Kufa Journal for Veterinary Medical Sciences
Kufa Journal for Veterinary Medical Sciences (KJVMS) ISSN (Print): 2077-9798 | ISSN (Online): 2959-8478 Kufa Journal for Veterinary Medical Sciences (KJVMS) is an English-language, open-access, peer-reviewed scholarly journal dedicated to publishing research in veterinary and biological sciences. Published by the Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, University of Kufa, KJVMS is guided by an international editorial board of distinguished researchers, ensuring high standards of scientific quality and integrity.
Modulatory Effects of IL-24 on Autophagy and Apoptosis in Large Cell Lung Carcinoma
Large cell lung carcinoma (LCLC) is a highly aggressive, undifferentiated subtype of non-small cell lung cancer characterized by rapid metastasis and resistance to traditional systemic chemotherapies. Targeted immunotherapies using cytokines like Interleukin-24 (IL-24) represent promising avenues to selectively induce cancer-specific cell death. This study evaluated the concentration-dependent cytotoxic and molecular modulatory effects of IL-24 on patient-derived primary LCLC cell lines. Primary LCLC cultures established from ultrasound-guided tru-cut biopsies were treated with varying concentrations of recombinant human IL-24 protein. Cell viability and growth inhibition rates were quantified using the MTT colorimetric assay. Transcriptional variations in the autophagic flux marker (LC3) and the initiator of intrinsic apoptosis (caspase-9) were evaluated using quantitative real-time PCR (RT-qPCR). MTT assay profiling demonstrated a strong concentration-dependent cytotoxic effect after 48 hours of treatment, yielding a half-maximal inhibitory concentration (IC50) of 22.9 pg/mL. Cell viability sharply collapsed from 82.5% at a sub-threshold dose of 5 pg/mL down to 14.7% at the maximum concentration of 100 pg/mL. RT-qPCR tracking showed a robust, dose-dependent upregulation of LC3 across all tested doses, indicating immediate activation of the autophagic pathway. Conversely, apoptotic response tracking revealed a distinct threshold activation; caspase-9 expression remained low at 10 pg/mL but co-elevated drastically with LC3 at higher concentrations of 50 pg/mL and 100 pg/mL. These findings validate that IL-24 exerts potent anti-cancer activity in primary LCLC by triggering excessive, toxic autophagy that drives past a cytoprotective survival threshold, successfully engaging the ATG4/ATG5 molecular switch to orchestrate a fatal transition into the intrinsic mitochondrial apoptotic pathway. Consistently supported by quantitative alignment between gene upregulation and loss of viability, IL-24 proves to be a compelling therapeutic candidate that warrants advanced in vivo evaluation.
IL-24, Large cell lung carcinoma, LC3, Caspase 9
Copyright (c) 2026 Hutheyfa Al Salih https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0
Protective Effects of Curcumin Against Haloperidol-Induced Reproductive Toxicity in Male Wistar Rats: Hormonal, Spermatological, and Histopathological Assessment
The relationship between hormonal imbalances and psychotropic drugs at a pathophysiology level remains unclear. The study was aimed to determine whether curcumin, a polyphenolic antioxidant, and phenylalanine can safeguard male Wistar rats from reproductive issues. We randomly assigned 40 male Wistar rats into five groups: a negative control group, G1 receiving haloperidol at a dosage of 1 mg/kg/day, G2 receiving curcumin at a dosage of 200 mg/kg/day, G3 receiving phenylalanine at a dosage of 200 mg/kg/day, and G4 also receiving phenylalanine at a dosage of 200 mg/kg/day. There were no significant variations in serum levels of prolactin among the groups, while giving haloperidol to G1 resulted in testosterone levels to reduce from 224.25 ng/dL to 111.00 ng/dL. Combined treatment with curcumin (G2) brought testosterone levels back to the highest level ever recorded (296.00 ng/dL). The triple combination (G3) was able to keep FSH and LH levels similar to their baseline levels. Histopathological examination showed that haloperidol treatment caused structural impairment and atrophy of the germinal epithelium in approximately 70% of seminiferous tubules. In contrast, curcumin (G2) and the combined treatment (G3) considerably restored testicular spermatogenesis and architecture. The study concluded that curcumin, particularly when combined with phenylalanine, revealed a notable protective effect against reproductive harm induced by haloperidol. These findings indicated that curcumin may ameliorate the adverse effects that drugs of antipsychotic on male fertility by protection testosterone levels and the structural integrity of the testes.
Curcumin, Haloperidol toxicity, Reproductive disorders, male rats
Copyright (c) 2026 Mohammed A Aboktifa; Kamal. J Awni; Adnan M Jasim, Noor Al Huda Hussein Al-ramahi https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0
Evaluation of Body Temperature, Respiration, Heart Rate and Serum Biochemical Parameters in Arabian Sheep
Arabian sheep breeds play an important role in the livestock economy. These breeds are of great importance due to their adaptability to hot, dry climates, water and fodder shortages, and their ability to produce meat, milk, and wool. This study was conducted to determine the normal values of clinical and serum biochemical indices in Arabian sheep. For this purpose, 30 purebred Arabian sheep were selected from the Breeding Center of Ramin University in Khuzestan Province. The studied sheep were divided into three groups based on age: under one year (4 animals), one to two years (15 animals), and over two years (11 animals), all of which were non-pregnant. The health status of the sheep was confirmed based on history, clinical, ultrasonographic, and laboratory examinations. The results obtained in the present study showed that the heart rate (per minute) and body temperature of the sheep, regardless of age, were 79.03 ± 13.88 beats/min and 39.33 ± 0.53 °C, respectively. Also, in the present study, the values of BUN, creatinine, ALP, and AST were 26.06 ± 7.43, 1.28 ± 1.48, 365.27 ± 154.69, and 105.89 ± 24.34, respectively. Given that all the sheep studied were purebred Arabian sheep, the findings obtained in this study can be considered reference values for Arabian sheep and can be used as a basis for clinical evaluations and the assessment of pathological conditions. The results obtained in the present study showed that heart rate and some blood biochemical factors (blood glucose level) were lower than those reported in studies conducted by other researchers. Also, the BUN value obtained in the present study was higher than that reported in other studies. Considering the differences observed in some of the indicators obtained in the present study, as well as the importance and distribution of this breed in different regions and the significance of clinical and blood biochemical indicators, the availability of normal reference values for each region is of great importance.
Copyright (c) 2026 Abdolvahed Moarabi, Dr. Haji Hajikolaei P., Dr. Jalali Associate P., DVM Graduated https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0
Effect of the Alcoholic Extract of Curcuma longa on Acne-Causing Bacteria: Staphylococcus aureus, Propionibacterium acnes (Cutibacterium acnes), and Staphylococcus epidermidis
The present study investigated the antibacterial activity of the alcoholic extract of Curcuma longa (turmeric) against acne-causing bacteria. Acne vulgaris is a common irritating skin condition in adolescents and adults, comprising pimples, comedones, pustules, and cysts due to chronic inflammation of hair follicles and associated sebaceous glands. Visual manifestations of acne often result in psychological complications such as depression and social morbidity. Three bacterial species, including Staphylococcus aureus, Propionibacterium acnes (Cutibacterium acnes) and Staphylococcus epidermidis, were used in this study. The alcoholic extract was prepared using (75%) ethanol, and evaluated through the disc diffusion method to measure inhibition zones. The minimum inhibitory concentration (MIC) and minimum bactericidal concentration (MBC) were determined. Results revealed that the turmeric extract exhibited antibacterial activity against all tested strains, with inhibition zone increasing proportionally with the extract concentration. The highest concentration (100 mg/mL), the mean inhibition zones for S. aureus, P. acnes, and S. epidermidis were (39.21±0.75 mm), (33.04±1.06 mm), and (42.30±0.90 mm) respectively. Positive control (tetracycline 10 μg) produced inhibition zones of (40.00±0.71 mm), (34.45±0.06 mm), and (43.45±0.21 mm) against S. aureus, P. acnes, and S. epidermidis, respectively. The MIC for all tested bacteria was (25 mg/ml), while the MBC was (100 mg/mL). The findings suggest that the alcoholic extract of Curcuma longa may serve as a natural alternative or complementary treatment for acne, particularly against S. aureus and S. epidermidis.
Copyright (c) 2026 Saja Abbas Mazher https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0
Positive and Negative Effects of Using Nanotechnology in Animal Health and Production: A Review Article
Nanotechnology has made a big difference in animal production and health. This review study looks closely at both the good and bad sides of using nanotechnology in raising livestock. For animal feed special nano-formulated additives have shown they can help animals use their food better, keep them growing steadily, and make nutrients easier for them to absorb. This could mean more food production, healthier animals. The review also discusses the potential problems that come with using nanotechnology widely with animals. It raises concerns about nanoparticles possibly being toxic, to make sure nanotechnology does help animals stay healthy and productive in a sustainable way, we need to do our research thoroughly, have strong rules in place and be careful how we develop new technologies. Nanotechnology has great potential in enhancing animal health and productivity through animal feed efficiency, targeted delivery of drugs and better diagnostic tools. But we should be cautious around issues of toxicity how these materials may accumulate in the environment, and regulatory challenges. To reap all that nanotechnology has to offer and minimize risks in veterinarians and animal applications we need a comprehensive approach which includes continued study combined with rigorous safety measures. This review article aim is to assess the advantages and disadvantages of applying nanotechnology to animal productivity and health
Copyright (c) 2026 Hanan Waleed Kasim Agwaan https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0
Gene study of Oval and OCX-32 in laying and non-laying hens
Specific genes tightly control the laying hen’s oviduct's egg development process, and each section of the oviduct adds a distinct element to the final product. The aim of the study was to study the oval, and ocx32 genes in both laying and non-laying hens. A total of 38 adult hens were split into two groups; laying and non-laying hens were involved in this study. From the magnum, isthmus and uterus tissues RNA was isolated and transcripted to cDNA for gene expression study. In comparison to other places, the data indicated that oval was significantly increased in laying hens at the Magnum region as opposed to non-laying chickens. Compared to non-laying hens, laying hens' uterine and isthmus regions showed significantly higher levels of ocx32. Gene ontology study revealed that oval gene plays a key role in matrix protein regulation while ocx32 play a key role in eggshell quality via calcium and lipid metabolism. Moreover, gene analysis showed negative regulation of endopeptidase activity, regulation of proteolysis, and regulates the mineralization process and contributes to the structural integrity and antimicrobial properties of the eggshell. In conclusion, a common method for understanding high throughput molecular data and generating hypotheses about the biological mechanisms underlying investigations is Gene Ontology enrichment analysis. by providing a shared vocabulary for describing how genes function.
Copyright (c) 2026 Ali Saeed Alchalabi, Dr.Fadhil https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0
Role of Propolis in Reducing Inflammation and Swelling in Induced Osteoarthritis
The aim of the study is to investigate the anti-inflammatory and swelling effects of propolis in an induced osteoarthritis (OA) in rats by using monosodium iodoacetate (MIA). The term "propolis" is from the Greek words "pro" and "polis," meaning "defense of the city," reflecting its protective role in the hive (1). This substance is composed of plant resins, such as cinnamic acid, flavonoids, albumin, terpenoids, essential oils, aromatic compounds, aromatic acids, esters, sugars, benzophenones, steroids, amino acids, and other constituents (2). It is known that propolis has flavonoids such as chrysin, apigenin, and quercetin. Flavonoids affect COX-2 mRNA level, PGE-2 expression, and activity of NF-kB as the mechanism of action on the inflammation pathway (3). Osteoarthritis is the most prevalent type of joint disease; it is a slowly progressive degenerative condition that gradually leads to structural and functional changes in the affected joints (4). Method: Twenty-four adult male rats, each weighing between 225 and 275 grams, were utilized. The experimental study took place from October 13 to November 13, 2024, at the animal facility of the College of Veterinary Medicine, University of Kufa, following a one-week acclimatization period. The animals were randomly allocated into different cages, with each cage containing six animals. Rats were divided into four groups, with six rats in each group: group 1 (control negative), and the others were induced with osteoarthritis using monosodium iodoacetate (MIA) at a dose of 3 mg/kg intra-articular single dose. group 2 (control positive). Then two groups were treated: group 3 with propolis at a dose of 200 mg/kg and group 4 with propolis at a dose of 400 mg/kg. Treatments were given orally for 30 days. Blood was collected via cardiac puncture to obtain serum for measuring parameters such as an anti-inflammatory effect. Results: The induction of osteoarthritis in groups 2, 3, and 4 was evidenced by the inflammatory mediator's pro-inflammatory protease compounds and cytokines such as TNF-α, PGF2α, and IL-1β levels. As a result, groups 3 and 4 showed a decrease in inflammation and swelling of the joint compared to the positive control, supporting the potential of propolis as an anti-inflammatory agent in managing osteoarthritis.
Copyright (c) 2025 Hadeer Ali, Shatha Mousa Mlaghee https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0
Role of Ajwa Seed Extract (Phoenix dactylifera L.) in Reducing Oxidative Stress On Induced Atherosclerosis in Male Rats
This experimental study investigated the protective effects of Ajwa seed extract on inducing atherosclerosis in male rats. Thirty rats were divided into five groups, including a negative control group and a positive control group fed a high-cholesterol diet (2%). The treatment groups received either atorvastatin (10 mg/kg), Ajwa seed extract (500 mg/kg), or a combination of Ajwa extract (250 mg/kg) with atorvastatin (5 mg/kg). Oxidative stress markers (GSH, MDA) were assessed. The results showed that the groups receiving the combination treatment and Ajwa extract had much better antioxidant levels and less oxidative stress than the group that only had cholesterol. The combination therapy showed the strongest protective effect, indicating that Ajwa seed extract could be a helpful natural treatment for high cholesterol and atherosclerosis.
Ajwa seed extract, Atherosclerosis, Hypercholesterolemia, Oxidative stress, MDA, GSH, Rats.
Copyright (c) 2025 Ameena Shaker Ghadeer, Shatha Mousa Mlaghee https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0
Monitoring T-2 and HT-2 Toxin Contamination in Broiler Feed: A Four-Year Survey in Duhok Governorate, Iraq (2020–2023)
Trichothecene mycotoxins of the type A group—specifically T-2 and HT-2 toxins—are highly toxic metabolites produced by Fusarium species and are common contaminants in poultry feed, posing risks to animal health and food safety. This study evaluated the occurrence and concentrations of these toxins in broiler feed collected from farms in Duhok Governorate, Kurdistan Region, Iraq, over a four-year period (2020–2023). A total of 278 feed samples were analyzed using a commercial enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA). Mean toxin concentrations showed a significant downward trend, declining from 85.53 µg/kg in 2020 to 32.45 µg/kg in 2023. Despite this reduction, considerable variability was observed, with the highest concentration in 2023 reaching up to 935 µg/kg, well above the European Commission guidance value of 250 µg/kg. Although average levels across the four years (32.45–85.53 µg/kg) remained below regulatory thresholds, sporadic high contamination represents an ongoing threat to poultry health and a potential source of toxin residues in poultry products. These results underscore the need for routine feed surveillance and improved storage practices, and support the development of a national mycotoxin monitoring policy to strengthen feed safety in Iraq.
T-2 toxin, HT-2 toxin, broiler feed, ELISA, mycotoxins
Copyright (c) 2026 Niwar S Bari https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0
Protective and Therapeutic Effects of Alcoholic Extract of Panax Ginseng on Hepatotoxicity Induced in Rats Model
Panax ginseng is a widely recognized medicinal plant known for its hepatoprotective, antioxidant, and anti-inflammatory activities. These properties are largely attributed to its active constituents, the ginsenosides. Diclofenac, a commonly used nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drug is associated with clinically significant hepatotoxicity characterized by oxidative stress, mitochondrial dysfunction, and hepatocellular injury. This study aimed to investigate the protective and therapeutic efficacy of the alcoholic extract of Panax ginseng against diclofenac-induced hepatotoxicity in adult male rats. Forty-nine rats were allocated into seven experimental groups and administered diclofenac, P. ginseng extract, or combined treatments for 30 days according to the study design. Serum biomarkers of liver function (ALT, AST, ALP) and oxidative stress (MDA, SOD) were measured, and liver tissues were subjected to histopathological evaluation. Diclofenac administration resulted in marked elevations in liver enzyme activities and significant oxidative stress, accompanied by histological alterations including vacuolar degeneration, hepatocellular necrosis, and inflammatory infiltration. In contrast, both co-administration and post-treatment with Panax ginseng extract produced substantial improvements in biochemical and histological parameters, restoring enzyme levels, reducing lipid peroxidation, enhancing antioxidant activity, and improving liver architecture. The Panax ginseng extract alone produced no adverse hepatic effects. These findings demonstrate that the alcoholic extract of Panax ginseng possesses both preventive and therapeutic hepatoprotective properties against diclofenac-induced liver injury, likely mediated through its antioxidant and anti-inflammatory mechanisms. The results support its potential use as a natural agent for mitigating drug-induced hepatotoxicity.
Copyright (c) 2026 Sami Mohammed Ahmed https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0
Differential Cytotoxic and Morphological Effects of Curcumin and Etoposide on MCF-7 Breast Cancer Cells
Curcumin, a turmeric-derived polyphenol, modulates apoptotic signaling and cell-cycle control, whereas etoposide, a topoisomerase II inhibitor, exerts cytotoxicity by inducing DNA strand breaks. To delineate their relative actions on tumor cell viability, the objective was to directly compare the dose-dependent cytotoxic and anti-proliferative effects of curcumin and etoposide in ER-positive MCF-7 breast cancer cells, quantifying changes in viability and survival across graded concentrations and characterizing attendant morphological alterations. MCF-7 breast cancer cells were seeded at 1 × 10⁴ cells per well in 96-well plates and into two groups (three technical replicates each): control DMSO (100µL), curcumin (31.2, 62.5, 125, 500, and 1000 µg/mL), etoposide (31.2, 62.5, 125, 500, and 1000 µg/mL). Treatments were applied for 72 h at 37°C. Cell viability was quantified by the MTT assay while morphological observations were documented by inverted microscope. Significantly, at the maximum concentration evaluated (1000 µg/mL), both drugs elicited pronounced morphological changes in MCF-7 cells. MTT analysis demonstrated a clear dose-dependent reduction in cell viability. Curcumin therapy diminished viability to 51%, whereas etoposide treatment led to a 75% reduction in viability at the identical quantity (1000 µg/mL). The determined half-maximal inhibitory concentration (IC₅₀) values were 165.4 µg/mL for curcumin and 89.2 µg/mL for etoposide, corroborating the significant cytotoxicity of both therapies.
Copyright (c) 2026 Ali D. Hadi, Bushra H Faris , Murtadha A AL-Mudhafar https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0
Prevalence of Gastrointestinal Helminth Eggs/Oocysts in Faeces of Ruminants Slaughtered in Sabon Gari Local Government Area, Kaduna State, Nigeria
Ruminants, including cattle, sheep, and goats, are an essential source of animal protein for many Nigerians. However, gastrointestinal parasites pose a significant challenge in ruminant production in developing countries, leading to considerable economic losses. This study aimed to determine the prevalence of gastrointestinal helminth eggs and oocysts in ruminants slaughtered in Sabon Gari Local Government Area, Kaduna State, Nigeria. A total of 150 samples were collected, processed by a simple fecal flotation technique, and examined for helminth eggs and oocysts. Additionally, portions of each sample were processed using the formal-ether concentration technique, with smears stained by the modified Ziehl–Neelsen technique to detect Cryptosporidium oocysts. The overall prevalence of gastrointestinal helminth eggs and oocysts in ruminants was 73.3%. By species, the prevalence was 76.2% in sheep, 72.2% in goats, and 74.0% in cattle. Coccidia was the most common parasite (46.7%), followed by Strongyles (24.7%), Cryptosporidium (17.3%), and Moniezia (11.3%). Coccidia prevalence was significantly higher in goats (p=0.004), while Cryptosporidium prevalence was significantly higher in cattle (p=0.000). There was no significant association between the prevalence of helminth eggs and oocysts and variables such as age, sex, breed, body condition scores, or fecal consistency of the sampled animals. Improved abattoir management practices, including the treatment of feces in septic tanks before discharge into streams or agricultural use, are highly recommended.
cattle, gastrointestinal helminth eggs, goats, oocysts and sheep
Copyright (c) 2026 Esonu Daniel Obinna, Aliyu Shehu Lawal , Nazif Haruna Aliyu https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0
Management of Traumatic Balanoposthitis and Flea Infestation in a Dorcas gazelle (Gazella dorcas): A Case Report
Traumatic balanoposthitis is an uncommon but clinically significant penile disorder in wild ruminants, often caused by blunt force trauma leading to inflammation of the glans penis and prepuce. This report describes a 4-year-old intact male Dorcas gazelle (Gazella dorcas) weighing 16 kg, presented to the Large Animal Clinic, Veterinary Teaching Hospital, Ahmadu Bello University, Zaria, with a four-week history of swollen glans penis unresponsive to antimicrobial and anti-inflammatory therapy. Clinical findings included necrosis of the glans penis and heavy Ctenocephalides spp. flea infestation. Laboratory analysis of penile swab cultures yielded Staphylococcus aureus and Pseudomonas aeruginosa, both susceptible only to Imipenem. Treatment involved flushing with 0.06% chlorhexidine, piroxicam, insecticidal dusting for flea control, multivitamin supplementation, and topical aloe vera extract. The necrotic glans sloughed on Day 4, with resolution of swelling and ectoparasite infestation by Day 8. The animal was discharged and remained stable at follow-up. This case highlights the importance of early diagnosis, culture-guided antimicrobial therapy, and ectoparasite management in wild ungulates. Prompt intervention can improve welfare and prevent reproductive losses in captive wildlife.
Copyright (c) 2026 A. M. Khumran, P. I. Rekwot, A. Mohammed, A. Andrew, M. Lawal, M. N. Bappah https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0
Influence of Preconception Body Weight and Pregnancy Types on Oxidative Stress Responses of Periparturient Tropical Goats, and Their Kids Body Weight During the Hot-dry Season
The influence of preconception body weight and pregnancy types on the oxidative stress responses in periparturient tropical goats, and the effects on their kid’s growth during the hot-dry season was evaluated. The goats were grouped based on climatic adaptation into Savannah climate-adapted (SCA) and humid climate-adapted (HCA) and further based on pregnancy types into singleton- and twin-bearing. Their body weight (BW), body mass index (BMI) and oxidative stress biomarkers were determined at preconception and once weekly peripartum. Malondialdehyde during the parturition was higher n singleton- and twin-bearing SCA than during the pre- and postpartum periods. Glutathione peroxidase was higher in twin-bearing HCA than singleton-bearing SCA goats at week 3 prepartum. In all pregnancy types, preconception BW and BMI positively correlated with the dam’s BW at different periparturient stages. Preconception BW of the singleton-bearing SCA goats and the BW of the kids from birth until 3rd week postpartum positively correlated. Oxidative stress responses peaked during kidding in SCA goats regardless of the pregnancy type. The preconception BW and pregnancy type had no influence on the oxidative stress responses of the goats, however, the kids weight gain was positively influenced.
Copyright (c) 2026 Aliyu Abubakar Yahaya, Lukman Surakat Yaqub, Buhari Habibu, Muhammed Umaru Kawu, Hussaina Joan Makun, Na’imatu Audu Sani, Maryam Bashir Darma https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0
The Role of Silymarin in Improving Physiological Markers Related to HeatStress in Male Quails
The purpose of the research was to investigate the ability of silymarin to minimize the effects of thermal stress on physiological markers in male quails. Forty adult male birds, weighing 120±10 g age, 8 weeks, were randomly allocated into four groups. Control group. Heat stress group: the quails exposed to a temperature of 42±2ºC for 4 hours daily. Heat stress with the silymarin group: the quails were exposed to a temperature of 42±2ºC for 4 hours daily while receiving 200 mg/kg of silymarin orally. Silymarin group: the quails receiving 200 mg/kg of silymarin orally. The experiment lasted ten weeks. Heat stress reduces WBC, RBC, PCV, Hb, MCV, MCH, MCHC, lymphocyte%, HDL, liver, and body weight while raising the heterophil/lymphocyte ratio, heterophil%, ALT, AST, ALP, HSP70, cholesterol, and triglyceride levels in contrast to the control group. Heat stress with silymarin elevated WBC, RBC, Hb, MCV, MCH, MCHC, lymphocyte%, and HDL while diminishing H/L ratio, heterophil%, ALT, AST, ALP, HSP70, and triglyceride linked with the heat stress group. Silymarin group had higher WBC, lymphocyte%, HDL and lower the H/L ratio, heterophil%, and ALT values compared to the control group. The study identified that silymarin enhanced physiological markers in male Japanese quails under thermos-stressed conditions.
heat stress, HSP70, Japanese quail, silymarin.
Copyright (c) 2026 Ashwaq Ahmed Hassan, Nabaa Faris Nayef https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0
Comparative study between the flavonoids extracted from Nigella sativa seeds and vitamin E to ameliorating the effect of sodiumnitrate on some testicular functions in adult male rats
The present study was designed to investigate the protective effect of flavonoids extracted from Nigella Sativa seeds comparing to vitamin E in ameliorating the deleterious effect of sodium nitrate on some testicular function in adult male rats. Twenty adult male rats were randomly divided into four equal groups and treated for 120 days as follows: Group T1 (control) animals in this group were treated with normal saline; while animal in group T2 were daily treated with sodium nitrate 30mg/kg. B.W; animals in group T3 were daily treated with sodium nitrate 30 mg/kg B.W plus 50 mg of flavonoids extracted from Nigella Sativa and animals in group T4 were daily treated with sodium nitrate 30 mg/kg B.W plus 40 mg/kg B.W vitamin E. At the end of experiment animals were scarified and right testes were obtained to calculate testicular weight / body weight ratio and histological sections were prepared for measuring the thickness of cell lining the seminiferous tubules and the diameter of the tubules. Live and dead sperms were calculated by using left epididymis. The results pointed that a significant decrease in testes to body weight ratio and significant decrease in live sperms percentage, increased dead sperms percentage as well as decreased both seminiferous tubules diameter and cell lining seminiferous tubules in group T2. Administration of flavonoids extracted from Nigella sativa seeds (group T3) and vitamin E (group T4) ameliorated the deleterious effect of sodium nitrate on male reproductive system. Histological examination showed edema of basement membrane of seminiferous tubules and fibrous connective tissue proliferation and incomplete spermatogenesis in animals treated with sodium nitrate (group T2) comparing to control, while animals in group T3 showed moderate edema and thickness of basement membrane of seminiferous tubules and normal spermatogenesis, the results also showed moderate edematous interstitial tissue and congestion of blood vessels and moderate to normal spermatogenesis in group T4. In conclusion, flavonoids extracted from Nigella sativa seeds and vitamin E play an important role as anti-oxidant against the oxidative effect induced by sodium nitrate on testicular function in adult male rats.
Copyright (c) 2025 Ammar Ahmed Abdulwahid Al-Haddad https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0
Impact of alcoholic Artemisia extract on liver toxicity in albino rats
This study examined the hepatoprotective effects of alcoholic Artemisia extract on liver damage caused by copper oxide (CuO) in albino rats. Artemisia, a medicinal plant rich in bioactive compounds, including flavonoids, terpenoids, and essential oil antioxidant compounds. Method: It was prepared as a 70% ethanol extract and administered in two doses (300 mg/kg and 600 mg/kg). A total of 35 rats were divided into five groups: control negative, control positive (CuO at a dose of 50 mg/kg BW orally once every 48 hours), and group three received Artemisia alcoholic extract at a dose of 300 mg/kg. Group four received Artemisia extract at a dose of 600 mg/kg, and group five received a multivitamin at a dose of 12000 IU/kg BW orally. All treated groups received the dosage orally once daily for a period of 3 weeks. Results: Liver enzyme levels (AST, ALT, ALP) were significantly elevated in the CuO-only group, indicating liver toxicity. Treatment with Artemisia extract (both doses) and Vitamin A significantly reduced these enzyme levels, demonstrating a protective effect of liver from toxicity and Histopathological analysis confirmed that Artemisia extract improved liver tissue integrity, reducing signs of severe inflammatory cell infiltration in the portal area around the blood vessels (perivascular leukocyte cuffing, fatty degeneration, and congestion; severe dilatation of sinusoidal space of hepatic tissue; coagulative necrosis haemorrhagic changes; muscular layer hyperplasia damage of vein wall; and mild fibrosis around bile duct and portal vein in toxic liver).
Copyright (c) 2025 Mays alawadi, Saadia Saleh Mehdy https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0
Evaluation of the Effect of Trisodium Phosphate on Physical and Chemical Characterizations in Local Beef
A total of 140 beef samples were used in this study to investigate the effects of trisodium phosphate (TSP) on beef quality at ambient temperature and during refrigerated storage at 4 °C. The TSP is commonly applied in the meat industry to enhance water holding capacity, improve texture, and increase overall quality by interacting with meat proteins and preventing lipid oxidation. Different concentrations of TSP were applied to evaluate physicochemical properties such as pH and thiobarbituric acid reactive substances (TBARS). Results showed that treatment with 10% TSP for 5 minutes was the most effective compared to other concentrations. The use of TSP increased pH, which improved the water holding capacity of meat and enhanced both quality and texture. The highest pH value was observed at ambient temperature (9.23) and was statistically significant compared to the control (6.13). A significant reduction in TBARS was also recorded, with the lowest oxidation value (0.25) observed under refrigeration after 48 hours compared to the control (0.45). These findings confirm that TSP is an effective treatment to extend beef shelf life without altering its chemical composition.
Copyright (c) 2026 Ibraheem E. Ibrhim, Zina Saab Khudhir https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0
Therapeutic Role of Trigonella Foenum- graecum L. Seeds Alone orCombined with Glimepiride in Mitigating Alloxan-Induced Hepatopathy inDiabetic Male Rats.
High blood sugar indicates diabetes. These problems result from insulin synthesis, action, or both failing. Insulin insensitivity or beta cell malfunction may cause it. Ginger, garlic, and Fenugreek are used to treat diabetes. Diabetes, obesity, and other diseases are treated with it in the study, diabetic rats had considerable liver histology changes and combination therapy groups had mild changes. Giving Fenugreek, insulin, and Glimepiride improved liver health in diabetic rats, and using them together had a good impact on liver function. Fifty male Wistar rats were divided into five groups and type 2 diabetes was induced by feeding a high-fat unsaturated diet followed by intraperitoneal injection of Alloxan (80 mg/kg) B.W. After one month of feeding on a high-fat diet induced diabetes mellitus (DM). The aim of this study to examine the effect of water extracted of Trigonella Foeneum graecum L. seeds on glucose metabolism and liver function in diabetic rats. Results indicated that the oral administration of water extracted of Trigonella Foeneum graecum L. seeds not only improved insulin sensitivity but also contributed to the overall restoration of liver health in the affected subjects. Seeds in the reduction of blood glucose and the reduction of the pathological effect on liver and body weight as an experimental animal model. In conclusion, the current study shows increase in the body weight of rats during feeding on high fat diet for one month except group one which feeding on normal diet. To induced type 2 diabetes and we notice the rat's weight loss and high blood sugar over the last three weeks after injection intraperitoneal of rats by Alloxan to induced the DM. some potential benefits of Fenugreek use. Oral Fenugreek showed improvements in blood glucose and liver functions (AST, ALP and ALT levels) were reduced following Fenugreek treatment. Despite a significant decrease in Triglyceride levels, Fenugreek use did not significantly alter Cholesterol levels. Higher doses and longer Fenugreek treatment duration are recommended for the optimum protection of the liver.
Copyright (c) 2026 Saba Al Kaabi, Saif Sattar Rasheed https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0
A Histological Evaluation of Pumpkin Oil Seeds Extract on Skin WoundsThat Induced by TCA in Albino Rats
Pumpkin (Cucurbita spp.) is a nutritionally rich plant whose seeds contain high levels of bioactive compounds such as unsaturated fatty acids, tocopherols, sterols, and polyphenols. These constituents contribute to its anti-inflammatory, antioxidant, and wound-healing potential, making pumpkin seed oil (PSO) a promising candidate for dermatological applications. This study aimed to investigate the histopathological effects of pumpkin seed oil on trichloroacetic acid induced skin injuries in male Albino rats. A total of 49 rats were randomly assigned into seven groups, including a negative control, a positive control, a corn oil vehicle control, and three PSO treatment groups receiving 25%, 50%, 100% concentrations of the oil and Mebo Group treated topically with Mebo ointment. Dermatitis was chemically induced using 40% trichloroacetic acid to simulate the clinical and histological features of atopic dermatitis. Topical applications were administered daily, and tissue samples were examined histologically using hematoxylin and eosin (H&E) and Masson's trichrome staining to assess epidermal integrity, inflammatory infiltration, necrosis, and adnexal structure preservation for a period of 30 days. demonstrated a dose-dependent therapeutic effect of PSO, with the 100% PSO group showing near-complete restoration of normal skin architecture, including intact epidermis, reduced inflammation, and preserved sweat and sebaceous glands. In contrast, the positive control and corn oil groups exhibited severe tissue damage and inflammatory infiltration. The 25% and 50% PSO groups showed partial recovery with variable histological improvements. These findings highlight the regenerative and anti-inflammatory potential of PSO, particularly at higher concentrations, and support its use as a natural topical agent for managing inflammatory skin conditions.
Copyright (c) 2026 Salam Adil Hamdan, Saadia Saleh Mehdy https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0
Effect of Metronidazole on Local Rabbit (Oryctolagus cuniculus) Spleen Over One toTwo Months
The rabbit spleen is located adjacent to the greater curvature of the stomach on the left side of the abdominal cavity, appearing as a tongue-like, elongated organ. This study investigated the effects of Metronidazole at a dose of 500 mg/kg administered over one to two months. Histopathological analysis revealed that low to moderate doses induced hyperemia and congestion in the splenic venous sinuses, along with proliferation of white pulp and increased lymphocyte cellularity. In contrast, high doses caused necrotic changes in both red and white pulps, with necrotic foci evident in histological sections.
Copyright (c) 2026 Waleed J. A. Al-Kelaby, Methak Abd Alrazak Aziz Al shemkhi https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0
Phenotypic Identification and Antibiotic Resistance Profile of Escherichiacoli Isolated from Lambs with Colibacillosis in Mosul, Iraq
Neonatal diarrhea and colibacillosis generally lead to critical morbidity and mortality rates in affected sheep flocks caused by Escherichia coli (E. coli). The aim of this study was to detect and isolate E. coli from lambs with dysentery and their antibiotic resistance profile. 67 Rectal swabs from affected lambs in different regions of Mosul city were collected and cultured in MacConkey broth and incubated aerobically for 24 hours at 37ºC to cultivate and decrease the growth of undesired bacteria. Then, each sample was cultured on MacConkey, EMB, and HicromTM E. coli agar at the same incubation conditions for isolation of E. coli. Growing and purified isolates were identified based on Gram's staining reaction and biochemical IMViC tests (Indole, Methyl Red, Voges- Proskauer, and Citrate). E. coli was isolated from 65 samples (97.01%). Then, an antibiotic resistance profile was performed on all 65 isolates by using the disk diffusion method on 12 common antibiotics. The results of the research showed a high distribution of E. coli in affected cases, with varying resistance patterns, especially all isolates showed absolute resistance to spiramycin, lincomycin, and ceftriaxone. These findings point to the immediate requirement to reform antibiotic administration policies in veterinary medicine and ensure the importance of antibiotic resistance in E. coli isolates to find the most effective treatment strategies for colibacillosis in lambs. Future studies are needed to find alternative treatment options and the role of antibiotic management in veterinary lines.
Copyright (c) 2026 Mohammad A. Hamad, Khalid Waleed Muhammad https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0
Immuno-informatics and Bioinformatics Analysis of Type II Asparaginasefrom Campylobacter jejuni and Escherichia coli Activity as Anti-Cancer (ALL)
Acute lymphoblastic leukemia (ALL) is the most common childhood cancer, that requires ongoing research for more effective treatments. However, the new approach for using L-asparaginase (L-ASNase) which plays a crucial role in ALL therapy by depleting asparagine and glutamine, essential for leukemic cell survival. This study employed molecular docking and immunoinformatics to investigate the therapeutic potential of type II L-asparaginase from Escherichia coli and Campylobacter jejuni against ALL. Molecular docking simulations revealed strong binding affinities between the enzymes and their substrates. The tested L-asparaginase (ASPA) showed binding scores of -4.5 kcal/mol and -4.7 kcal/mol at two test sites, comparable to or better than the standard sites (- 4.8 kcal/mol). Similarly, the tested glutaminase (GLU) enzyme demonstrated binding scores of -4.5 kcal/mol and -5.3 kcal/mol, matching or exceeding the standard sites (-4.5 kcal/mol and -5.2 kcal/mol). Immunogenicity and allergenicity predictions indicated low antigenicity scores for both tested and standard enzymes, suggesting a favorable safety profile. These findings highlight the potential of type II L-asparaginases as safe and effective therapeutic alternatives for ALL. More in vitro and in vivo investigations.
Copyright (c) 2026 Hussam M. Abdulwahab, Ahmed N. Alhindwae https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0
The Critical Role of TP53 in Developing Leukaemia in Human and Dogs, Review Article
Haematological cancer is an important disease and often diagnosed in both humans and dogs. In recent years, there is an increase in the incidence of cancer, in particular leukaemia, due to different causes. This remarkable increase of diagnosed cancer cases may indicate a very dangerous health issue. The main causes of developing such cancer are due to genetic aberration and chromosomal rearrangements. These alterations may appear as mutations that affect a wide range of genes. One of these frequently mutated genes is TP53. The TP53 gene plays a central role in controlling critical functions inside the cell, such as the cell cycle, cell metabolism, DNA repair process, and serves as a transcriptional factor for a vast number of genes. The mutations in the TP53 gene are resulting in the development of various spontaneous types of cancer in both humans and dogs, including haematological cancer. The research that is interested in haematological cancer in veterinary aspects is limited. Therefore, the main focus of this review is to highlight the relationship of developing haematological cancer in both humans and dogs and the role of TP53 mutations.
Copyright (c) 2025 ِAoula Al-Zebeeby, Fatimah Abdulmuttaleb Ali https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0
Deltamethrin Induces Apoptosis in Adult Male Rats Model and the Role of Melatonin
Deltamethrin is considered one of the widely used insecticides in the agricultural and veterinary fields, its toxicity (apoptosis) is linked to oxidative stress, so melatonin was chosen as a potent antioxidant. To conduct this study twenty adult male rats were divided into 4 groups (A, B, C and D) (5 animals /group). Groups (A, B and C) were treated with distilled water (2 ml/kg, orally (P.O.), deltamethrin (25 mg/kg, P.O.), and melatonin (12.5 mg/kg, intraperitoneal, (I.P.) respectively, while group (D) was injected with melatonin (12.5 mg/kg, I.P.) 15 minutes before deltamethrin (25 mg/kg, O.P.), the duration of the treatment in all groups extended to five consecutive days. Then, on the sixth day the rats were sacrificed for brain, heart and liver harvesting to detect apoptosis using (TUNEL assay). The group (B) recorded a positive result for TUNEL stain, represented by the appearance of a high number of positive brown stained apoptotic bodies in the three organs. While group (D) recorded a clear decrease in the positive brown stained apoptotic bodies in the three tissues compared to the group (B). We conclude from our current study that melatonin has effects against apoptosis which induced by deltamethrin in rats
Copyright (c) 2025 Mohammed Khalid Shindala, Jasim Abdullah Jasim https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0
Comprehensive Review of Neurodegenerative Disorders
Neurodegenerative disorders, including Alzheimer's disease, Parkinson's disease, Huntington's disease and Amyotrophic Lateral Sclerosis, represent a significant and growing global health challenge, particularly with aging populations. This review synthesizes current understanding, tracing the historical recognition of these conditions to the complex molecular mechanisms now known to drive neuronal loss. Key pathogenic processes discussed include protein misfolding and aggregation (e.g., amyloid-beta, tau, alpha-synuclein, mutant huntingtin), oxidative stress linked to mitochondrial dysfunction (often exacerbated by genetic factors like SOD1 mutations), chronic neuroinflammation involving glial activation (microglia and astrocytes), and disruptions in proteostasis, particularly impaired autophagy. While current treatments remain largely symptomatic, offering temporary relief (e.g., cholinesterase inhibitors/memantine for Alzheimer's disease, levodopa for Parkinson's disease), the focus is shifting towards disease-modifying strategies. This review highlights progress in immunotherapies targeting protein aggregates (like Lecanemab /Donanemab for amyloid-beta, Prasinezumab for alpha-synuclein), gene-targeted therapies using antisense oligonucleotides (Tofersen for SOD1) and CRISPR/Cas9 systems (preclinical work on HTT and C9orf72) and stem cell approaches using induced pluripotent stem cells. Diagnostic innovations, including advanced PET imaging, fluid biomarkers (CSF Aβ/tau, blood NfL), and digital biomarkers, are improving early detection and monitoring. Despite these advances, significant challenges such as disease heterogeneity, blood-brain barrier penetration, biomarker limitations, and socioeconomic/ethical hurdles impede clinical translation. Future directions emphasize personalized medicine, multi-target therapies (multi-target direct ligands, combinations), repurposed drugs (Exenatide, Pridopidine), natural compounds (Curcumin, Pingchan granule), pathway modulation (mTOR inhibitors), and preventive strategies
Copyright (c) 2026 Nabeel Mohammed Al-Sharafi, Zain Alaza https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0
Investigate if Metoprolol and Troxerutin Could Prevent Cardiotoxicity Mitigated by Doxorubicin
Doxorubicin, which is widely used as an anti-tumour drug, it associated with Cardiotoxic problems. Previous studies suggested that each of the metoprolol and troxerutin alone could provide potential protection against this cardiotoxic effect. This study was aimed to investigate if the combination of these two drugs could provide superior protection against the cardiotoxic effect of doxorubicin. Fifty male Wistar rats were divided into five groups; each group had 10 animals. Both control negative and control positive groups, a treatment group for each drug and a combination group. The blood samples were collected from the animals to extract the serum, and the serums were used in Elisa technique for investigation the concentration of CK-MB, SOD, MDA, IL-6 and TNF-Alpha for all groups to study the effect of the drugs to these markers. The combination treatment group provided a superior effect in almost all groups, The combination treatment group achieved nearly the levels of the control negative group in 2 markers, which were CK-MB and TNF. In oxidative stress markers (MDA) and antioxidant (SOD), it had the lowest concentration of MDA compared to positive group. While highest concentration of antioxidant (SOD) compared to positive group suggesting a slightly better effect of the combination. In conclusion, Combination therapy provides a superior effect on key markers, suggesting its benefits by working on various pathways to protect the heart. Although the effect of the combination was still comparable in oxidative stress markers to other treatment groups, the combination therapy totally outperformed monotherapies.
Copyright (c) 2025 Fouad Zeidan Hamzah, Teeba Ghassan https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0
A novel practice for Experimental Osteoporosis Model in Rats Mediated by Combining Phosphoric Acid Administration with Ovariectomy
Osteoporosis, a metabolic condition impacts bone health by affecting calcium metabolism. Aging and decreased estrogen levels lead to imbalanced endocrine function, increasing bone resorption and decreasing bone creation. Increased release of parathyroid hormone due to high phosphate intake results in hyperphosphatemia and the removal of calcium from the bone loading. The goal of this work was to develop a new method for quickly inducing osteoporosis in contrast to existing conventional techniques. Wistar female rats were exposed to ovariectomy and subsequently 10% phosphoric acid orally for 30 days to induce osteoporosis. Thirty adult Wistar female rats were equally divided into three groups: Naïve rats served as the control group (C), Bilateral ovariectomized rats (OVX group), and Sham group were exposed to the same surgical operation steps of OVX group without removing the ovaries. One week of recovery post-surgical operation, the OVX and Sham groups were given 10% phosphoric acid in drinking water for 30 days, following the removal of all surgical sutures and an inspection for any flaws. The outcomes demonstrated that the OVX and Sham groups had significantly lower bone density than the control group, despite that they had significantly higher levels of alkaline phosphates, osteocalcin, and parathyroid hormone. Interestingly, the OVX group's serum calcium levels were significantly lower than those of the control group. In conclusion, ovariectomy and 10% phosphoric acid administration enforced osteoporosis status via hyperphosphatemia, hyperparathyroidism, and disruption in the bone metabolism in female rats in relatively short-term induction, this practice is highly useful in investigations of bone metabolism and health.
Copyright (c) 2025 Salah Kareem Alabsawy, Hasan Falah K. Alghetaa https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0
Molecular Evaluation of the Effect of Using Chitosan Nanopolymers on Loaded Marine Fish Acellular Dermal Matrices in Reconstruction of Induced Ventral Hernias in Bucks
The aim of present study was to compare between the effectiveness of marine fish acellular dermal matrices (ADM) and Chitosan Nanopolymers (ChNPs) loaded on fish ADM in the reconstruction of large abdominal wall hernias in Iraqi bucks. Molecular evaluations were conducted using Real Time-quantification Polymerase Chain Reaction (RT-qPCR) to measure the levels of basic fibroblast growth factor (b-FGF) and vascular endothelial growth factor (VEGF) genes during the healing process. Ventro-lateral abdominal wall hernias (6x6cm) were induced in 18 bucks. Thirty days post-induction of hernia, the bucks were divided into two groups: Group A, control group treated with fish ADM and group B, ChNPs group which was treated with fish ADM loaded with ChNPs. Evaluations were performed at 2, 8, and16 weeks post-treatment. Molecular analysis revealed significantly higher b-FGF and VEGF gene expression in the ChNPs group compared to control group, particularly at week 16th week post-treatment.
Hernia, Bucks, Growth factors, Biological implants, Fish skin, Chitosan Nanopolymers (ChNPs).
Copyright (c) 2025 Asaad A. M. Al-Musawi, Ahmed H. F. AL-Bayati https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0
Histological Description of the Electroreceptors and Other Key Tissues in the Black Ghost Knifefish, Apteronotus albifrons
Black ghost knifefish is a unique model for studying many biological aspects such as development of electroreceptors, which help in determining the evolutionary history among species on the one hand, and on the other hand explains the mechanisms used by these species to communicate with each other. In this study, we described tissues of some organs in Black ghost knifefish Apteronotus albifrons that included the gills, liver, kidney, oesophagus, vertebrae, spinal cord and electroreceptors. The study characterized the electroreceptors that embedded in the skin in this species for the first time. The histological examination using Haematoxylin and Eosin stains reveals that this type of electroreceptors is tuberous
Apteronotus albifrons, Black ghost knifefish, sensory cells, spinal cord, liver.
Copyright (c) 2025 Hutheyfa Al-Salih, Ammar A. Issa, Ilham J. J. Alshami , Hussein A. Saud, Gregory paull https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0