Print ISSN: 2072-7798 | Online ISSN: 2312-8186 The International Open Access Agricultural Scientific Journal is published quarterly by the Faculty of Agriculture at the University of Kufa, Iraq. The journal is recognized with a DOI prefix (DOI: 10.36077) through Crossref, USA, and is registered with the Iraqi National Library and Archives (INLA) under No. 2377 (2019). Indexed in Scopus, this journal serves as a global platform for agricultural research and scientific advancement.
Faculty of Agriculture - University of Kufa, Iraq
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Effects of cytokinin–auxin combinations on in vitro propagation of Nepenthes mirabilis (Lour.) Druce
The pitcher plants are rare species of the Nepenthes genus, known for their numerous bioactivities and widespread use in folk medicine. Due to overexploitation, the number of Nepenthes mirabilis in the wild is rapidly declining, while efficient in vitro propagation protocols for this species is limited. This investigation was conducted to evaluate the effects of different concentrations of 6-benzyladenine (BA) and indole-3-butyric acid (IBA) combined with 1-naphthaleneacetic acid (NAA) on the growth and development of N. mirabilis (Lour.) Druce under in vitro conditions. The results showed that N. mirabilis shoots cultured on B5 media supplemented with 2 mg.L-1 BA and 0.5 mg.L-1 NAA exhibited the highest shoot multiplication, with 15.67 ± 2.50 new leaves and 10.17 ± 1.90 new shoots/explant after 12 weeks of culture. For rooting, B5 media containing 1-3 mg.L-1 IBA and 0.5 mg.L-1 NAA significantly increased root number, with the highest value of 14.83 ± 1.94 roots/explant after 12 weeks of culture. This indicated that appropriate concentrations of plant growth regulators should be applied for micropropagation of N. mirabilis in support of conservation and large-scale cultivation.
Nepenthes mirabilis, in vitro culture, shoot multiplication, plant growth regulators
Copyright (c) 2026 https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0
The Reality of using Information and Communications Technology in Agricultural Extension work/Iraq
The manuscript aimed to identify the reality of using information and communications technology in agricultural extension work in Iraq, the questionnaire was prepared as a tool for collecting data from agricultural extension workers. It included (99) paragraphs distributed into (19) paragraphs for the aim (the reality of using information and communication technology In agricultural extension work) and (56) paragraphs for the first field (use of information technology), and (24) paragraphs for the second field (use of communications technology). The area where the research was conducted included the provinces of Iraq, except for the provinces of the Kurdistan region, which number (15) provinces . A sample was chosen. A random percentage of (50)% of the provinces (Baghdad, Basra, Dhi Qar, Najaf, Babylon, Karbala, Anbar, Kirkuk). The research community included workers in agricultural and agricultural extension, numbering (773) respondents. A proportional, stratified random sample was chosen with a percentage of (33.1). % of the manuscript community (256) respondents, The results of the manuscript concluded that the percentage in the field of use of information and communication technology in agricultural extension work was weak and amounted to (41.1%), and with regard to the field of information technology and its use in extension work only, the average tended to be low, with an arithmetic mean of (2.34) degrees, and a standard deviation of (1.23). degree, and with regard to the field of communications technology and its use in extension work, it was average, with an arithmetic mean of (2.73) degrees, and a standard deviation of (1.28) degrees, The researcher reached the most important conclusions, stating that despite the governmental trends and interest in the Ministry of Agriculture and its formations in the field of information and communications technology, the use of modern technologies, means of communication, application programs, and the diversity of uses of social networking sites in extension work was not at the required level, The researcher recommends the necessity of providing devices and equipment for modern information and communication systems for the extension organization in line with the requirements of extension work, and preparing and implementing awareness raising training programs. Specialized in information and communications technology within the annual plan prepared by the Agricultural Extension and Training Department to develop the skills and capabilities of workers and improve their performance, in addition to the necessity of providing a wide ranging and comprehensive Internet network for all geographical regions for agricultural extension work to cover and implement extension activities and programs.
information technology, communications technology, agricultural extension
Effect of mineral Fertilizer NPK and Biochar on some growth and Yield characteristics of Maize crop (Zea mays L.) in Calcareous soil in Northern Iraq
The study was conducted on calcareous soil in northern Iraq to study the effect of mineral fertilizer NPK and biochar on some growth and yield characteristics of yellow maize crop. A basic dose of N, P, and K nutrients was added according to the fertilizer recommendation (320 N - 200 P2O5 - 80 K2O) kg h-1 by using urea fertilizer (46⁒ N), tri-superphosphate fertilizer (47.5⁒ P2O5) and potassium sulphate fertilizer (50⁒ K2O), as follows: Control treatment (F0), 50% of the recommended NPK (F1) and 100% of the recommended NPK (F2). Biochar was added at three levels (0, 1, and 2%).Statistical analysis using Duncan's test indicated that 100% of recommended NPK + 2% biochar (F2B2) treatment had a significant effect on plant height (214.66 cm), grain yield (6525.00 kg h-1), leaf area (8764.89 cm2) and chlorophyll content (40.67 spad), dry weight of shoots (31848.67 kg h-1), cob length (20.70 cm) and number of grains in the row (34.27 grain row-1). Therefore, this treatment can be justified for the use these mixed fertilizers in the future to get a good quantity and quality yield of yellow maize crop in calcareous soils.
Maize Crop, biochar, calcareous soil, NPK mineral fertilizer
Eco-friendly approaches to control wheat root rot and seedlings death caused by Rhizoctonia solani
Root rot and seedlings death pathogens are important diseases in wheat-growing regions of Iraq, particularly Rhizoctonia solani as it considered the main causative agent. Therefore, biological control and genotypes with low susceptibility are considered an effective and environmentally friendly way to reduce the impact of this soil pathogen. Current study aimed to evaluate the effect of Trichoderma fungi in reducing the effect of three isolates of the pathogenic fungus Rhizoctonia solani isolates (Rh1, Rh2, Rh3) on three wheat varieties including Abaa, Adna, and Barcelona. Experiments were carried out in postgraduate laboratories of the Department of Plant Protection, Faculty of Agriculture, University of Kufa. Results showed that Rh3 isolate was the most effective in reducing seed germination and seedling death. The use of bio-fungi led to an increase in germination, a decrease in seedling death, and a reduction in the severity and percentage of infection, which positively impacted plant vegetative growth. Abaa variety appeared to be slight resistant to the studied isolates of the pathogen compare to other varieties. Pots experiment showed that Trichoderma isolates significantly reduced the growth of the pathogenic fungus in double culture dishes with inhibition rates ranging from 55.97% to 69.85%. The outcomes indicate that Trichoderma fungi represent a promising option for the biological control of wheat root rot and seedlings death diseases.
seed rot, Rhizoctonia solani, Trichoderma spp, biocontrol, fungal antogonsim
Assessment of the Kinetic reaction and residue Determination of four insecticides using High Liquid Performance Chromatography Technique on Tomato Fruits
The imidacloprid, avaunt, karate, and coragen residues in the fruits were investigated. The results show that imidacloprid residues started to decrease over the time to reach 313.5, 180.93, and 131.15 into 0 mg L respectively after 14 days of the application. While karate residues slowly decreased into 62.88 mg L-1 after 14 days of the application. The kinetic assessment, the dissipation of imidacloprid, avaunt, and coragen residues underwent the first order model with the degradation rate 0.322, 0.395, and 0.322 a day. Subsequently, the half-life scored 2.14, 1.75, 6.72, and 2.14 days for the same order above respectively. Whilst Karate undergoes the second order model, giving 0.009 a day degradation rate. This resulted in a slow breakdown with the half-life being 770.16 days based on the current result. Overall, these results suggest that the use of those insecticides are safe and not be tended as harmful due to their fast degradation, except karate needs extra time to reach at low level.
Avaunt, Coragen, Imidacloprid, Karate, Kinetic evaluation
Effect of pre-and post-partum Feeding levels on live weight and Milk yield of Maraz goats
The aim of this study was to investigate the effect of supplementary concentrate feed and ad libitum wheat straw throughout grazing Maraz does at commercial farm on pre-and post-partum body weight, and production of milk and its composition. The experimental design was supplementation from two months pre-partum to two months post-partum with three dietary groups (8 does each). The first does group (GI) was fed whole black barley at 250 g.doe.day (traditional farmer’s practice), while does of the second (GII) and third (GIII) groups were fed a concentrate diet at 500 and 750 g.doe.day, respectively. Results revealed that does weight gain before kidding and body weight throughout the experimental period increased significantly in the (GIII) group compared with other groups. Does of the second (GII) and third (GIII) groups produced 5% (52.2 vs 49.7 kg ) and 30 % more milk (71.1 vs 49.7 kg), respectively compared with the (GI) group does. Whereas, does of (GIII) produced 27% more milk (71.1 vs 52.2 kg) than that of (GII) does during the suckling period. Furthermore, the low level of the feeding of the first group (GI) obtained significantly higher milk fat% but lower protein% compared to other counterparts. Milk production was affected significantly by the type of birth during the pre-weaning period. In conclusion, feed supplementation with an increased level of feeding concentrate pre-and post-partum in Maraz does was displayed to be advantageous in comparison to the first group (GI) as well as to those given low-level feeding of concentrate diet.
Does, early lactation, late gestation, milk production, supplementation
Effect of Nano Methionine- zinc in Productive Performance of Broiler Exposed to Heat Stress
Nano amino acids manufactured by green synthesis are a promising method in the poultry industry to achieve more significant benefits from minerals and amino acids. From 25-7-2023 to 29-8-2023, 300-day-old (Ross 308) broiler chicks were allocated into five random treatments, each being replicated three replicate with 15 chicks in each replication. Methionine-zinc nanoparticles were supplemented to the diet at 0.0, 1, 2, 3, and 4 mg/kg for treatments T1 (control treatment), T2, T3, T4, and T5, respectively, all treatments exposed to heat stress of (35±1 ⁰C) during the experiment period. Our findings showed that the treatments T2 and T5 had significant (P<0.05) increases in live body weight, well the T3, T4, and T5 treatments had a significant advantage in total weight gain, in feed intake, the T5 treatment was a more significant significantly in a fifth week overall, as well significant (P<0.05) improvement for T2, T3, T4, and T5 treatments in total feed conversation ratio, packed cell volume (PCV), and H/L ratio compared to T1 treatment, at the same time, the control treatment had the highest percentage of mortality and heterophil cell, significant (P<0.05) increase for T3 treatment in lymphocyte cell. It is concluded that nano methionine-zinc improved broilers' productive and physiological performance under heat-stress conditions.
Green synthesis, Heat stress, Methionine, Nano amino acid, zinc
Effect of plant growth regulators and type of media on multiplication and rooting of peach rootstock (Prunus persica L.) Garnem In vitro
Experiments were conducted in one of the private laboratories of Al-Fahama / Baghdad for August 2020 to June 2022 period. This study aimed to achieve an appropriate protocol for propagation the roortstock of peach Garnem (Prunus persica cv. Garnem) In vitro. The shoot tips and nodes of this rootstock were used as explant for the stages of emergence it was sterilized with several levels of sodium hypochlorite NaOCl (0.5 and 1%) for three periods of 15, 20 and 25 minutes cultured on MS media with free hormone, after which an experiment was conducted to find out the appropriate medium for multiplication, so it was used WPM and MS media added to it the best concentration of Kin. which he reached from previous experiments by interfering with concentrations of BA(0, 1 and 2 mg l-1) in order to multiply the shoots. Use concentrations of IBA for rooting shoots are 0, 0.5, 1, 2 and 3 mg l-1 added to media1/2 WPM and WPM. The results of the study were analyzed statistically as factorial experiments using a completely randomized design (CRD), and the statistical program SAS (2003) was used to analyze the results, and the averages of the coefficients were compared according to Duncan's multiple test in the probability level of 0.05. The results showed efficient use NaOCl in the sterilization of peach rootstock shoot tip Garnem, the best multiplication was achieved when the shoot tips were grown on WPM media added to it 1 and 2 mg l-1BA. also, the highest number and length of shoots were obtained at 1 mg l-1. It gave shoots planted on the 1/2WPM to which a concentration of 2 mg l-1 was added IBA the highest rooting percentage, the highest number of roots, and the highest length of roots.
In vitro, Sterilization, WPM, Multiplication, Garnem
Manufacturing functional like-butter Product and studying its Chemical, Microbiological and physical Properties
This study was carried out to determine whether like-butter product can be a carrier for probiotics by observing the survivability of selected probiotic strains during cold storage. The effects of using probiotic adjunct cultures (Lactobacillus acidophilus) the like-butter product on microbiological counts, sensory characteristics, chemical characteristics, and some chemical characteristics and compositions including (Acid Degree Value ADV, Peroxide Value ‎ PV, Amino acid tyrosine, Diacetyl, cholesterol, protein, pH, titratable acidity, carbohydrates) during storage for 5 weeks were investigated. The like-butter product with Lactobacillus acidophilus maintained the probiotic characteristics, in that the level of viable cells of the probiotic was 107 cfu/ g until 5 weeks of storage. The highest scores in sensory assessment were obtained on the first day of storage.
Like-butter product, healthy properties, Chemical physical properties, probiotic.
Exogenous Proline and Moringa Leaf Extracts Improved Drought Resistance in Wheat (Triticum aestivum L.) Cultivars
Moringa oleifera leaf extract (MLE) is rich in amino acids, ascorbate, zeatin, minerals, and many other compounds known for their growth-promoting potential, and proline has become a powerful osmolyte. Therefore, a pot experiment was aimed to study the effect of foliar spray with aqueous extracts of Moringa oleifera leaves (3%) and proline (25gL-1) on some morphological, physiological, biochemical, and yield of five genotypes of wheat (Triticum aestivum L.) grown under water stress. The results showed that the exogenous proline and moringa leaf extracts led to increased plant height, total plant fresh weight, total plant dry weight, flag leaf area, total chlorophyll content, relative water content, membrane stability, total phenolic content, antioxidant capacity by DPPH, total soluble sugar, proline content, spike length, spike weight, spiklet per spike, number of grains per spike, grains weight per spike, number of spike per pot, grain yield per pot, biological yield per pot, harvest index with the exception of electrolyte leakage under drought stress. These results demonstrated the importance of foliar application of proline and moringa as tolerance inducers of drought stress leading to improvements in physiological and biochemical attributes in plants grown under the adverse conditions of environmental stresses. According to the results of principal component analysis (PCA), there were significant contribution and strong correlation between studied traits responded by wheat genotypes especially Hasad and Rezan.
common wheat, abiotic stressors, osmoprotectants, growth-enhancer, tolerance markers.
Impact of Adding Eucalyptus camaldulensis Leaves Phenolic Extract to Drinking Water on Productive performance, Blood Parameters and Antioxidant Status of broiler Chickens
The current study aimed to determine the effect of adding different levels of Eucalyptus camaldulensis leaves phenolic extract to drinking water on the productive performance, blood parameters and antioxidant status of broiler chickens. A total of 144 unsexed birds, one day old, 42 g weight, were used in current study. The birds were distributed into four experimental treatments, with three replicates (12 birds each replicate). Treatments were T1: control without addition, T2, T3 and T4 were add 50, 75 and 100 mg/liter of eucalyptus leaves phenolic extract to drinking water respectively. Results showed that eucalyptus leaves phenolic extract in the T3 and T4 had greater final body weight and cumulative weight gain, with an improvement in the overall feed conversion ratio compared to other treatments. Red blood cells (RBC), hemoglobin concentration (Hb), packed cell volume (PCV) and lymphocytes percentage were significantly (P≤0.05) increased in the T4 compared to other treatments. Heterophil percentage and lymphocyte to heterophil ratio were significantly (P≤0.05) decreased in the T4 compared to the other treatments. The superoxide dismutase and glutathione peroxidase activities were significantly (P≤0.05) increased in the T3 and T4 compared to other treatments. The catalase activity was significantly (P≤0.05) increased in the T2 compared to the control treatment. Malondialdehyde (MDA) was significantly (P≤0.05) decreased in the T4 compared to control treatment. Feed intake, mean corpuscular volume (MCV), mean corpuscular hemoglobin (MCH) and mean corpuscular hemoglobin concentration (MCHC) were unaffected by add different levels of eucalyptus leaves phenolic extract to drinking water. It can be concluded that eucalyptus leaves phenolic extract was improved the productive performance, blood parameters, and antioxidant status of broiler chickens.
Antioxidant status, Broilers, Eucalyptus, Productive performance
Assessing the Impact of Reservoirs Hydromorphic on Soil Textural Transformation and Salinization in Arid Regions of Uzbekistan
This study was conducted to investigate the changes in soil granulometric composition and salinization in soils that are affected by a water reservoir and prolonged hydromorphic processes. Soil samples were collected at a distance of 500, 2000, and 3000 meters from the Kattarkurgan reservoir. In laboratory, water-soluble salts, Cl⁻, SO₄²⁻, HCO₃⁻, pH, and EC were measured. The results revealed that shallow water tables were being 85, 110, and 155 centimeters at sampling points, respectively. The physical clay content of irrigated soils in sampling points increased from 42.8% to 57.7%, revealing an alteration in granulometric composition from medium loam to heavy loam. Under these conditions, the accumulation of water-soluble salts has become intense with its values ranging from 0.214% to 1.338%, which corresponds to a progression from slight to high salinization. The morphological characteristics of the irrigated soils changed under the influence of prolonged moisture, with a distinct light bluish coloration, strong compaction, high moisture content, heavy loam texture, and a structureless profile being pronounced. Furthermore, the features typical of marshy soils, such as Fe, Al and Mg mottles, and salts and carbonates distributed throughout the soil layers in the form of spots and traces were identified. Most importantly, this study unveils that the irrigated soils around the water reservoir are undergoing an increase in physical clay content within their granulometric composition, and excessive accumulation of water-soluble salts.
soil degradation, water reservoir, hydromorphism, granulometric composition.
The Influence of Agricultural Marketing on Farmers' Adoption of Sustainable agriculture: An applied study in the Directorate of Agriculture in Najaf
The global shift towards sustainable agriculture is crucial to ensuring food security and preserving the environment. In Iraq, specifically in Najaf Governorate, encouraging farmers to adopt Sustainable agriculture (such as water conservation, organic composting, and integrated pest management) is a key strategic objective. However, adoption rates of these practices are still influenced by a complex set of factors, among which economic viability is paramount. Agricultural marketing which includes market access, pricing, value chains, and information dissemination is assumed to be a key driver of this adoption. This research aims to examine the extent and nature of the influence of agricultural marketing factors on farmers' decision-making in Najaf Governorate regarding the adoption of sustainable agricultural practices. This applied research relied on an inductive quantitative methodology. A structured, closed-ended questionnaire was designed to collect data from a random sample of 150 farmers registered with the Najaf Directorate of Agriculture. The survey measured variables related to marketing challenges (access to markets, price premiums for sustainable products, and reliability of market information) and the degree of adoption of various sustainable practices. The data were analyzed using descriptive statistics, correlation analysis, and multiple regression analysis to determine the relationship between marketing variables and rates of adoption of sustainable practices. To determine the apparent validity and content appropriateness of the questionnaire, the scale was presented to a sample of experts for feedback, and some modifications were made to meet the judges' recommendations.The analysis revealed a strong positive relationship between strong agricultural marketing systems and the adoption of sustainable practices. The main findings indicate the following: Market Access and Price Premiums: Farmers who had access to stable markets or received price premiums for sustainably produced commodities were more likely to invest in Sustainable agriculture.
sustainable agriculture, agricultural marketing
Copyright (c) 2025 Watheq Abdulhussein Jaber https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0
New horizons in the Biodiversity of Ralastonia solanacearum Associated with Tomato through Biochemical and Molecular Analysis
Current study aimed to detect the spread of new strains of bacterial wilt disease on tomato in Iraq particularly some areas of Najaf province for the agricultural season 2024. Results of the pathogenicity test of Ralastonia solanacearum on tomato for the 22 studied isolates showed that the two isolates, R. solanacearum 1 and R. solanacearum 4, outperformed the other isolates in the severity of the disease and reached 46.67% and 42.74% respectively. Based on the diagnostic keys, the results confirmed that the bacterial isolates belong to R. solanacearum. Results of microscopic and morphological examination indicated that the bacteria were Gram-negative, rod-shaped, and had the appearance of white colonies with red centers on the (TZC) medium, while in the SPA medium, transparent colonies appeared. Biochemical tests also indicated that R. solanacearum gave positive results for some tests, including Catalase test, Oxidase test, and Pectolytic test. The tests that gave negative results included KOH, Livan, Hydrolysis of Gelatein, Arginine, Starch Hydrolysis, Aesculin Hydrolysis, and Indol test. Biovar test results showed that it was from Race 3, which infects the Solanaceae family, including tomatoes. The molecular diagnosis, which was based on the 16 SrRNA gene, showed that new strains were obtained for the first time and were registered in (NCBI) with the accession numbers (PP473560 and PP473561).
Ralastonia solanacearum, tomato, biochemical tests, molecular diagnosis
Copyright (c) 2026 Nuha Abbas Ali, Saba A.K. Al-Fallooji https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0
Controlling of rot root pathogens on cucumber using some plant extracts and bio-control agent Trichoderma harzianum
Different fungal pathogens that cause rot root disease have a significant impact on cucumbers, which has a tremendous economic limitation on the yield of this important vegetable crop. The current study aims to examine the effect of cold aqueous extract of three plants (Acacia farnesiana, Myrtus communis and Nerium oleander) on the radial growth and the biomass of some pathogenic fungi (Rhizoctonia solani and Macrophomina phaseolina) with the presence of Trichoderma harzianum as a bio-control agent. Fungal pathogens were isolated from root parts of infected cucumber plants that were collected from different regions of Najaf province, while the bio-control fungus was obtained from the Bio-control Laboratory, Faculty of Agriculture - University of Kufa. Results of the current study showed that 20% of the cold aqueous extract of M. communis powder was superior to the rest of the studied extracts in inhibiting the radial growth of studied fungi, as the radial growth of R. solani reached 3.49cm, M. phaseolina 3.02cm, and T. harzianum 3.67cm. Thely apparent effect of the same extra extract on the growth of the fresh and dry biomass of the aforementioned fungi. The outcomes demonstrated that the 20% concentration of cold aqueous extract of M. communis also increased the percentage of seed germination and the fresh weight of cucumber plants. The cold aqueous extract of M. communis leaves and T. harzianum as a biological can be used , to inhibit the growth of both pathogens of rot root disease, thus protecting cucumber seedlings and producing healthy plants.
Copyright (c) 2025 Firas H. Al-Haidary, Akeel E. Mohammed, Usamah A. A. Alshimaysawe, Jamal H. Kadhim https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0
Biology of Callosobruchus maculatus (Fabricius) (Coleoptera: Chrysomelidae) on two commercial beans in Makassar, Indonesia
Callosobruchus maculatus (Fabricius) (Coleoptera: Chrysomelidae) is a significant pest of legumes, exhibiting oligophagous feeding behavior. Infestation by this pest during storage can result in substantial economic losses, as its larvae consume the seed endosperm, leaving the seeds hollow and thereby reducing both their quantity and quality. The aim of this study was to investigate the biology of C. maculatus and the extent of its damage to commercial mung bean and cowpea in Makassar, Indonesia. The results showed that the population growth of C. maculatus was significantly higher in mung bean (228.22 adults) compared to cowpea (190.22 adults). This population growth also affected the average weight of the adults. For females, not significant difference was observed, with an average weight of 1.66 mg/adult in mung bean and 1.73 mg/adult in cowpea. In contrast, a significant difference was observed in males, with an average weight of 1.12 mg/adult in mung bean and 1.06 mg/adult in cowpea. The percentage of damaged beans was significantly higher in cowpea (95.16%) compared to mung bean (78.95%). Similarly, the percentage of weight loss was significantly greater in cowpea (31.69%) than in mung bean (22.65%). This damage and weight loss pose a serious storage problem, reducing both the quality and quantity of beans.
Copyright (c) 2025 Asra Asra, Wardani Syahrani, Bhintang Maharani, Laila Al Atsariyah, Ravindra Chandra Joshi, Eirene Brugman, Ito Fernando, M. Bayu Mario https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0
Characterization and Biocontrol Potential of Entomopathogenic Bacteria in Jatropha curcas Rhizosphere Against Spodoptera litura
Spodoptera litura causes significant damage to plants and disruption the production process of Jatropha curcas seeds up to 70% if not controlled in attacks above the economic threshold. S. litura control is now beginning to be constrained by S. litura resistance. The suspected resistance is due to the usage of synthetic pesticides that not controlled. entomopathogenic bacteria are important biocontrol of S. litura pests that support sustainable plantations. J. curcas plant is an alternative biodiesel producer with a potential seed oil content of 47.58%. Currently, the exploration of local entomopathogenic bacteria from the rhizosphere J. curcas hasn't been done. This study uses exploration and descriptive methods by analyzing data characterization of entomopathogenic bacteria through analysis using the website PBSTAT-CL 2.1.1 https://apps.pbstat.com/reports/pbstat-cl/. The effectiveness of bioassay in analysis using IBM SPSS Statistics 26 software, with probit analysis (lethal time 50) LT50. This research obtained 34 isolates of entomopathogenic bacteria rhizosphere J. curcas with 6 groups of characterization. The maximum cophenetic distance at 0.7 from isolates. Effectiveness from all isolates reached 100% mortality and the analysis results of LT50 probit fastest for 31,645 hours.
Copyright (c) 2026 Erfan Dani Septia, Faza Abdurahman Fiddin, Maftuchah https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0
Growth Response of Siames Orange (Citrus nobilis L.) Explants on MS Media with the Addition of BAP and NAA in Vitro
The cultivation of Siamese orange (Citrus nobilis L.) in Kampar Regency has the main obstacle, namely the attack of diplodia disease caused by Botryodiplodia theobromae. This disease causes plant death and decreased citrus production. In vitro culture techniques can be carried out as an effort to produce disease-free seeds through the use of meristems as explant, in vitro culture will speed up the multiplication process and produce lots of seeds. This research aims to investigate the effect of interaction BAP NAA on MS medium on growth of Siamese orange explant. The study was carried out at the Biotechnology Laboratory, Faculty of Agriculture, Riau University and arranged to two-factor factorial randomized group design, which is BAP with four levels concentration 0, 1, 3, and 5 ppm and NAA four levels concentrations 0, 0.1, 0.2, and 0.3 ppm with three replications. The results showed that the treatment without BAP and 0.1 ppm NAA had the best effect on plantlet formation as indicated by the root emergence time of 17 DAP (days after planting) and 1 ppm BAP and 0.1 ppm NAA treatment had the best effect on callus formation. Siamese orange (Citrus nobilis L.).
Copyright (c) 2025 Fetmi Silvina, Murniati, Isna Rahma Dini, Wisyuni Eka Oktaria https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0
Growth and Yield of Stevia (Stevia rebaudiana) under Shade and Liquid Organic Fertilizer of Banana Waste
Stevia rebaudiana is a plant that can produce a natural sweetener and is used as a natural medicine. This research aims to study the growth and production of stevia plants under shade and liquid organic fertilizer from banana waste using an automated drip irrigation system. This research used a randomized complete block design (RCBD) method with a nested pattern (Nested Design) consisting of two factors. Namely, the first factor was the influence of shade consisting of two levels, namely the use of 50% shade (F1) and no shade (F2). The second factor was a liquid organic fertilizer (LOF) consisting of four concentrations, namely: 0 ml L-1 (P1), 20 ml L-1 (P2), 40 ml L-1 (P3), and 60 ml L-1 (P4). Each treatment was repeated five times so that there were 40 experimental units. Each experimental unit consists of four plant samples, so the total plant samples were 160 plants. The results showed that providing shade significantly increasing plant height, stem diameter, number of leaves, number of flowers, and fresh weight of leaves. Meanwhile, giving LOF significantly increasing plant height, stem diameter, number of leaves, and number of flowers. Based on research results, the best treatment for stevia cultivation is 20 ml L-1 LOF fertilization in 50% shade.
Copyright (c) 2025 Aif Al Zulfa, Adinda Nurul Huda Manurung, Ega Elman Miska, julio Aria Nugraha https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0
Improving agricultural Extension services provided to Beekeepers in the holy Karbala governorate
The research aims to improve agricultural extension services provided to beekeepers in Holy Karbala Governorate, Iraq. A random sample of 100 beekeepers in the governorate was taken. A questionnaire was prepared, including six main areas: suggestions for improving the agricultural extension system, improving the marketing, improving the equipment, improving the innovation stimulation, improving the policies and the enabling environment, and improving the financing. The results have shown a high level of agreement among beekeepers on the suggestions of improving the Agricultural Extension Services (AESs) provided to them. Consequently, this high level of approval and satisfaction with the suggestions presented in the research must be matched by an organized process to put these suggestions into actual practice by decision-makers. This will significantly and effectively contribute to solving the problems faced by beekeepers and achieving the desired economic, social, and environmental aims of beekeepers in Holy Karbala Governorate.
Copyright (c) 2026 Muntadher Y. Al- Saadi, Ali Lateef Jasim Al-Mashhadani https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0
Effect of hydroxymethyl furfural (HMF) on the Longevity and food consumption of Honeybee (Apis mellifera L.) workers
The study was ‎carried out at the apiary and in the ‎laboratory of the Bee Research ‎Department, Plant Protection Research ‎Institute, Agricultural Research Center, ‎Ministry of Agriculture, Giza, Egypt, ‎during the year, 2023. Honey bee workers, the supporting force of the colony, and a measure of the queen's efficiency, as the increase in the size of the colony population and the presence of age sequence, are evidence of the efficiency of the queen and the goodness and efficiency of the pasture. The absence of natural nectar or pollen sources may force beekeepers to use alternatives, some beekeepers may resort to feeding bees with things that are not suitable for human use as a result of poor storage, long-term storage, or heat treatment of honey, which increases the levels of HMF. Accordingly, the level of HMF content in the fresh clover honey sample was estimated using a spectrophotometer, which was estimated at 1.92, it was divided and exposed to heat to reach HMF levels of 40 mg/Kg، 80mg/Kg, 200mg/Kg, 400mg/Kg, 700mg/Kg, 3700mg/Kg. The experiment was conducted on newly hatched bees inside small cages, containing 100 workers. The results obtained show that food consumption is inversely proportional to the levels of HMF in honey which are recorded as 7.02±0.07 for fresh honey and 1.78±0.30 for honey with HMF level of 3700 mg/Kg, the proportion of longevity is also directly proportional to its proportion HMF (33, 27, 24, 24, 18, 15 and 9 days for fresh honey, 40mg/Kg، 80mg/Kg, 200mg/Kg, 400mg/Kg, 700mg/Kg, 3700mg/Kg, respectively). Therefore, using honey with HMF High in feeding bee colonies is not recommended as an alternative in scarce pasture or during the winter season.
honeybee, 5-hydroxymethylfurfural (HMF), mortality, longevity, hoarding behavior
Copyright (c) 2025 Rasha Mohamad Ahmed Farag, Wael Mahmoud Marzouk, Marwa Mohamed Ahmed https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0
Histological and chemical Susceptibility of some Potato cultivars Infected with new Strains of Pectobacterium carotovorum
The potential losses of potato yield due to soft rot disease caused by Pectobacterium carotovorum constitute a major threat to this crop, as the pathogen adapts to environmental and nutritional changes resulting in genetic patterns that are more virulent in infection of plant tissue. Therefore, the current study aimed to determine the tissue and chemical sensitivity of some potato varieties infected with this bacteria. Results confirmed that the bacterial isolates belong to P. carotovorum according to diagnostic keys, microscopic and morphological examinations that indicated the bacteria is Gram-negative grew on the differential medium Yeast extract-dextrose-CaCO3 (YDC) as a yellow to cream colonies, convex, shiny, and circular. While on the D-3 agar medium, the colonies were white to cream, and on the Nutrient Agar medium (NA) was cream to shiny white. The outcomes of the biochemical tests indicated that P. carotovorum isolates gave positive results for some tests including Catalase and Hydrolysis of Gelatin. Other tests such as Oxidase, Starch hydrolysis, voges-proskauer, phynelalanen, and methyl red were negative. The isolates were molecularly diagnosed based on the 16 S rRNA gene, as new strains were obtained for the first time in the Iraq, which were deposited in GenBank (NCBI) under the accession numbers PP824981, PP824982, and PP824983. The highest percentage of infection and severity with the disease were recorded in Elmundo variety, which reached 42.10 and 22.14%, respectively. The results of the sensitivity test of some potato varieties to P. carotovorum showed that the highest rotted tissue was in Elmundo variety, which reached 4.98cm, compared to the control which reached 0.00cm. Based on the percentage of carbohydrates, protein and fats, Burren variety outperformed other studied varieties significantly reaching 8.44%, 1.17 mg/g and 0.15 mg/g, respectively, compared to the control treatment which reached 16.81%, 3.92 mg/g and 1.81 mg/g, respectively. While for phenols, flavonoids, nitrates and organic acids, Volare variety outperformed the other varieties, reaching 6.67 mg/g, 1.61 mg/g, 0.21% and 0.10%, respectively, compared to the control which reached 18.31 mg/g, 3.24 mg/g, 0.27% and 0.22%, respectively.
Copyright (c) 2024 Saba A.K. Al-Fallooji, Akeel E. Mohammed, Bashar K.H. Al-Gburi https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0
Assessment of Flood Vulnerability among Smallholder Farmers in Niger State, Nigeria.
Flooding significantly impacts livelihoods, poverty, and human populations. This study assessed flood vulnerability among smallholder farmers in Niger State, Nigeria. Specifically quantifying flood vulnerability at the farmer level and identifying vulnerability levels across three zones. The study employed Principal Component Analysis, Multiple Correspondence Analysis, and the Farmers’ Vulnerability Index, with post-estimation tests confirming result reliability. Findings revealed varying vulnerability levels across zones. Zone A exhibited the highest vulnerability with a Farmers' Vulnerability Index (FaVI) of 0.914, followed by Zone C (FaVI: 0.646), while Zone B showed notably lower vulnerability (FaVI: 0.174). These results highlight the heterogeneous nature of flood risks and adaptive capacities within the state. High vulnerability in Zones A and C primarily stemmed from elevated exposure and sensitivity to flooding, coupled with lower adaptive capacities. On the contrary, Zone B's lower vulnerability resulted from higher adaptive capacity, despite moderate exposure levels. The study recommends prioritizing flood mitigation strategies such as improving drainage systems, constructing flood barriers, and enhancing adaptive capacities, such as subsidized fertilizers and relief from NGOs, particularly in Zones A and C, while maintaining and strengthening effective practices in Zone B. These findings provide a foundation for policymakers and stakeholders to develop localized approaches to flood management and agricultural resilience in Niger State.
Copyright (c) 2025 Nofiu Babatunde Nofiu, Siti Aisyah Baharudin https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0
Inhibitory effects of Punica granatum L. peels extract on antioxidant enzymes, reproductive and life history characters of cowpea weevil, Callosobruchus maculatus F.
The cowpea beetle, Callosobruchus maculatus (F.) (Coleoptera: Bruchidae) is a common and extremely polyphagous pest of legumes and exploits various different stored grain legumes, including some of the most economically important stored grains. This work aimed to test the insecticidal effect of the peel extract of pomegranate by observing the survival, biochemical parameters (Superoxide dismutase (SOD.), Catalase (CAT.), glutathione s-transferase (GST) activity), and demographic characters of the Callosobruchus maculatus (F.) (Coleoptera: Chrysomelidae) a pest of stored crops. Sub-lethal concentration (LC30) effects were evaluated on the susceptibility of stored cowpea grains in two generations of C. maculatus. The cowpea weevils were reared on cowpea to investigate the life table characteristics under 28 ± 2 ºC, 65 ± 5 %, and RH 16:8 h (L: D) conditions. The number of eggs laid and the number of emerging adults were determined at least in LC30 concentration in both generations. Life table characteristics (r, GRR, R0, λ, and T) were significantly reduced in LC30 concentration, especially in generation 2, compared with the control treatment. Exposure to pomegranate peel extract led to changes in antioxidant enzymes and increased CAT, SOD, and GST activities of cowpea weevil (females and males) in the first and second generations of the examined. These variations can result in survivorship and energy skill conduction during oviposition, likely mechanisms complex with herbal extract toxicity. This result can contribute to finding a new method to control stored pests such as cowpeas.
Toxicity, Generation, Pomegranate, Enzyme, Sublethal effect
Copyright (c) 2026 Sienaa Al-Zurfi, Ayad Alsendi, Srwa K. H. Bandyan, Haneen H. Naji, Sundus R. Alasadi, Ali A. Kareem https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0
Feeding Behavior and Host Plant Preferences of Episyrphus balteatus‎ (DeGeer) ‎ and Ischiodon scutellaris ‎(Fabricius) ‎ in Southern Punjab, Pakistan
During the present study, 300 adults along with 30 larvae of Episyrphus balteatus and 212 adults along with 25 larvae of Ischiodon scutellaris were collected from 15 and 13 host plants, respectively from Bahawalpur, Southern Punjab, Pakistan. The adults of these two species were found mostly on all vegetables and crops together hovering for nectar and oviposition site. For studying the occurrence pattern and foraging behavior of hoverflies fields were studied systematically and adults were collected using hand nets along with photographs in the field. The data was analyzed using modern tools of data analysis SPSS23. These species were found to be frequent visitors of flowering plants and aphid-infested plants, which was later confirmed in our data that they have a strong relation to aphid colonies for oviposition to provide a healthy diet and enough nectar to develop their eggs. Owing to this, both flies possess a variety of host plants and hence were dominant and abundant in most of the vegetative fields. Moreover, it has also been brought into being that March is most preferred for both species in which the highest number of specimens were collected and observed in the field due to the availability of flowering crops and vegetables in the studied site. Exploring host-plant relation and their foraging ecology in deep molecular ecology is highly recommended, because feeding behavior and host plants preferences are highly corelated, plant traits effect on the feeding behavior of insect pests and their predator. In addition nutritional quality of plants, plant associated factors and sometimes availability of prey or other predator influence the feeding behavior of many insects. By learning the dynamics of these natural enemies and host plants, our study shows the possibility of improving biological control strategies. This insect-host plant relationship is a promising solution to sustainable pest management, highlighting the significance of ecosystem-based approaches in agriculture.
Copyright (c) 2025 Roshan Ali Jamali, Samiullah Soomro, Awais Ahmed, Ghulam Jaffar Kanhar https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0
Isolation and identification fungi contaminated onion bulbs, detection Aspergillus spp. toxins, and inhibiting its growth by Moringa oleifera extract
The study aimed to isolate and diagnose fungi contaminating onion fruits and secreting mycotoxins, and to study the effect of Moringa oleifera extract on the growth of the fungus Aspergillus niger. The results of isolating fungi from onions showed the presence of the following fungi: Aspergillus niger, Fusarium sp., and Rhizopus stolonifer. It became clear that there was a predominance of the fungus A. niger, then the fungus Fusarium sp., followed by the fungus Rhizopus stolonifur, as their frequency rates reached 53.33, 36.66, and 10.00%, respectively, while the occurrence rate reached 83.33, 50.00, and 33.33%, respectively. In this study, molecular diagnosis of the fungus A. niger was carried out using internal transcribed spacer (ITS) genetic markers, and the results of chemical analysis using thin layer chromatography (TLC) showed that 9 of the 16 isolates were A. niger, isolated from onions, produced ochratoxin A with a production rate of 56.25%. The moringa extract inhibited the growth of the fungus A. niger, as the percentage of inhibition increased with increasing concentration, and the highest percentage of inhibition was at a concentration of 15%, which reached 47.32%. The percentage of inhibition was at concentrations of 5 and 10 (12.82 and 26.15%).
Usamah A. Alkarim A. Almunam Alshimaysawe
Copyright (c) 2024 Sadeq Mohammed Ali, Rafid M. AbdulAali, Usamah A. Alkarim A. Almunam Alshimaysawe, Ahmed Mohammed Ali https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0
Performance of some Durum Wheat Cultivars in the Presence of Yellow Rust Disease Under Rain-Fed in Sulaimani, Iraq
Yellow rust, also known as stripe rust, is a significant disease that affects wheat in Iraq. The current study was conducted to study host-parasite interaction of some durum wheat cultivars with the new yellow rust (Puccinia striiformis f. sp. tritici) (Pst) races at adult plant stage in the field during the growing seasons, 2021 to 2023 under rain fed conditions in Sulaimani. Furthermore, Agricultural characteristics of the tested durum cultivar were also determined in the presence of the disease. The findings revealed that most durum wheat cultivars were moderately susceptible to susceptible to yellow rust disease under Sulaimani environmental conditions. The mean coefficient of yellow rust infection ranged from 1.73 in Ofanto to 23 in Cham-5. However, some cultivars, such as Cham-1, Fadda-98, and Ofanto, displayed moderate resistance response to the disease, while others, like Bhuth-5 and Acsad-65, showed moderate susceptibility. Yellow rust parameters (Diseases severity, infection type and coefficient of infection) were higher in 2023 season compared to 2022 in most of the tested cultivars. Additionally, the moderate resistant cultivar cv. Fadda-98 displayed distinct in some plant traits compared to other durum wheat cultivars, such as plant height (101.12cm), awn length (14.21cm), number of grains per spike (60.22), grain weight per spike (2.92g), biological yield (2292.4 g/m2), and grain yield (783.13). The study finding enhances wide cultivation of cv. Fadda-98 in the hot spot of yellow rust lands in Iraq.
Triticum turgidum L. var. durum, yellow rust disease, Agricultural characteristics, Fungal diseases.
Copyright (c) 2025 Emad M. Al-Maaroof, Sarkawt H. Salih Ali https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0
Effect of Adding Potassium and Organic Fertilizers on the Soil NPK Content and the Productivity of maize (Zea mays L.)
The integrated use of organic and mineral fertilizers is a practical and good way to preserve and sustain soil fertility, which results in increased availability of nutrients in the soil and their absorption by plants, thus increasing crop productivity. Due to the fixation of potassium in the soil, it is necessary to work to increase the vitality of agricultural soil by adding fertilizers. Organic potassium is an important means of increasing the availability of macro- and micro-nutrients. Current research was carried out in a private farm in Deir Ezzor province during the summer season of 2022 with the aim of studying the effect of adding potassium, organic fertilizer, and their interaction, on the soil content of NPK and the productivity of maize (Gouta 82 variety). A factorial experiment was conducted according to a randomized complete block design (RCBD) with three replications. The experiment included two factors: the first was potassium fertilizer (potassium sulfate: 0, 100, 150, 200 kg K.ha-1) and the second was organic fertilizer (sheep manure: 0, 15, 20, 25 tons.ha-1). Results showed that the fourth level of potassium fertilizer was significantly superior in soil content of mineral nitrogen, available phosphorus, and exchangeable potassium. The values ​​were (N: 8.27, P: 12.07, K: 267.81 mg.kg-1), and the fourth level of organic fertilizer was significantly superior to the studied soil indicators (N: 8.97, P: 12.90, K: 262.79 mg.kg-1), while the values ​​decreased in the control. In the studied plant characteristics (plant height, leaf surface area, grain yield), there is a superiority of the fourth level of potassium and organic fertilizers separately. At the remaining levels and in the control, the values ​​in potassium fertilizer were (180.98 cm, 6147.90 cm2, 7.49 tons.ha-1) respectively. In organic fertilizer, plant characteristics reached (183.49 cm, 6191.50 cm2, 7.72 tons.ha-1) at the fourth level. The interaction of the two fertilizers also had a positive effect on all soil indicators studied, as the interaction of the fourth level of potassium fertilizer with the fourth level of organic fertilizer achieved significant superiority over the rest of the interaction treatments and over the non-fertilized control (N: 9.60, P: 13.76, K: 288.27 mg. kg-1). Likewise, with regard to plant characteristics, interfering the third levels (150 kg/ha) and fourth levels (200 kg/ha) of potassium fertilizer with the fourth level (25 tons/ha) of organic fertilizer achieved the best results (186.92 - 188.20 cm, 6296.15 - 6343.98 cm2, 8.32- 8.36 tons.h-1).
Copyright (c) 2024 Mohammad Ahmad AL-Sheikh, Omar Abdullah Abdulrazzak , Taha Hammadi Al-Khalifa https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0
Determinants of Value addition to Plantain among small-scale Farmers in Kwara State, Nigeria
Value addition has been reported as a panacea for poverty among small-scale farmers. However, the factors that determine its use among plantain farmers are unclear. Therefore, this study focuses on the variables that affect plantain value addition among small-scale farmers in Kwara State, Nigeria. Using a three-stage sample procedure, a structured questionnaire was used to elicit information from 120 plantain farmers—44 value adders and 76 non-value adders. Descriptive statistics and the Heckman two-stage model were used to analyze the data. The majority of the plantain value adders (70.5%) were female, whereas the majority of non-value adders (81.6%) were male. About 56.8% of the value adders processed plantain into plantain flour, while 29.6% were engaged in the production of both roasted plantain and plantain chips. The Heckman two-stage model's outcome showed that the decision to add value to plantain is influenced by the availability of processing equipment, gender, farm size, access to training, and proximity to market while the amount of value added to plantains was positively influenced by processing equipment, farm size, education level, access to training, and plantain output. The study further revealed that poor processing facilities, inadequate finance, and a low level of awareness (mean = 3.6) were the most identified constraints faced by the farmers. The study therefore recommends that farmers should endeavor to process plantain flour, as it is seen to be more profitable and economical.
Copyright (c) 2024 Abraham Falola, Mobololaji Omolabake Musa, Ridwan Mukaila, Adetunji Olanrewaju, Taiye Hassanah Subair https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0
Improving Productivity and fruit Quality of Barhee date Palm by Foliar Application of GA3 and NAA
The field experiment was designed to evaluate tested treatments to select which suitable treatment should be recommended to be used for Barhee date palm trees grown at Alexandria desert road near El-Sadat city, Egypt. GA3 and NAA were used in concentrations (25, 50 and 75 mg.L-1) individually and the mixture of each equal doses. Experimental design was Randomized Complete Block Design (RCBD). The obtained results revealed that the treatment GA3 + NAA (75 mg.L-1) was distinguished in the yield components (Bunch weight, retained fruits, fruit weight, yield /palm) and physical properties of the fruits (fruit weight, flesh weight, fruit length and width). In addition, application of GA3 + NAA at 75 mg.L-1 showed the highest values in physical characteristics of shees fruits (shees fruit weight, length and width). However, low fruit chemical properties of seeded fruits (TSS, TSS/Acidity ratio and sugar content, carotenoids) were observed in bunches treated with GA3 + NAA at 75 mg.L-1.
Copyright (c) 2025 Samy El-Kosary, Ayman Shaban, Abdelrahman G. Haseeb https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0