024-03-01161657210.36077/kjas/2024/v16i1.10766Effect of various concentrations of agar and sucrose on growth and tuberization of four Potato (Solanum tuberosum L.) varieties under in vitro, invivo conditions
https://journal.uokufa.edu.iq/index.php/kjas/article/view/10832
<p>The study tends to evaluate the effect of different concentrations of agar treatment (5, 7, and 9 g.l<sup>-1</sup>) with sucrose (20, 30, and 40 g.l<sup>-1</sup>) on <em>in vitro </em>shoot regeneration and rooting in one step using tuber-eyes and node explants of four potatoes (<em>Solanum tuberosum</em> L) varieties “Sagitta, Challenger, SM 13–132– 05 and Taurus”, and minitubers production under greenhouses conditions which are going to be grown in Kurdistan -Iraq. The results showed that SM 13–132– 05 cultivar was superior upon the other cultivars under <em>in vitro </em>conditions through multiplication tests (Agar concentration 7 g.l<sup>-1</sup> and sucrose concentration 30 g.l<sup>-1</sup>) and greenhouse conditions by producing the highest shoot multiplication (3.17 shoots/ explant, 12.84 leaves/ explant and 14.51cm mean length of roots) and the best number of minitubers (5.72 minitubers/ plantlet) in greenhouse. Whereas, Challenger had the lowest number of minitubers (3.75/ plantlet). On the other hand, there was no significant differences in the effect of the different concentrations of Agar and sucrose on the four cultivars in terms of the rooting percentage.</p>Abdulqadir M. Amin HassanTaha Z. SarhanRafail S. Tom
Copyright (c) 2024 Abdulqadir M. Amin Hassan, Taha Z. Sarhan, Rafail S. Tom
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2024-03-012024-03-01161738510.36077/kjas/2024/v16i1.10832Genetic parametres and performance for yield and its components for some varieties of eggplant under Mosul city environment
https://journal.uokufa.edu.iq/index.php/kjas/article/view/10879
<p>This study was conducted in the vegetable research field, college of agriculture and forestry, horticulture and landscape design, Mosul Univ., using RCBD design with three replicates, during the spring growing season (2018) for evaluation of the performance yield and its components in nine eggplant varieties under Mosul city environment Iraq at 36°2′ longitude and 43°7′ latitude. The data was recorded for the traits: plant height (cm), number of branches in each one of the plants, fruit weight (gm), number of fruits in each one of the plants, yield in each one of the plants (kg), length and diameter of fruit (cm), and total yield of fruits (ton /ha.). The results indicated that the nine varieties were different in most traits, the Alton kubry and karamleshy c.v gave high results in plant length(116.433, 130.00) respectively, the Mosal local c.v. and White beauty c.v were superior in the length of fruit than other genotypes under the study they gave (15.033 and 15.433 cm) respectively, whereas the number of the fruits per plant has been recorded in White long and Mosely c.v. (18.367 and 19.367 ) respectably. The genotype Alton kubry gave a high value in fruit weight (287.20gm). The phenotypic and genotypic variations (σ<sup>2</sup>p and σ<sup>2</sup>g) have been higher in the height of the plant, weight of the fruit, the number of fruits in each one of the plants, yield in each plant, and total yield of fruit for each unit area, the heritability (H<sup>2</sup><sub>b</sub>.<sub>s</sub>.) was more than 65% for most traits under the study for nine c.v of eggplant. Also, the genetic advance was higher in most traits.</p>Abdelraheem Sultan MohammadKamal Benyamin Esho
Copyright (c) 2024 Abdelraheem Sultan Mohammad, Kamal Benyamin Esho
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2024-03-012024-03-01161869710.36077/kjas/2024/v16i1.10879Evaluation of Mustard oil and temperature in the toxicity reduction of Aspergillus flavus in Walnut fruits
https://journal.uokufa.edu.iq/index.php/kjas/article/view/10507
<p> The study aimed to isolate and identify fungi that produce mycotoxins from walnut fruits and the possibility of limiting their presence in the fruits and reducing their toxic effects. The molecular diagnosis in this study of the fungus <em>Aspergillus</em> <em>flavus</em> was carried out using the internal transcribed spacer (ITS) genetic marker. As for the results of testing the ability of some <em>A. flavus</em> isolates to produce aflatoxins B1 including the ammonia test, the results of this test showed the ability of four out (of six) isolates of <em>A. flavus</em> on the production of aflatoxin B1 by changing the color of the base of the coconut medium on which the fungus isolates are grown, with a percentage of 66.66 %. The results of the chemical analysis using TLC technology for <em>Aspergillus flavus</em> showed the ability of three isolates to produce aflatoxin B1 out of six isolates of A. <em>flavus</em> with a percentage of 50 %. As for the most important results of the effectiveness of mustard oil in inhibiting the growth of the fungus <em>A. flavus</em> in walnut fruits, the highest percentage of inhibition was at 15% concentration, which amounted to 57.33%. The most important results of the storage experiment after three months of storage, included the test of the effect of mustard oil and temperature on the growth and density of <em>A. flavus</em>. The test was the effect of mustard oil on the reduction ratio of aflatoxin B<sub>1</sub> as it reached the highest percentage of toxin reduction when adding mustard oil only, which amounted to 98.213%, compared to other treatments, the test was the effect of mustard oil and temperature on the amount of aflatoxin B1 toxin, which gave the highest rate when adding <em>A. flavus</em> to walnuts, which amounted to 13.425 micrograms/ g,. At a temperature of 5 °C, it gave the lowest rate of aflatoxin B<sub>1</sub> toxin, which was 0.880 µg.gm<sup>-1</sup>. The highest rate was 8.620 µg.gm<sup>-1</sup>, at 25°C.</p>Alaa Kaiser Abdul Khaleq AbboudSadeq Mohammed Ali
Copyright (c) 2024 Alaa Kaiser Abdul Khaleq Abboud, Sadeq Mohammed Ali
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2024-03-012024-03-011619811210.36077/kjas/2024/v16i1.10507Response of Olive Trees (Olea europaea L.) cv. Zaity to Bio health and Foliar Spray of Tecamin max and Boron
https://journal.uokufa.edu.iq/index.php/kjas/article/view/10878
<p>During the growing season of 2022, the experiment was conducted in one of the private orchards located in Hassan ava village, Zakho district, Dohuk governorate, Kurdistan region, Iraq, to study the response of olive tree (<em>Olea europaea</em> L.) cv. Zaity to biofertilizer (bio health) and foliar spray of the amino acid (tecamin max) and Boron. Olive trees were planted 6 x 6 m apart on clay sandy loam soil and fed with well water using a drip irrigation system. Olive trees were treated with three levels of biofertilizer (bio health) at (0, 1,0 and 15 g.L<sup>-1</sup>), added to the soil, and three levels of the foliar spray with amino acid (tecamin max) at (0, 10, 15 ml.L<sup>-1</sup>), and three levels (0, 200 and 300 mg. L<sup>-1</sup>) of boron foliar spray. A factorial experiment with three replications was carried out in a randomized complete block design (RCBD), using one tree for each experimental unit. The study reached the following results: application of biofertilizer (bio health) in the soil, especially at 15 g.L<sup>-1</sup>, and foliar spraying of the amino acid (tecamin max) at 15 ml.L<sup>-1</sup> led to a significant increase in all studied characters (leaves mineral content N, P, K, and B%) and physical characters of fruit (fruit weight, fruit length, fruit width and total yield per tree) except pulp: stone ratio, while the control treatment gave the lowest average for the aforementioned traits. Foliar spray of boron especially the level of 300 mg. L<sup>-1</sup>, led to a significant increase in all the studied characteristics (leaves mineral content N, K, and B%) and physical characters of fruit (fruit weight, fruit length, fruit width, and total yield per tree) except pulp: stone ratio and phosphorus content in leaves, while the comparison treatment gave the lowest average for the aforementioned traits. There was also a significant increase in the binary and triple interactions of the study treatments on all the studied traits, especially the high levels of the study factors (15 g.L<sup>-1</sup> bio-health, 15 ml.L<sup>-1</sup> tecamin max, and 300 mg. L<sup>-1</sup> boron).</p>Araz Siyar FarisShaymaa Mahfodh Abdulqader
Copyright (c) 2024 Araz Siyar Faris, Shaymaa Mahfodh Abdulqader
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2024-03-012024-03-0116111313010.36077/kjas/2024/v16i1.10878Path Coefficient Analysis and Selection Index in Different Rice (Oryza sativa L.) Genotypes
https://journal.uokufa.edu.iq/index.php/kjas/article/view/10965
<p>Improving the grain yield in rice can be done more efficiently by selecting the yield components than selecting the grain yield itself, provided that these traits have a desirable genetic correlation with the grain yield trait. A field experiment was carried out in the rice research station in Al-Mashkhab/ Najaf/ IRAQ to determine the traits correlated with grain yield and to select the superior genotypes with their selection index among the sixteen genotypes planted during the growing season of 2021. During the 2022 season six genotypes were selected to evaluate the path coefficient analysis for the grain yield and its components according to randomized complete block design (RCBD) with three replicates. The results showed that the mean squares of the genotypes were significant for all studied traits(P<0.1). The superiority of the genotypes Furat1, Jasmine and K2 over the rest of six genotypes that were selected for having a high selection index, especially in the trait of grain yield, number of tillers.m<sup>-2</sup> and number of grains.panicle<sup>-1</sup>. The genetic and phenotypic path coefficient analysis revealed that there was a high direct effect of the yield components on the grain yield due to the high positive and desirable values of the genetic and phenotypic correlation between the grain yield and its components including the number of tillers.m<sup>-2</sup>, the number of grains.panicle<sup>-1</sup> and the panicle length, which are selective indicators for improving grain yield. Furthermore, the aforementioned traits showed high values of heritability in the broad sense and good stability during the two study seasons. Thus, the characteristics of the number of tillers.m<sup>-2</sup> and the number of grains per panicle can be considered as one of the best criteria to be adopted as a selection index in the breeding programs for the rice crop. Moreover, further investigations are required for these criteria at different experimental conditions in other to testing their efficiency.</p>Saddam Hussein Abbas
Copyright (c) 2024 Saddam Hussein Abbas
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2024-03-012024-03-0116113114610.36077/kjas/2024/v16i1.10965The effect of breeds and rearing system on laying performance and egg quality of local chickens
https://journal.uokufa.edu.iq/index.php/kjas/article/view/13389
<p>The study was to identify the reproductive performance of Vietnamese local chickens, named Noi chickens from 36 - 46 weeks of age. The study aimed to determine the effect of breeds and rearing system on laying performance and egg quality of local chickens. The study was a factorial design with 2x2 factors and involved with 120 layers. The first factor was 2 rearing systems (experimental free-range farming system in Tra Vinh province and local free-range farming system in Ben Tre province). The second factor was 2 breeds (egg and broiler purpose). The results showed that egg production rate, laying egg per week were significantly different between breeds and rearing systems (P<0.05) while feed intake was not different. The highest egg production rate recorded at week 44 with 38.42%. For egg quality, yolk diameter, yolk color and yolk index were different breeds and rearing system. It can be recommended that rearing system in Ben Tre province and egg purpose breed was better for egg production and quality.</p>Nguyen LinhNguyen Hoang Qui
Copyright (c) 2024 Nguyen Thuy Linh, Nguyen Hoang Qui
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2024-03-012024-03-0116114715510.36077/kjas/2024/v16i1.13389Assessing the Chemical and Biological Effectiveness of Nano-Engineered Factors in Enhancing Resistance in tomato against Xanthomonas campestris pv. vesicatoria
https://journal.uokufa.edu.iq/index.php/kjas/article/view/12536
<p>Bacterial spot a significant disease that affects tomato crops, despite limited studies and scientific research on this disease, So This study aimed to assess the efficacy of various biological and chemical factors in controlling bacterial spot disease in the field. A field survey was conducted in Najaf Al-Ashraf, specifically in areas such as Al-Haidariya, Al-Rahima, Al-Abbasia, and 20 plastic houses. The disease incidence was observed in these locations, with infection rates from 24% to 60%. Among them, Al-Haidariya had the highest infection rate at 60%, while Al-Abbasia had the lowest at 24%. Regarding to the impact of chemical and biological inducing factors on infection severity, the treatment using nanoscale zinc oxide demonstrated superior effectiveness in reducing the severity of infection caused by <em>Xanthomonas campestris </em>pv. <em>vesicatoria</em>, In reducing the severity of the infection, which amounted to 11.6%, compared with the treatment of <em>X.campestris</em> 2 (control 2) only, which amounted to 74.2%.Field results also indicated that the nanoscale zinc oxide treatment was highly effective in increasing chemical indicators such as chlorophyll content, peroxidase enzyme and catalase enzyme. The values for these indicators were 12.69 mg g<sup>-1</sup>, 183.25-unit<em> min</em><sup>-<em>1</em></sup><em> g</em><sup>-<em>1</em></sup> FW and 177.84-unit<em> min</em><sup>-<em>1</em></sup><em> g</em><sup>-<em>1</em></sup> FW, respectively, compared to the control treatment, which recorded values of 7.79 mg g<sup>-1</sup>, 88.3-unit<em> min</em><sup>-<em>1</em></sup><em> g</em><sup>-<em>1</em></sup> FW, and 74.17-unit<em> min</em><sup>-<em>1</em></sup><em> g</em><sup>-<em>1</em></sup> FW, respectively. Furthermore, the treatment using <em>Pseudomonas putida</em> demonstrated superiority in increasing the percentage of TSS, vitamin C content, and acid percentage. The values for these parameters were 8.45%, 20.86 mg g<sup>-1</sup>, and 0.862%, respectively, compared to the control treatment, which recorded values of 4.78%, 11.09 mg g<sup>-1</sup> and 0.462%, respectively. Moreover, the nanoscale zinc oxide treatment exhibited superior effectiveness in increasing the yield per plant, early fruit yield per plant, and total yield. The values for these parameters were 7.54 kg plant<sup>-1</sup>, 10.261 kg. plant<sup>-1</sup> and 8.591 tons plastichouse<sup>-1</sup> (500 m²), respectively, compared to the control treatment, which recorded values of 4.15 kg plant<sup>-1</sup>, 3.752 kg plant<sup>-1</sup>, and 4.929 tons/plastic house (500 m²), respectively.</p>Ghosoun Habib Sabri Al-RubaieSaba A. K. Al-Fallooji
Copyright (c) 2024 Ghosoun Habib Sabri Al-Rubaie, Saba A. K. Al-Fallooji
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2024-03-012024-03-0116115617610.36077/kjas/2024/v16i1.12536Histological Changes Of Bee Worker (Apis mellifera L.) By Bee Venom And Amino Acids Feeding
https://journal.uokufa.edu.iq/index.php/kjas/article/view/13633
<p>The effect of feeding honey bee colonies on a sugar solution to which bee venom has been added at a concentration of 50 mg/liter sugar solution and on amino acids extracted from clover 4 cm amino acids/liter sugar solution on the amount of food consumed by honey bee workers as well as the effect on gland tissues Hypopharyngeal and maxillary glands and histological changes that occur in them. Nine honeybee colonies were tested in an apiary of the Bee Research Department, Plant Protection Research Institute, Agricultural Research Center, Ministry of Agriculture, Giza, Egypt, during 2020-2021. Statistically, there are no significant differences in the amount of food consumed by honeybee workers, whether the bee venom solution or the amino acid solution, compared to the control colonies that fed on the sugar solution only. No histological changes were observed in the hypopharyngeal (HPGs) and mandibular glands (MGs) in workers fed sugary solution (control colonies). Feeding with amino acids resulted in histological changes in the HPGs and MGs, as most of the acini were atrophic and smaller in size than usual, with the loss of vesicles in the cytoplasm. As for the bees that fed on a solution of bee venom, histological changes in the HPGs and MGs were observed, where severe atrophy and contraction of the acini with an irregular outline were noted. Nuclear thickening of the epithelial cell lining was observed. The histological structure of the lower glands showed atrophy in some individual cells, which led to damage to the development of both the HPGs and MGs.</p>Rasha Adel SalemWael Mahmoud Marzouk
Copyright (c) 2024 Rasha Adel Salem, Wael Mahmoud Marzouk
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2024-03-012024-03-0116117718810.36077/kjas/2024/v16i1.13633Estimating Chilling and Growing Degree Hours Related to Deciduous Fruit Production in Kurdistan Region-Iraq
https://journal.uokufa.edu.iq/index.php/kjas/article/view/13890
<p>This study was carried out to estimate the annual chilling and heat accumulation in Kurdistan region-Iraq using three different models; chilling hours (CH), chilling units (CU) and chilling portions (CP), as well as estimating the accumulated growing degree hours (GDH) using the ChillR Package, Version 0.72.8 based on daily maxima and minima temperatures of 170 locations for 40 years (1983-2022) downloaded from NASA. The results showed that in Kurdistan region, the chilling hours with 7 classes ranged from 335 CH in Shahreban (Diyala) to 1083 CH in Amedi, Deraluk, Dinarte, Kani Masi, and Shiladize (Duhok), and Barzan (Erbil), with an average of 886 CH. The chilling units (CU, Utah Model) with 6 classes ranged from 507 CU (Shahreban, Diyala) to 1135 CU (Hizawa, Duhok), with an average of 927 CU. However, the chilling portions with 7 classes ranged from 30.0 CP in Shahreban to 58.3 CP in Ahmad Awa, Khurmal, Penjwin, Sirwan, and Zalm (Salaymaniyah), with an average of 49.5 CP. Growing degree hours with 7 classes ranged from 1136 GDH Choman, Galala, Haji Omaran and Samilan (Erbil) to 8564 GDH in Shahreban, with an average of 3256 GDH. All models were strongly correlated with location parameters, the highest strong correlations were found between each CP and GDH with AAT. The observations emphasized that both CU and CP models are more accurate than CH model for estimation of chilling and growing degree hours (units) in Kurdistan region-Iraq.</p>Ibrahim Maaroof Noori
Copyright (c) 2024 Ibrahim Maaroof Noori
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2024-03-012024-03-0116118921110.36077/kjas/2024/v16i1.13890