Kufa Journal for Nursing Sciences (KJNS) is a scholarly, peer-reviewed, and open-access journal that aims at cultivating the dissemination of scientific knowledge through publishing original research and review papers related to nursing and healthcare sciences. The KJNS is published by the Faculty of Nursing, University of Kufa. ISSN (Print): 2223-4055 ISSN (Electronic): 2521-8638 DOI prefix: 10.36321 Frequency: 2 Issues/ Year
Assessment of Diabetes Knowledge and Associated Risk Factors among Patients with Type 2 Diabetic in Endocrine Center in Sulaymaniyah: Cross-Sectional Study
Background: Diabetes Mellitus (DM) is a clinical syndrome characterized by hyperglycemia due to an absolute or relative deficiency of insulin. Objectives: The study aimed to assess the knowledge on DM and its associated risk factors among type 2 diabetic patients in endocrine center in Sulaimaniyah city. Methodology: A descriptive cross-sectional study was carried out among 308 diabetic patients by using convenient sampling. Face to face interview was used to collect data. Data were collected from October to November 2025. Results: The high percentages of participants were age between 41-65 years old (75%), (31.8%) female, (48.7%) illiterate, (76%) married. Most of participants were unemployed 54.9%. Good knowledge about diabetes mellitus was 32.5%, and poor knowledge about diabetes mellitus was 32.5%. The correlation between socio-demographic variables and the general knowledge of diabetic mellitus among the participants revealed that gender, educational level, occupation, and place of residence were significantly correlated. Similarly, there was a highly association between patient's overall knowledge on diabetes mellitus and heredity, smoking, alcohol consumption, and monitoring the diabetes. Conclusion: The study concluded that the need of improving patient’s awareness on diabetes mellitus in order to obtain better health outcomes. It is crucial to provide diabetic patients education, pamphlet and counseling sessions to enhance their knowledge.
knowledge, diabetes mellitus, assessment, risk factors
Copyright (c) 2026 Dlniya Ismail Rashid, Soma S. M. Amin, Bakhtyar O. Omer, Mohammed I. M. Gubari https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0
Risk Factors of Miscarriage Among Pregnant Women in Iraq
Background Miscarriage, also known as spontaneous abortion, is the spontaneous termination of a pregnancy before 28 weeks of gestation, or the birth of a nonviable fetus weighing 500 grams or less. Objectives of the study are to determine the risk factors of pregnant women and examine the relationship between variables. Methodology: The study was carried out in Babylon Teaching Hospital for Maternity and Children and Al-Imam Al-Sadeq Teaching Hospital in Iraq. Non-probability using a purposive sample of (50) pregnant women was accomplished from 17th October /2024 to 25 March/ 2025. Data was gathered by using an instrument developed by the researchers through the interviews with the pregnant women. The statistical analysis was utilized to examine the data and obtain the findings by using the SPSS application. Conclusion: The study concluded that there is a significant association between the age of pregnant women and a number of labor (parity) and risk factors of miscarriage at (P value less than 0.05). Recommendation: The study recommended educating mothers to take care during the first trimester to avoid any complications and educating families about the risks factors for miscarriage.
Copyright (c) 2026 Shahznan Hassan Badr https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0
Factors Affecting Psychological Distress among Caregivers of Children with Special Needs
Background: Primary caregivers or parents play critical role in managing broad group of children who require particular educational, social, and medical treatments due to physical, cognitive, and mental disabilities, which may contribute to impairment in family well-being and impairments in quality of life for both child and their family. It is common for caregivers of children with special needs to feel more psychological stress. Objectives: The aim of the study was to assess of psychological distress among caregivers of children with special needs and find out the relationship among psychological distress and socio-demographic characteristics. Methodology: The current study utilized a descriptive (cross-sectional) design was conducted on (111) study sample included all caregivers who attended seven institutes (Al-Amal Institute for deaf, Al-Noor Institute, Al-Raja Institute, Al-Rayahin Institute, Al-Mustakbal Institute, Al-Saada Institute for Autism, and Al-Amal Institute for Impaired hearing) from 12 November 2025 to 15 January 2026. A purposive non-probability sampling was used. Furthermore, a adopted two tools used: Kessler scale, a personal and clinical characteristics for child and personal characteristics for caregivers questionnaire sheet was added. Data were analyzed using descriptive statistics and Kruskal-Wallis H test to determine the statistical differences and relationship. Results: The results of the study revealed the majority of caregivers of children with special needs who participated in this study have moderate level of psychological distress with mean of scores (25.64). There is a non-significant relationship between Psychological Distress for caregivers and their socio-demographic trait such as age, sex, level of education, monthly income at (P<0.05). Conclusion: The findings of this study conclude caregiving for child with special needs stress factor in itself, regardless of the social, economic background of caregivers. Therefore, providing families with educational programs helps increasing caregivers' awareness about causes, signs and symptoms and how to relief stress by using Coping strategies.
Psychological Distress, Caregivers , Children with special needs.
Copyright (c) 2026 Jinan Al-Hussinat, Dhafer Ameen Al-Mossawy https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0
Nurses Performance Regarding Preterm Infants Suffering from Respiratory Distress Syndrome in Pediatric Teaching Hospitals in Mosul City
Background: Neonatal respiratory distress syndrome (RDS) continues to account for significant morbidity and mortality in the preterm infant. RDS, sometimes called hyaline membrane disease, is a syndrome due to a deficiency in production of a substance that promotes lung growth leading to structurally immature lungs in the newborn and impaired lung functions. Therefore, caring for children with respiratory distress syndrome demanding alert, skillful, and sensitive nurse. Objective: The study aimed to assess the scientific knowledge and practice of nurses regarding their care provided to premature infants with respiratory distress syndrome in pediatric teaching hospitals at Mosul city. Methods: The present study utilized a descriptive, cross-sectional design and was carried out on a sample of 120 nurses. that were selected from working in premature units and NICUs in the pediatric teaching hospitals in Mosul city from period 16th March 2025 to 25th May 2025. Data was collected using a structured interview questionnaire designed by researcher. The data was analyzed performed by Statistical Package for the Social Science (SPSS, version 25). Results: The study findings shows that the majority of the study sample were female 80% and 20% of them were male, the study showed that majority of the study sample 68.3% at age range between 20-29 years, while 26.7% of them their age ranged between 30-39 years. The study showed 46.7% of the study sample had acceptable knowledge related to care for premature infants suffering from respiratory distress syndrome. 25% of the study sample had a poor knowledge related to care of premature infants suffering from respiratory distress syndrome. Conclusions: The finding of the study reported that mean total knowledge score of study participants regarding the caring of the newborn with respiratory distress syndrome was 72.8%, while the level of practice in providing care of the newborn with respiratory distress syndrome was 80.4%. In additional, the research revealed significant differences in age, gender, educational level, and participants' knowledge and practice levels in caring of newborns with respiratory distress syndrome. The study recommended that the nurses working in premature units and neonatal intensive care units should attend the training programs periodically to update their knowledge and skills in care of the neonates with respiratory distress syndrome.
Nurses Performance, Preterm Infants, Respiratory Distress Syndrome.
Copyright (c) 2026 Rayyan Ibrahim Khaleel https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0
Isolation, Identification, and Prevalence of Bacterial Pathogens in Patients with Second and Third Degree Burns
Background: Second and third-degree burn wounds are an ideal environment for colonization by bacterial pathogens due to damage to the skin barrier, where S. aureus, Pseudomonas aeruginosa, and Acinetobacter baumannii predominate. They are characterized by high resistance to antibiotics and the ability to form biofilms, which increases infection and sepsis rates. Therefore, early diagnosis of pathogens can facilitate rapid recovery and prevent them from penetrating the body. Objectives: This study aimed to determine the prevalence and distribution of bacterial pathogens in burn wounds at our center to inform local infection control and empiric treatment protocols. Methodology: Cross-sectional study of 60 patients, ages ranging from 1 to 60 years, for both sexes. Swabs were processed via culture on standard and selective media, with identification via biochemical tests and VITEK-2. Results: All patients suffered from second and third degrees of burns, and most of them were women at a rate higher than that of men. As for the age group, 21–30 had the highest percentage of burned people under study compared to the rest of the age groups. 44 bacterial isolates were identified, 29 isolates from patients with second-degree burns and 15 isolates from patients with third-degree burns, including 19 isolates of Pseudomona aeruginosa, 13 isolates of Acinetobacter baumannii, and 9 isolates of Staplylococcus aureus. At the same time, there were 3 isolates of klebsiella pneumonia bacteria. Conclusion: Early detection prevents the progression of local wound infections to septic shock, the leading cause of death in burn units. These types of bacteria, known as hospital-acquired bacteria, possess complex defense mechanisms and are classified as multidrug-resistant. Their presence in the burn area often leads to skin graft failure, as they inhibit the growth of new cells responsible for adhesion. Furthermore, knowing this allows doctors to choose the appropriate antibiotic instead of relying on guesswork, thus reducing the exacerbation of resistance.
burns, nosocomial infection, opportunistic bacteria
Copyright (c) 2026 Alaa Mohammed Madhloom Al-Inizi https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0
Assessment of Knowledge, Attitude and Practice of Nurses Concerning Patient Safety in Soran City: A Cross-Sectional Study
Background: Patient safety has been identified as a global importance health care challenges. There is a rising number of patients’ mortality in hospitals each year because of gaps in patient safety. Knowledge, attitude, and practice of the nurses toward patient safety have a main impact on the delivery of safe patient care. Objectives: To assess knowledge, attitude, and practice towards patient safety among nurses. Methodology: A cross-sectional design was conducted on 205 nurses working in Soran City of Erbil governorate. A self-reported questionnaire toward patient safety was used between February and March 2025. Results: The results revealed that the mean age of the nurses was 33.77 years. More than half (51.2%) of them were male. The majority (81.5%) of them were graduated from nursing institute. The majority (57.6%) of them had working experience of ≥ 6 years. The nurse’s level of good knowledge, positive attitude, and good practice towards patient safety was 62.4%, 55.6%, and 48.3% respectively. The multi-variable logistic regression analysis showed that; age, years of experience, working hours per week were factors significantly associated with knowledge towards patient safety. The significant predictors of a positive attitude are age and years of experience. Marital status, years of experience, having information about patient safety during initial education, and receiving training about patient safety were factors significantly associated with practice towards patient safety. Conclusion: In the present study, more than half of the nurses had good knowledge and positive attitude towards patient safety, yet only 48.3% engage in good practice. It is necessary to implement patient safety education curricula and focused training sessions.
Patient safety, Knowledge, Attitudes, Practices, Nurse.
Copyright (c) 2026 Fatema Mohammed Azo, Mryam Yaseen Yaseen, Magroom Esmail Seniar, Safiya Sabri Piro, Tiran Jamil Piro, Hamdia Mirkhan Ahmed https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0
Monitoring the Cases of Diarrhea in Adults: Comparative Study
Background: Diarrhea is one of the most prevalent disorders, and it causes mortality due to a lack of bodily fluids, which causes severe dehydration. Viruses, bacteria, fungi and parasites infections are the major causes of diarrhea. Aim: This study aims to identify the infectious agents responsible for persistent diarrhea among adults A total of [265 for male, 324 for female] aged 25–60 years in hospitals across Al-Najaf. Methods: Microbial data were collected during September and October of 2023 to determine the prevalence of bacterial, viral, fungal, and parasitic infections associated with diarrheal cases. Results: The findings indicate that Vibrio cholera represented the predominant bacterial infection in September, while E. coli and E. histolytica appeared more frequently among males. Limited cases of fungal and viral infections were detected, with no reported Salmonella infections. In contrast, October showed a reduction in bacterial infections and an increase in certain parasitic and fungal cases, alongside the emergence of Nile virus infections that were absent in September. These patterns highlight a noticeable seasonal variation in microbial diarrheal infections within the region. Conclusion: Acquired bacterial pathogens, particularly Vibrio cholera and E. coli were listed as the causes of diarrhea among adults in Al-Najaf governorate during September 2023. During this period a strong statistical association (p < 0.0001) was found between female gender and cholera infection.
Monitoring the Diarrhea in Najaf_ Hospitals
Copyright (c) 2026 Evan Hussein Mahdi Altalqani https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0
Can Older Adults’ Health Beliefs Predict Their Using of Hearing Aids? The Health Belief Model as a Theoretical Framework
Background: Older adults, seek (or do not seek) hearing healthcare, are not always aware of the magnitude of their hearing loss. Sometimes, they do not believe they would benefit from using a hearing aid. They often have low Self-Efficacy and fear from not having the skills to learn new things (e.g., how to handle the hearing aids) Objectives: This study aims to (1) identify factors predicting Self-Efficacy for using hearing aids, and (2) investigate the differences in the HBM constructs among the groups of marital status, level of education, general health, gender, using hearing aid, and having diabetes mellitus. Material and Methods: The researcher used a descriptive predictive correlational design. The study included a convenience sample of 306 older adults who were recruited from two geriatric homes. The study instrument includes participants’ sociodemographic characteristics, medical profile, and the Hearing Beliefs Questionnaire. Data was analyzed using the statistical package for social science. Outcomes: Participants’ age and Perceived Barriers negatively predict their Self-Efficacy for using hearing aids. Cues-to-Action and Perceived Susceptibility positively predicted more Self-Efficacy for using hearing aids. There are statistically significant differences in the Perceived Severity, Perceived Benefits, and Perceived Self-Efficacy among the level of education groups. Conclusions: The younger the age and the lesser the Perceived Barriers, the greater the Self-Efficacy of using hearing aids. The greater the Cues-to-Action and Perceived Susceptibility, the greater the Self-Efficacy for using hearing aids.
Copyright (c) 2025 Mohammed Baqer H. Abd Ali https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0
Identification and Usage of Antifungal Agents Against the Opportunistic Yeast Causing Oral Candidiasis in Immunosuppressed Patients
Background: Candida species are among the most frequent opportunistic fungal pathogens in immunocompromised patients, often causing localized or systemic infections. Rising antifungal resistance has increased the need for regional studies on Candida prevalence and drug susceptibility. Objectives: This study aimed to identify Candida species isolated from immunocompromised patients in Sulaimani, Kurdistan Region, Iraq, and to evaluate their susceptibility to commonly used antifungal agents. Methodology: A total of 100 clinical samples were collected from patients with diabetes, renal failure, gastroenteritis, jaundice, and malnutrition. Samples were examined microscopically, cultured on Sabouraud Dextrose Agar and CHROMagar, and further tested using the germ tube method for species identification. Results: Antifungal susceptibility testing was performed using the disk diffusion method against fluconazole, clotrimazole, and nystatin following CLSI guidelines. Five Candida species were identified. C. albicans was the most prevalent (42%), followed by C. glabrata (23%), C. krusei (15%), C. tropicalis (10%), and C. guilliermondii (10%). Antifungal susceptibility testing revealed universal resistance to nystatin. C. albicans was sensitive to fluconazole, while non-albicans species showed resistance. Clotrimazole exhibited broad sensitivity across all species tested, indicating its effectiveness as a primary therapeutic option. The predominance of C. albicans aligns with global data, but the emergence of resistant non-albicans Candida species highlights the need for routine species identification and antifungal susceptibility testing. Conclusion: Clotrimazole demonstrated the highest efficacy and may serve as a preferred treatment option for oral candidiasis in immunocompromised patients. Continuous monitoring and rational antifungal use are essential to address the growing challenge of antifungal resistance.
Copyright (c) 2025 Diman Mohammed Mahmood, Aras Q. Pirot https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0
Complications of Peritoneal Dialysis Catheter among End Stage Renal Disease Patients
Background: Renal failure (RF) is global health problem, which strikes millions of people worldwide, and causing either a lifetime severs disability or death. Renal failure is treated in several ways, one of which is peritoneal dialysis, but this method is accompanied by many complications that affect the patient's life. Objective: A study focuses on the common complications associated with peritoneal dialysis and to find out relationship between the patient peritoneal dialysis catheter complications and their demographic characteristics. Methods: A descriptive cross-sectional study was carried out through the present study in order to achieve the early stated objectives. The study is conducted in Al-Najaf City/Al-Najaf Al-Ashraf Health Directorate/ Al-Furat Al-Awsat Center for Peritoneal Dialysis and Al-Najaf Teaching Hospital. The study was begun from October, 9th, 2024 to March, 1st, 2025. Data collected by use constructed questionnaire, which consisted of 3 parts, the first part was concerning with socio-demographic characteristics which includes (6) items and the second part was concerning with Clinical data that have (3) items, finally the last part of questionnaire which include catheter site complication. Result: This cross-section study includes 80 patients under peritoneal dialysis, 41 males and 39 females. 45% of patients had bleeding as an early complication of peritoneal dialysis and 51.3% of patients had peritonitis as a late complication of peritoneal dialysis. Conclusion: The results of this study conclude that patients subject to peritoneal dialysis are exposed to many complications, but most common complication is bleeding and peritonitis. Also, study conclude that a hypertension is the most common disease among peritoneal dialysis patients.
Copyright (c) 2025 Mohammed Hakim Shamran, Abeer Miri Abdullah https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0
Headache and Migraine Epidemiology and Functional Impairment among Undergraduate Nursing Students
Background: Headaches frequently affect nursing students, fueled by intense academic demands and psychological stress. Among these, migraine—a severe form of headache characterized by pulsatile pain, nausea, and light or sound sensitivity—poses a notable public health concern, particularly for university populations vulnerable to stress‑related triggers. Objectives: This study aimed to assess the prevalence, clinical features, and daily impact of migraine among nursing students at the University of Sulaimani. Methodology: A quantitative design, cross-sectional descriptive study was conducted among all stages of nursing students to assess prevalence, clinical features, and impact of migraine on daily functioning among nursing students at the University of Sulaimani from the period of 5th November 2023 to 15th June 2024 by using a standard tool based on the ICHD-3 criteria. Content validity was confirmed by five experts, and reliability was verified using split-half and Cronbach’s alpha (r = 0.83). Data were analyzed using SPSS version 24 with results presented as frequencies and percentages. Out of 109 students reporting headaches, only 48 (44%) had migraine headaches. Results: 109 students 54.1% female and 45.9% were male experienced headaches. Out of these 109 students 48 (44.0%), 58.3% female and 41.7% male of them had migraine according to the International Classification of Headache Disorders, 3rd edition criteria tool for migraine. The most frequently cited trigger was too little sleep (77.1%), and the leading self‑care strategy was lying down or sleeping during attacks (82.6%). Unilateral head pain was the predominant symptom (68.8%), followed by phonophobia (56.9%) and pulsating quality (45.9%). Functionally, 62.4% missed 1–3 university days in the past three months due to headache, and 57.8% reported reduced study or work productivity on 1–3 days. Conclusion: Headache is highly prevalent among nursing students, with nearly half of those affected meeting the criteria for migraine, and women disproportionately represented. Common triggers such as inadequate sleep and the widespread reliance on rest‑based relief strategies emphasize key areas for targeted support. Migraines clearly impair academic performance especially study and work productivity and daily functioning.
Migraine, Headache, Nursing students, Epidemiology, Functional impairment
Copyright (c) 2025 Maisam Hama Murad Majeed, Kalthum Mohammed Gharib, Sanaa Othman Karim, Bestun Ibrahim Hama Rahim, Bushra Jabbar Hamarashid, Bayan Omar Sharif https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0
The Impact of Early Morning Wakefulness on Circadian Hormonal Regulation: Implications for Chronobiology-Informed Nursing Practice
Background: Circadian rhythms govern endocrine, metabolic, and immunological homeostasis. Early morning wakefulness, particularly between 04:00–05:00 AM, coincides with a transitional hormonal window that may influence systemic physiology and gene expression. Objective: This study aimed to evaluate the biochemical and molecular effects of early morning wakefulness on circadian hormone regulation, metabolic synchronization, and human systemic health. Methods: A randomized experimental study was conducted from August 2023 to September 2024 in five Indonesian regions with 210 healthy adults. Participants were randomized into an intervention group (early wakefulness at 04:00–05:00 AM for 4 weeks) and a control group (usual sleep patterns). Outcome measures included serum cortisol, melatonin, insulin, fasting glucose, β-hydroxybutyrate (BHB), and expression of core clock genes (BMAL1 (Brain and Muscle ARNT-Like 1) , PER2 (Period Circadian Regulator 2), CLOCK (Circadian Locomotor Output Cycles Kaput), CRY1 (Cryptochrome Circadian Regulator 1)) assessed via qRT-PCR (Quantitative Reverse Transcription Polymerase Chain Reaction) Results: The early wakefulness group exhibited a 45% increase in morning cortisol levels and a 30% reduction in melatonin (p < 0.001). Fasting glucose and insulin decreased significantly, while BHB levels increased (p < 0.05), indicating a metabolic shift. Clock gene expression showed significant upregulation of BMAL1 and PER2 (1.5-fold, p < 0.01), correlating inversely with HOMA-IR scores. Conclusion: Consistent early morning wakefulness positively modulates circadian hormonal dynamics, enhances metabolic flexibility, and upregulates key circadian genes, suggesting potential health benefits in metabolic and endocrine regulation. These findings provide molecular evidence supporting early wakefulness as a non-pharmacological intervention for circadian and metabolic alignment.
circadian rhythm, early morning wakefulness, cortisol, melatonin, clock genes, metabolic regulation, qRT-PCR
Copyright (c) 2025 Agussalim https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0
Therapeutic Training Game for Children with Diabetes: A Study on Teaching Insulin Self-Injection
Background: Managing diabetes in children requires lifelong insulin therapy and learning how to inject insulin properly to keep blood sugar levels stable and avoid complications. However, many children struggle with fears, anxiety, and low confidence, which can make learning this important skill challenging. Recently, using games as a teaching tool has shown promise in making learning more engaging and supportive. This study aimed to evaluate the effectiveness of a therapeutic training game on improving insulin self-injection performance among children with diabetes and to identify the association of learning outcomes with demographic and clinical factors. Methods: An experimental study was conducted with 33 children with diabetes mellitus at Al-Sadr Medical City, Iraq. A validated insulin self-injection performance scale was administered pre- and post-training game. The training game incorporated visual, auditory, and kinesthetic learning methods, including videos, posters, and hands-on practice using dolls. Data were analyzed using SPSS version 20 and p < 0.05 was considered statistically significant. Results: The mean performance score significantly improved from 70.2 ± 7.32 pre-intervention to 86.0 ± 4.74 post- training game (p < 0.001). Higher post-training scores were associated with older age (11–13 years), middle school education, urban residence, later age at diagnosis (≥9 years), absence of injection-site pain, and regular glucose monitoring (all p < 0.05). Conclusion: The therapeutic training game significantly enhanced children’s insulin self-injection skills and promoted independence in diabetes management. Interactive, child-centered educational approaches that integrate emotional support, family involvement, and multimodal learning are recommended to improve diabetes self-care and long-term outcomes.
Diabetes mellitus, insulin self-injection, therapeutic training game, gamification, diabetes self-management
Copyright (c) 2025 Dr. Ali Jabar Eidan, Dr. Fatima Wanas Khudair, Dr. Wameedh Hamid Shaker, Yassmine Mahmoud Saleh, Zainab Aqil Salem, Hala Qasim Ghazi , Maryam Muhammad Hassan https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0
Medical and Nursing undergraduate University Students’ attitudes towards Sustainable Development Goals in Babylon Governorate, Iraq
Background: It is essential to establish sustainability practice in the university environment, this can be evolved through raising the positive attitudes among university students especially among undergraduate health and medical sciences students for being future responsible citizens. Objectives: To assess the attitudes of medical and nursing undergraduate university students in Babylon university, Iraq. Methodology: This was a cross-sectional comparative study conducted on convenient samples of undergraduate nursing and medical students in Babylon university (nursing and Hammurabi medical colleges) during the period October 2024, through January 2025, data collection was done through a self-filled pre-determined and validated questionnaire adopted from other studies, this approach included the demographic characteristics and questions related to students beliefs about sustainable development goals mainly (environment, economy, society and education), differences of attitudes between the two group were assessed using t independent statistical test. Results: Total of 302 students from both schools were enrolled in this study, males are predominant among medical students, more than half of the study sample were rural dwellers. There was a significant correlation for attitudes toward sustainable development goals (SDGs) as perceived by nursing and medical students across the four dimensions: environment, economy, society, and education. Overall, the results highlight that attitude toward SDGs are interrelated, with stronger correlations observed in the economy and society dimensions for both groups. The high mean score in the societal dimension in this study indicates that both nursing and medical students place significant importance on societal well-being and equity. Conclusion: Both groups share a common positive attitude regarding economic dimension, nursing students had higher attitudes score in education dimension. Contents about SDGs strategy should be introduced in the college curricula, further large-scale analytic studies are strongly requested.
Attitudes, Sustainable Development Goals, Medical students, Nursing students, Babylon University, Iraq.
Copyright (c) 2025 Sahar Hassan Issa, Ahmed Faisal, Asmaa Hamza, Hasan Alwan Baiee, Mushtaq Talib https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0
Community Attitudes toward Seeking Mental Health Services
Background: Mental health can be affected by a complex interplay of individual, family, community, and structural factors at any given moment. Community-oriented mental health services are typically favored over hospital-based options because they minimize structural obstacles to seeking assistance, decrease social isolation, and lower the risk of human rights violations that can occur in hospital environments. Objectives: A descriptive correlational was used in this study which aims to determine students’ attitudes toward seeking mental health services, find out the association between students’ age and attitudes toward seeking mental health services, and investigate the differences in the attitudes toward seeking mental health services between the groups of gender and marital status. Methodology: The study was conducted through an online survey among university students across Iraq. A non-probability convenience sample of undergraduate and graduate students were recruited to participate in this study. Based on a margin of error of 5%, a confidence level of 95%, a population size of 82.000, and a response distribution of 50%, the recommended sample size will be 386. The final sample size is 400. The study instrument encompasses the students’ sociodemographic sheet (age, gender, marital status) and the Community Attitudes toward Seeking Mental Health Services. Data were analyzed using the statistical package for social sciences for windows, version (27). Results: The study results displayed that the majority demonstrated a neutral attitude toward seeking mental health services (n = 329; 82.3%), followed by those who demonstrated a positive attitude (n = 58; 14.5%), and those who demonstrated a negative attitude (n = 13; 3.3%). There is a statistically significant correlation between students’ age and their attitudes toward seeking mental health services (r = .100). Conclusion: The study concluded that most of the study participants have neutral attitudes toward seeking mental health services, and that the older the students, the positive the attitudes toward seeking mental health services.
Copyright (c) 2025 Mahdi Salih Balasim https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0
Association Between Maternal Predictors and Neonatal Anthropometric Measurements
Background: Maternal anthropometric factors - such as body mass index (BMI), weight, height, and mid-upper arm circumference (MUAC) - play a critical role in predicting neonatal health outcomes, particularly birth weight, length, and head circumference Objectives: this study investigated the relationship between maternal anthropometric and sociodemographic factors and neonatal birth outcomes—specifically birth weight, length, and head circumference—among 50 women delivering at two hospitals in Sulaymaniyah, Iraq. Methodology: Data collection involved direct maternal measurements, neonatal assessments immediately after birth, and a structured questionnaire capturing background variables. Key maternal predictors included gestational age, gravidity, weight, height, body mass index (BMI), weight gain, and hemoglobin concentration, as well as residence, educational level, and occupational status. Multiple linear regression analyses were employed to assess the simultaneous effects of all maternal predictors on each neonatal outcome. Additionally, Pearson product-moment correlation coefficients were calculated to evaluate bivariate associations between maternal and neonatal variables. Categorical predictors were numerically coded or dummy-encoded prior to inclusion in statistical models. Statistical significance was determined at a threshold of p < 0.05. Results: showed that gestational age was the only statistically significant predictor of neonatal weight (p = 0.0266), while no other maternal or sociodemographic factor showed significant associations in the regression models for weight, length, or head circumference. Gravidity demonstrated a significant positive correlation with head circumference (r = 0.311, p = 0.028), and urban residence was significantly and negatively correlated with neonatal length (r = –0.330, p = 0.019). No significant associations were found for maternal BMI, weight gain, or hemoglobin concentration with any of the three neonatal measurements. Conclusion: These findings suggest that gestational age remains a key determinant of neonatal birth weight, while gravidity and residential context may play modest roles in shaping head circumference and length, respectively. The lack of significant effects for BMI and hemoglobin may be due to sample size limitations or low variability in these measures. Further research with larger and more heterogeneous populations is recommended.
Copyright (c) 2025 Aveen J. A. Barqi https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0
Effects of Treatment Adherence on Clinical Outcomes at Hemodialysis Center
Background: Chronic kidney disease (CKD) significantly affects patients' quality of life, especially those undergoing hemodialysis. Effective management requires strict adherence to treatment protocols, including medication intake, dietary and fluid restrictions, and regular session attendance. Nonadherence can negatively impact clinical indicators such as electrolytes, hemoglobin, creatinine, and blood urea levels, which are essential for monitoring patient stability. Aim of the Study: This study aimed to investigate the relationship between treatment adherence and clinical outcomes among patients receiving hemodialysis. Methods and Materials: A cross-sectional study was conducted among 122 hemodialysis patients at Raparin and Sulaymaniyah Dialysis Centers. Data were collected through structured interviews using a modified treatment adherence questionnaire. Clinical outcomes were obtained from patient records. Data analysis included descriptive and inferential statistics using SPSS version 27. Results: The majority of the 122 patients were men, poorly educated, and jobless. Medication and session attendance were well adhered to, however; diet and hydration adherence were less so. Education level (p = 0.015) and comorbidity type (p = 0.014) had a significant impact on treatment adherence. Serum phosphate and adherence were significantly correlated (p = 0.030), but not with other clinical indicators. Conclusion: Patients on hemodialysis generally adhered well to medication schedules and appointments but showed lower compliance with dietary and fluid guidelines. Improved adherence particularly in diet and fluid management through patient education and monitoring may enhance clinical stability and reduce complications.
Treatment Adherence; Clinical Outcomes; Chronic Kidney Disease.
Copyright (c) 2025 Bezhan Sleman Mahmud, Ronak Hassan Mohamad Barwari https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0
Evaluating the Effectiveness of Training Course toward Train-the-Trainer on Enhancing Healthcare Professionals' knowledge in Kurdistan Region- Iraq
Background: Train the trainer programs are widely utilized in healthcare to disseminate knowledge and build capacity among professionals. In a field where resources are limited, healthcare professionals must address increasingly complex challenges. However, management-focused training is often absent from traditional university curricula, particularly in medicine, underscoring the need for specialized training programs. Objectives: to assess healthcare professionals' knowledge and evaluate the impact of a train the trainers’ course on their knowledge. Methodology: A quantitative design, descriptive study was employed, using a non-probability purposive sample of 50 healthcare professionals. The instrument's reliability was determined through stability reliability, test-retest approach. Data were collected via checklist before and after a training course. A post-test was administered on the final day of training to measure outcomes. Results: The majority of participants (aged 20–35 years) were government employees, with educational backgrounds from nursing institutes and colleges. About 64% were hospital employees, while others worked in healthcare centers. (60%) had 0–5 years of professional experience. (74%) had not previously attended a train the trainer course. Before the training course only (12%) of them had a high level of knowledge regarding train the trainer while after completing the training, (100%) of participants reported high level of knowledge. Conclusion: This study confirms the effectiveness of train-the-trainer programs in significantly improving healthcare professionals' knowledge, particularly in management skills lacking in traditional education. The dramatic pre-to-post-test knowledge gains demonstrate these programs' value for workforce development in resource-limited settings, advocating for their wider implementation to strengthen healthcare systems.
Evaluation, train-the-trainer, knowledge enhancement, healthcare professionals, training impact.
Copyright (c) 2025 Kawa Muhammed Rostam, Pary Mohammad Aziz Aziz, Alia Faraj Mustafa, Akam Omer Ali , Sara Noori Mohammad, Begard Othman Muhammad, Arazo Adil Jassim, Bushra Jabbar Hamarashid, Bayan Omar Sharif, Peshin Abdalstar Salih https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0
The Effect of an Educational Intervention on Nurse’s Knowledge and Skill Regarding Wound Management
Background: Wound management is still a major worldwide healthcare issue that requires advanced nursing competencies for effective healing. Nurses often face limitations due to knowledge gaps and insufficient training. Aim: This study intends to increase the knowledge and abilities of staff nurses in wound assessment and management by means of focused educational interventions. Methods: An intervention study of a single-group was used by quasi-experimental technique on 80 nurses in the Raparin administration hospitals from 5th January 2025 to 31st March 2025. The intervention was a lecture and hands-on seminars via using wound medical simulators and a bilingual pamphlet (Kurdish and English). Participants’ knowledge and wound-dressing skills were evaluated before and after the intervention using a questionnaire and checklist. Results: The results showed a significant improvement in nurses' wound care knowledge and skills following the educational intervention. The mean knowledge score increased from 10.84 (SD = 2.13) to 13.61 (SD = 2.53), and the mean skill score rose from 42.93 (SD = 5.26) to 56.95 (SD = 5.91). Both improvements were statistically significant (p < 0.001), according to Wilcoxon signed-rank tests. Conclusion: The study revealed that targeted educational interventions can significantly enhance nurses’ knowledge and skills in wound care. Integrating regular training and evidence-based guidelines into clinical practice is essential to maintain high standards of care and promote ongoing professional development.
Copyright (c) 2025 Hawnaz Khdir Ibrahim, Renas Mohamad Khdhir https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0
Assessment of Knowledge, Attitude, and Practice Toward Urolithiasis among Patients in Sulaymaniyah City, Iraq
BACKGROUND : Urinary stone disease , also known as urolithiasis, refers to the condition characterized by the formation of stones or calcifications in the urinary system. OBJECTIVES: This study aimed to assess Knowledge, Attitude, and Practice concerning Stone in Patients with Urolithiasis in Sulaymaniyah City/ Iraq. METHODS : A Quantitative, descriptive-analytic design was conducted in Shar and Teaching Hospital from 6th November 2024 to 25th January 2025 .A total of 130 participants were included in this study through a convenience sampling method . Data were gathered using a structured questionnaire that focused on sociodemographic factors and assessment of patients knowledge ,attitude , and practice regarding urolithiasis .RESULT: A third of the 130 people who took part in the study had a positive outlook on the topic of preventing urinary stone illness, and the same percentage had strong knowledge on the subject. individuals older than 39 years old demonstrated significantly higher results on the knowledge test compared to younger individuals (p=0.047). In terms of knowledge, females also outperformed males (p=0.044). Also, for individuals with a diploma or an institute-level education, there was a highly significant correlation between educational attainment and knowledge levels (p=0.000). CONCLUSION : It was found that patients lacked sufficient knowledge regarding the prevention of urinary tract stones. Additionally, no correlation was identified between the patients ’sociodemographic characteristics and their awareness of stone prevention .
Copyright (c) 2025 Asia Salh Aziz, Niyan Hakim Ismael https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0
Second-degree Burn Wound Healing with Amniotic Membrane Dressings
Background: Amniotic membrane dressings are highly effective in managing burn wounds. They offer a cost-effective solution and contribute to reduced pain and accelerated wound healing in cases of burn injuries. Objectives: This study aims to evaluate the utility of Amniotic Membrane dressings in treating second-degree burns. Methods: A quasi-experimental investigation was conducted at the Suleimani Emergency Hospital for Burn and Plastic Surgery. The study included 101 patients with second-degree burns, who were purposefully divided into a study and control group. The study monitored dressing changes and the healing process in both groups from April 3rd to December 2022. Data analysis involved descriptive and inferential statistical methods. Results: The study's findings reveal statistically significant differences concerning pain scores between the study and control groups. Notably, there was a significant reduction in pain experienced during dressing changes (P < 0.001), and the healing duration was notably shorter in the study group. Additionally, no significant associations were found between the cause of burns and their location and the total burn surface area. Furthermore, no significant associations were observed between socio-demographic characteristics (age, gender, education) in the two groups. Conclusion: This study concludes that the use of Amniotic Membrane dressings significantly reduces the frequency of dressing changes and accelerates the healing process for second-degree burns.
Copyright (c) 2025 Atiya Kareem Mohammed, Mezjda I. M. Rashaan, Srwa Rasul Ahmed https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0
Comparison of Nurses’ Knowledge and Attitude Regarding Pediatric Pain Management in Different Care Hospitals in Iraq
Background: Inadequate pain management for hospitalized children is a major issue, often due to gaps in healthcare providers' knowledge. Nurses play a key role in effective pain relief, and proper training and compassion are essential for children's well-being and recovery Aim: To assess the nurses' knowledge and attitude regarding pediatric pain management in Dr. Jamal Ahmad Rashid's Pediatric Teaching Hospital and Hiwa Cancer Hospital. Methodology: A quantitative descriptive study design was conducted at Dr. Jamal Ahmad Rashid’s Pediatric Teaching Hospital and Hiwa Cancer Hospital in Sulaymaniyah City, Iraq. A non-probability (purposive) sampling technique was used, and 182 nurses working in pediatric care from both hospitals participated. All statistical computation is enhanced using statistical methods (SPSS 24). Result: Of 182 nurses, 67.6% had positive attitudes, and 42.9% had a good understanding of pediatric pain management. There were significant differences between hospitals (p = 0.000), with nurses at Hiwa Hospital outperforming those at Dr. Jamal Hospital in both knowledge (86.5% vs. 25.4%) and attitudes (88.5% vs. 59.2%). The knowledge and attitude gaps, particularly at Dr. Jamal Pediatric Teaching Hospital, highlight the need for targeted training. Conclusion: The study presents important details about the attitudes and knowledge of nurses in Sulaymaniyah City, Kurdistan Region, Iraq, regarding the care of pediatric pain. While the majority of nurses demonstrated fair to good knowledge and positive attitudes.
Copyright (c) 2025 Chopy Mohamad Zorab, Awayi Ghazy Abdulkareem https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0
Semen Evaluation and Sperm DNA Fragmentation in Males Infected with Burkholderia Cepacia Complex
Background: Burkholderia cepacia complex (BCC) is a multi-drug resist pathogen, its presence in semen, may be a factor in infertility by triggering the generation of reactive oxygen species (ROS), causing sperm DNA fragmentation. Objective: The current study aimed to investigate semen quality in the presence of Burkholderia cepacia compared to semen quality associated with other bacterial strains. Methdology: In this case-control study, semen analysis was performed on 105 men to evaluate their infertility status due to the presence of infection. According to WHO guideline, 5th edition, 2010, semen was evaluated for all parameters. Sperm DNA fragmentation was also assessed to evaluate sperm DNA integrity. Using the VITEK 2 system, the isolated Burkholderia strain was identified, and its antibiotic resistance was tested. Results: Among the 105 semen samples collected, bacterial isolates were found in 57 cases, with 8 isolates confirmed to be Burkholderia cepacia. The group infected with Burkholderia cepacia showed a significant reduction in progressive motility (p<0.05). And 75% of Burkholderia cases were isolated from immunocompromised individuals. 50% of the isolates exhibit weak biofilm formation. Antibiotic susceptibility testing using VITEK AST demonstrated 100% sensitivity to amikacin, gentamicin, meropenem, and ciprofloxacin, while sulfamethoxazole demonstrated the highest level of resistance. Conclusions: As a result of the association between Bcc infection and compromised sperm function, microbiological screening should be considered in cases of unexplained male infertility.
semen analysis, sperm DNA fragmentation, oxidative stress, bacterial infection, male infertility.
Copyright (c) 2025 Kawther M. H. Al-Karaawi, Zina M. A. Alshami, Haider M. Ali Samaka https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0
Assessment of Physical and Technological Influencing Factors of Women Toward Plastic Surgeries and Cosmetic Procedures
Background: Women undergoing cosmetic operations has increased significantly. The decision to doing plastic surgeries and cosmetic procedures influenced by several factors. Also , there are several complications results from performing plastic surgeries and cosmetic procedures ranging from mild to severe complications , such as infections, systemic toxicity, hematologic and electrolyte issues, intravascular fluid changes, and wound complications, and death . Objective: To assess physical,technological and demographic factors of women toward plastic surgeries and cosmetic procedures. Methods: This Was cross sectional , descriptive study comprised 178 women who performed plastic surgery and cosmetic procedure. a questionnaire was constructed which was designed after an intensive review of the various literature sources. IBM Statistical Software for Social Sciences (SPSS V.25) was applied for analysis purposes. Results: The total 178 women enrolled in this study their mean age and SD were (26.78 ±6.582) , with 35.4% being secondary school graduates and institute graduates. Most had barely sufficient incomes, with 51 students and 114 singles. Rhinoplasty was the most common type of plastic surgery, laser hair removal common type of cosmetic procedure. Most participants were not influenced by physical factors, but were highly influenced by non-invasive procedures and advancements in technology. There was a significant association between age, education, marital status, and income level for various procedures Conclusion: Cosmetic procedures and plastic surgery are common among women for aesthetic reasons, with technological advancements motivating women. Some types of plastic surgery were associated with socio-demographic factors such as age with rhinoplasty, liposuction, blepharoplasty, filler and abdominoplasty.
Copyright (c) 2025 Zhian Abdalla Mohammed, Sanaa Hassan Abdul Sahib https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0
Medical Students’ Knowledge Regarding Monkeypox: An Assessment Study
Background: Monkeypox, a zoonotic viral disease caused by the monkeypox virus (MPXV), has historically been endemic in Central and West Africa. This study assesses the knowledge of University of Kufa medical group students about monkeypox, focusing on its etiology, transmission, clinical features, prevention, and management. Objective: To assess the knowledge levels of medical students at the University of Kufa regarding monkeypox and to identify relationships between students' knowledge and demographic variables. Methodology: This descriptive cross-sectional study was conducted from September 2024 to March 2025 among 618 students from the Colleges of Medicine, Dentistry, Nursing, and Pharmacy at the University of Kufa. A stratified random sampling technique ensured proportional representation across colleges. Data were collected using a validated structured questionnaire, with a Cronbach's alpha of 0.85. The data were analyzed using SPSS (v26), employing descriptive statistics and inferential tests such as the Chi-square test. Results: Most participants (95.1%) were aged 17–27 years, with females comprising 69.9% of the sample. While 63.4% of students had prior knowledge of monkeypox, primarily sourced from the internet and social media (77.7%), the overall knowledge level was moderate. Significant relationships were identified between students' knowledge and their gender (p ≤ 0.015), prior knowledge, and information sources (p ≤ 0.0001). Conclusions: The study highlights moderate knowledge levels about monkeypox among University of Kufa students, with knowledge gaps in specific areas. Educational interventions and curriculum integration are essential to address these gaps and enhance preparedness for emerging infectious diseases. Targeted educational programs, enhanced use of digital platforms, and awareness campaigns should be prioritized.
Copyright (c) 2025 Kawther A. Alqaseer, Mansour Abdullah Falah, Wijdan Dh. Al- Abbas, Ohood A. Radhi https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0
Determination of Cancer Needs and Quality of Life of Women with Breast Cancer in Babylon
Aim: This study aimed to determine the cancer care needs and quality of life of women with breast cancer in Babylon. Method: The study was conducted between 1 June 2022 and 1 September 2022 in the Oncology Unit of Imam Sadik Hospital and the Babylon Oncology Center. The sample of the study consisted of 160 women with breast cancer who met the sample criteria. It was a cross-sectional study. The data were collected with the sociodemographic and clinical characteristic form, the cancer need questions short form (CNQ-SF), and the World Health Organization Quality of Life Scale-Short Form (WHOQOL-BREF). Results: The mean age of women was 51±13.13; 34.4% were primary school graduates, 90.6% were married, 80.6% had children, 76.3% were housewives, 94.4% were non-smokers, 55% had income equal to expenditure, 39.4% is the second stage. 61.3% of the women had less than one year of disease duration, and 63.1% had no family history. The mean scores of the sub-dimensions of cancer needs form were; Physical needs 19.31±5.27, psychological needs 30.78±10.02, interpersonal communication needs 6.91±2.37, patient care and support needs 16.84±3.98, and Health information needs 24.23 It is ±6.92. The mean score of the sub-dimension of the quality of life scale; general quality of life 6.34±1.54; physical health 19.76±4.41, psychological health 17.74±3.96, social relations 9.31±2.28, environmental health 23.21±5.02. There was a statistically significant difference between the total score of cancer needs scale and the sub-dimensions of the quality of life scale (physical health, social relations, environment, psychological health, and general quality of life) at the weak-moderate level (r= -0.298, -0.323, -0.368, -0.433, -0.473), respectively. Conclusions: Women diagnosed with breast cancer in Babylon, Iraq, experience moderate levels of needs and quality of life Their most prompted concern was access to health information..
Copyright (c) 2025 Zainab Khalid Neamh Alkafaji, Figen Erol Ursavas https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0
Neonatal Risk Factors Associated with Respiratory Distress among Newborns in Sulaymaniyah City, Iraq
Background: Respiratory distress is a leading cause of NICU admissions and can lead to severe complications if not promptly identified and managed. Despite its prevalence, limited research has examined the specific neonatal risk factors contributing to respiratory distress in Sulaymaniyah, Iraq, creating a knowledge gap in neonatal healthcare. Aim: This study aims to identify the neonatal risk factors associated with respiratory distress among newborns admitted to NICUs in Sulaymaniyah City,Iraq. Methodology: A descriptive-analytical study was conducted at two hospitals using a purposive sampling technique to recruit 218 neonates with respiratory distress. Data were collected through structured questionnaires and hospital records, with statistical analysis performed using SPSS 24 to determine associations between neonatal characteristics and respiratory distress causes. Results: Among the study population, 57.8% were male, and prematurity was identified in 68.8% of cases. RDS was the leading cause (64.2%), followed by TTN (27.5%) and MAS (8.3%). Significant associations were found between respiratory distress and gender, birth weight, gestational age, APGAR scores, and plurality (p < 0.05). Conclusion: Respiratory distress accounts for a substantial proportion of total admissions to the NICU, with significant contributions from RDS, TTN, and MAS. Prematurity (68.8%) and SGA (65.7%) were found to be significantly associated with RDS (p < 0.001).
Neonate, Respiratory Distress, Neonatal Risk Factors, Premature
Copyright (c) 2025 Bnar Hassan Salih, AWAYI Ghazy Abdulkareem https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0
Nurse's Knowledge concerning Infection Control in Hemodialysis Units
Background: Hemodialysis is an essential treatment for patients with end-stage renal disease, but it involves several invasive procedures, including vascular access cannulation, connecting and disconnecting dialysis machines, administering intravenous medications, and managing catheters, all of which increase the risk of infection. These risks necessitate strict application of aseptic techniques and consistent use of protective equipment, such as gloves, to safeguard both patients and healthcare providers. Nurses are central to preventing the spread of infections, requiring not only practical skills but also comprehensive knowledge of infection control measures. Their expertise and vigilance are crucial in maintaining patient safety and reducing complications, highlighting the importance of continuous training and adherence to best practices in hemodialysis units. Objectives: To assess nurses' knowledge concerning Infection control in Hemodialysis Units and To find out the relationship between nurse's knowledge and their demographic data. Methodology: The study utilized a descriptive cross-sectional design conducted from October 18, 2023, to April 20, 2024, at the Hemodialysis Unit of Al-Sadder Medical City in Al-Najaf. A non-probability convenience sample of 62 nurses was included, focusing on those with at least six months of work experience in the unit. The research tool, developed and validated by the researcher, consisted of two parts: demographic characteristics (e.g., age, gender, education, and training) and 25 items assessing knowledge of infection control strategies and practices. The questionnaire was translated into Arabic and validated through expert review and a pilot study, yielding a Cronbach's alpha of 0.87. Data collection occurred from February 5 to February 20, 2023, using semi-structured, self-reported questionnaires, with strict adherence to ethical guidelines, including informed consent and confidentiality. Knowledge levels were classified as poor or good based on a scoring system, providing a robust framework for evaluating nurses’ infection control knowledge. Results: The majority of nurses (77.4%) demonstrated poor knowledge concerning infection control, with a mean score of 1.42, below the acceptable threshold of 1.5. Only 22.6% showed good knowledge, indicating a significant gap in infection control understanding. Conclusion: The study findings point to critical areas requiring intervention to improve nurses’ knowledge of infection control in hemodialysis units. The significant association between education level and knowledge highlights the importance of providing nurses with opportunities for formal education and advanced training.
Copyright (c) 2025 Mohammed Abdulkareem Aljanaby https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0
Laparoscopic management in hydatid disease of liver: a series of 30 cases in Safeer Al-Imam Al-Hussain Surgical Hospital
Background: Surgery is the main treatment for hydatid liver disease (HLD), focusing on removing the cyst and preventing parasite spread. Advances in laparoscopic surgery (LS) have improved treatment options, moving from simple drainage to more complex procedures like pericystectomy and hepatectomy. Laparoscopy offers benefits such as reduced morbidity, faster recovery, and better visualization of complications. However, it’s not suitable for all cases, such as large cysts, ruptured cysts in the biliary tract, or multiple cysts. Challenges include potential cyst fluid spillage and allergic reactions, though these are less common than in open surgery. Aim of the Study: to evaluate the outcomes of LS for HLD specifically focusing on complications. Methodology: a case series prospective study that was conducted in Safeer Al-Imam Al-Hussain Surgical Hospital/ Iraq/ Karbala for a period of 1 year and involved 30 patients that were treated laparoscopically for HLD. Results: The mean age of the study sample (n=30) was 43.7, Females were more than males with M:F ration of 1:1.3, most of the study sample patients live in urban areas (63.3%), abdominal pain was the most common presentation, 21 patients (70%) had single cystic lesion, 5 patients had couple cysts (16.7%) and 4 patients (13.3%) had 3 cysts, The right lobe of the liver was the most common site of the cysts, successful LS was done for 26 patients (86.7%), 4 patients were converted to open surgery for various causes, Conclusions: Laparoscopic management of HLD have the advantages of minimal invasiveness, shorter operative time and shorter hospital stay after surgery, still in some cases conversion to open surgery may be mandatory.
Copyright (c) 2025 Hayder Mohammed Ali Zainy https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0
Association between Gallstone and Oral Contraceptive Pills
Background: Recently, oral contraceptives have been the subject of concerns over the risk of gallbladder disease associated with their use. Aim: The aim of this study was to determine the association between the use of oral contraceptive pills and gallstones. Materials and Methods: The design of the study was descriptive analytic, involving 51 females consecutively recruited from the Teaching Hospital for Gastroenterology and Hepatology in Sulaimani Province/Kurdistan Region/Iraq from 3/7/2024 to 31/8/2024. The study tools included two parts. The data were collected through direct interviews, and the association between the use of oral contraceptives and gallstones was determined by chi-square. Statistical analysis was performed using the SPSS 24.0 software (IBM SPSS Statistics). The level of significance was set at p=0.01. Inferential statistics were used to analyze the data. Results: The results show that 64.7% of the participants were older than 35 years, 33.3% were illiterate, 86.3% were housewives, and 64.7% lived in urban areas. Regarding BMI, 47.1% were overweight, and 52.9% had a family history of gallstones. There was a statistically significant association only between the level of education and the use of oral contraceptive pills. However, there was no statistically significant association between BMI, gallstones, and the use of oral contraceptive pills. Conclusion: There was no statistically significant association between the use of oral contraceptive pills and gallstones. Background: Recently, oral contraceptives have been the subject of concerns over the risk of gallbladder disease associated with their use. Aim: The aim of this study was to determine the association between the use of oral contraceptive pills and gallstones. Materials and Methods: The design of the study was descriptive analytic, involving 51 females consecutively recruited from the Teaching Hospital for Gastroenterology and Hepatology in Sulaimani Province/Kurdistan Region/Iraq from 3/7/2024 to 31/8/2024. The study tools included two parts. The data were collected through direct interviews, and the association between the use of oral contraceptives and gallstones was determined by chi-square. Statistical analysis was performed using the SPSS 24.0 software (IBM SPSS Statistics). The level of significance was set at p=0.01. Inferential statistics were used to analyze the data. Results: The results show that 64.7% of the participants were older than 35 years, 33.3% were illiterate, 86.3% were housewives, and 64.7% lived in urban areas. Regarding BMI, 47.1% were overweight, and 52.9% had a family history of gallstones. There was a statistically significant association only between the level of education and the use of oral contraceptive pills. However, there was no statistically significant association between BMI, gallstones, and the use of oral contraceptive pills. Conclusion: There was no statistically significant association between the use of oral contraceptive pills and gallstones.
Copyright (c) 2025 Khanda Mustafa Ahmed, Shadan Yasin Kareem https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0