Adolescents' Internet Addiction and Its Relationship to Psychosocial Maladjustment among Secondary School Students in Al-Nasiriya City

: Background:


INTRODUCTION
Before defining Internet addiction, it must be noted that this term has many similar terms to it, such as: technological addiction, dependence on the Internet, misuse of the Internet, dependence on the computer, computer addiction, and excessive use of the Internet (1) . The term Internet addiction and Internet addiction disorder first appeared in 1995 when O'Neill published an article entitled: The magic and addiction of life on the Internet, "which was published in the New York Times, followed by the "Ivan Goldberg" proposal in 1995 that the internet addiction is already disturbing, and this concept did not gain immediate acceptance by journalists, academics and mental health professionals, until the American Psychologist Kimberly Young in the following year, presented the results of her study in the paper entitled: Internet addiction: the emergence of a new clinical disorder at the annual meeting of the American Psychological Association (2) .
Kimberly Young defines Internet addiction as a disorder of impulse control in Internet use, which does not include drunkenness or loss of consciousness, as Young and Rod Gers defined it as a disorder or a disorder in the ability to leave excessive use of the Internet and is characterized by withdrawal symptoms and psychological, academic, professional and social problems (3) . And approved the American Psychiatric Association APA to place addiction to the Internet among the other elements of addiction, and defined it as a disorder that shows a psychological need as a result of the lack of satisfaction from the use of the Internet and the person with this disorder suffers from many symptoms (4) .
Internet abuse is on the rise, especially among Asian youth (5) . Practitioners, parents, students, and the general public have voiced concerns about internet addiction. The news media has been suspended in many countries, and a large number of users have been readjusted, because it presents a threat to people's psychosocial well-being all over the world (6,

7)
. The focus of case studies has been on the challenges that people with disabilities face when adapting to new circumstances. Internet addicts are people who are addicted to the internet (8,9) . Loneliness, social anxiety, psychological distress, personality disorder, and other psychosocial adaptation problems are among the most common psychological and social traits of internet users as a result of their excessive use of the internet, according to scientists (10) . Back pain, dark circles under his eyes, obesity, wrist pain, inadequate sleep hours, fatigue and depression, which result in failure to go to work or school, neglect of social life and personal and professional responsibilities, and neglect of his diet so that he is heard (most internet addicts eat their food in front of the computer screen, in addition to spending exorbitant amounts of money). In addition, the internet addict is characterized by a lack of movement and physical activity, as well as investing excessive sums of money on the internet through monthly or annual subscriptions and various electronic and technical devices (11) .
If humans are to live happy lives, they must achieve the best adaptation to various aspects of life. Scientists will be very interested in researching adaptation as a branch of basic science since it is related to mental health (12) . Over the last two decades, there has been a clear correlation between lifestyle and online addiction (13) . A 600-student study in the United States discovered a connection between internet addiction and the onset of depression, anxiety, and stress (14) . Internet addiction refers to the maladaptive use of the internet that has pathological physical and emotional effects (15) .

AIMS OF THE STUDY
Assess the level of internet addiction and psychosocial adjustment among secondary school student; investigate the relationship between internet addiction and psychosocial adjustment, find-out if there are significant differences between psychosocial adjustment with regard to student's gender and grade.

METHODOLOGY
-Design of the study: A correlational descriptive research design was carried out in order to achieve the earlier stated objectives of the study; the present study was established from September, 16th, 2020 to March, 19th, 2021. To assess adolescents' internet addiction and psychosocial maladjustment among secondary school students in Al-Nasiriya city as a main objective in the study. -Settings of the Study: The research was carried out on secondary school students in Nasiriyah. There are a total of 18 campuses. From these schools, eight schools from Nasiriyah / Thi-Qar Governorate were chosen at random (a simple random sample).

SAMPLE OF THE STUDY:
The participants were chosen using convenience sampling, as a method of nonprobability sampling. The study population consists of all secondary school students in Nasiriyah District, with a total of 10068 students, according to the city's Directorate of Education Statistics. With a confidence level of 0.95 and a tolerance value of 0.025, the minimum sample size was determined to be 300. At least 300 students (male and female from the ages 13-20) were expected to participate in the study, with 38 students from each school, regardless of age or gender, having the opportunity to do so.

INSTRUMENT OF THE STUDY:
A questionnaire is developed for the purpose of the report after a review of relevant literature and consultation with a panel of experts and related studies. It composed of (Demographic Characteristics, Internet Addiction Scale, and Psychosocial Adjustment Scale).

STATISTICAL ANALYSIS:
The SPSS version of the Statistical Package for Social Sciences (SPSS) was used to analyze the data in this report (25.0). To analyze data and assess the study's outcomes, the following statistical data analysis methods were used. To draw their conclusions, the researchers used descriptive and inferential data analysis. Table (1) has been shown that cell phones play an important role in daily life. Communication between people has become quicker, simpler, and less costly thanks to the mobile phone.
According to table (2) association between internet addiction and psychosocial adjustment for study sample the result shows there is a statistically high significance association between internet addiction scale and psychosocial adjustment scale of secondary school students. show there is no statistically significance differences between students age, father and mother level of education, monthly income, residency and psychosocial Adjustment of Study Sample at ( p value > 0.05), when analyzed by Chi-Square Tests.

DISCUSSION:
Table (1) has been shown that cell phones play an important role in daily life. Communication between people has become quicker, simpler, and less costly thanks to the mobile phone. Significant activities, such as meetings and debates, can be held via mobile phone for educational purposes. According to this report, the majority of students choose to use cell phones (69.0 percent) over tablets and I Pads, and a growing number of them only have one mobile device (71.7 percent ) (16) , Mobile phones, according to the researcher, are even more mobile than any, tablet, I Pad, or device. Since it is low in weight and easy to transport, these results supported by (Srivastava & Tiwari, 2013), who showed that more than 75% of adolescents have cell phones.
Regarding the using of social media application, the result shows that (48.7%) (17) Of students are sometimes using application. And the numbers of application they used, 77.0% of them are using two or more of these applications. These results supported by (Gok, 2016), who revealed that the 85% of students use social networking sites. Concerning purpose of internet using, the finding indicates that 70.0% or more than half of students are using all applications. De Oliveira et al., (2017) (18) in their study (Use of Internet and Electronic Games by Adolescents at High Social Risk) found that 57% of adolescents using games. Although it has uses in many areas including information, research, correspondence, education, and communication, it may lead to certain psychosocial problems when used in an unregulated manner particularly during the adolescence period, Kaur and Sharma, (2019) who assess the internet Addiction and its impact on psychosocial health among adolescents (19) .
Regard the number of hours spent using the internet, the finding reveal that 29.0% are unspecified hours using. Neverkovich et al., (2018) who studied the Students' internet addiction: study and prevention that found teenagers spend unspecified time on the internet (20) . Gupta (2018) who studied internet addiction and quality of life among young adults: An Exploratory Study found that adolescents spent <4 h a day on the Internet and as time they spent on the Internet increased, their Internet addiction scores increased (21) . Kılıç (2018) in this study the students use the internet between 2-4 hours a day, 28.3% of them use between 4-6 hours, and 18.7% of them use the internet 6 hours and above (22) . According to the duration of internet using, the results show that 19.3% of them are using internet more than six years. These results support by (Secades-Villa, 2014) (Duration of internet use and adverse psychosocial effects among European adolescents), showed that 12.9% of adolescents used Internet more than 20 hours per week (23) .
According to table (2) association between internet addiction and psychosocial adjustment for study sample the result shows there is a statistically high significance association between internet addiction scale and psychosocial adjustment scale of secondary school students for Sample at (P. value=0.000), (Mean ±S.D. for internet addiction scale is 1.89±0.270), and (Mean ±S.D. for psychosocial adjustment scale is 2.00±0.398) when analyzed by Chi-Square Tests. This finding is support by (Atoum & Al-Hattab, 2015) who studied internet addiction and its relation to psychosocial adaptation among Jordanian high basic stage students (10) , its results reveal statistically significant differences among the psychosocial adaptation scores means for internet addicts and non-addicts where the differences were in favor of the non-addicts. The psychosocial adoption mean of internet nonaddicted students was (3.72) while the psychosocial adaptation mean of internet addicted students was (2.99) and P. value to this study is (0.00).
This results show there is no statistically significance differences between students age, father and mother level of education, monthly income, residency and psychosocial Adjustment of Study Sample at ( p. value > 0.05), when analyzed by Chi-Square Tests. Reporting adolescents not involved a general better psychosocial adjustment; they had higher levels of self-esteem and satisfaction with life, The researcher explains these results that the highest percentage is located in age group of (18) which is 19.7% present late adolescent those have positive characteristics that provide it with the possibility of optimal use of the internet by determining the times of how the user uses and organizes his times and not to multiply this matter, which makes them enjoy a degree of psychological and social adjustments. As for what monthly household income level, father and mother educational level, social status and area of residence it plays a role in the level of psychological adjustment of the adolescents, as the high level of the monthly income of the family allows it to save everything the requirements and needs of the teenager, which helps to improve his ability to adapt, and the teenager's family housing in cities allows the teenager contact and interaction with multiple social groups and ethnicities, as well as openness to information resources and knowledge technology more than the people of the villages, which is reflected in the high levels of compatibility with the people of the villages.
Also the high standard Parental education positively affects the teenager ability to cope. Where parents with higher education can communicate with their teenager are better, and thus the chances of understanding with adolescents increase, as well as improving the methods of parents in dealing with them, as well that the adolescent lives in a family in which both parents participate in the process of socialization greatly contributes to raising children who enjoy an acceptable level of psychological health and psychological and social adjustment.

CONCLUSIONS
The internet has a more negative than positive impact, as it has been discovered that students who use the internet for long periods of time are affected mentally, psychologically, and socially, and their psychosocial transition suffers as a result.

RECOMMENDATIONS:
1. Subjecting adolescents to parental control and forcing them to use the Internet moderately and for specific times. 2. Create educational extension programs in secondary schools, as well as therapeutic and educational support for students, especially females.