Kufa Journal for Veterinary Medical Sciences
Kufa Journal for Veterinary Medical Sciences (KJVMS) ISSN (Print): 2077-9798 | ISSN (Online): 2959-8478 Kufa Journal for Veterinary Medical Sciences (KJVMS) is an English-language, open-access, peer-reviewed scholarly journal dedicated to publishing research in veterinary and biological sciences. Published by the Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, University of Kufa, KJVMS is guided by an international editorial board of distinguished researchers, ensuring high standards of scientific quality and integrity.
Role of Propolis in Reducing Inflammation and Swelling in Induced Osteoarthritis
The aim of the study is to investigate the anti-inflammatory and swelling effects of propolis in an induced osteoarthritis (OA) in rats by using monosodium iodoacetate (MIA). The term "propolis" is from the Greek words "pro" and "polis," meaning "defense of the city," reflecting its protective role in the hive (1). This substance is composed of plant resins, such as cinnamic acid, flavonoids, albumin, terpenoids, essential oils, aromatic compounds, aromatic acids, esters, sugars, benzophenones, steroids, amino acids, and other constituents (2). It is known that propolis has flavonoids such as chrysin, apigenin, and quercetin. Flavonoids affect COX-2 mRNA level, PGE-2 expression, and activity of NF-kB as the mechanism of action on the inflammation pathway (3). Osteoarthritis is the most prevalent type of joint disease; it is a slowly progressive degenerative condition that gradually leads to structural and functional changes in the affected joints (4). Method: Twenty-four adult male rats, each weighing between 225 and 275 grams, were utilized. The experimental study took place from October 13 to November 13, 2024, at the animal facility of the College of Veterinary Medicine, University of Kufa, following a one-week acclimatization period. The animals were randomly allocated into different cages, with each cage containing six animals. Rats were divided into four groups, with six rats in each group: group 1 (control negative), and the others were induced with osteoarthritis using monosodium iodoacetate (MIA) at a dose of 3 mg/kg intra-articular single dose. group 2 (control positive). Then two groups were treated: group 3 with propolis at a dose of 200 mg/kg and group 4 with propolis at a dose of 400 mg/kg. Treatments were given orally for 30 days. Blood was collected via cardiac puncture to obtain serum for measuring parameters such as an anti-inflammatory effect. Results: The induction of osteoarthritis in groups 2, 3, and 4 was evidenced by the inflammatory mediator's pro-inflammatory protease compounds and cytokines such as TNF-α, PGF2α, and IL-1β levels. As a result, groups 3 and 4 showed a decrease in inflammation and swelling of the joint compared to the positive control, supporting the potential of propolis as an anti-inflammatory agent in managing osteoarthritis.
Copyright (c) 2025 Hadeer Ali, Shatha Mousa Mlaghee https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0
Role of Ajwa Seed Extract (Phoenix dactylifera L.) in Reducing Oxidative Stress On Induced Atherosclerosis in Male Rats
This experimental study investigated the protective effects of Ajwa seed extract on inducing atherosclerosis in male rats. Thirty rats were divided into five groups, including a negative control group and a positive control group fed a high-cholesterol diet (2%). The treatment groups received either atorvastatin (10 mg/kg), Ajwa seed extract (500 mg/kg), or a combination of Ajwa extract (250 mg/kg) with atorvastatin (5 mg/kg). Oxidative stress markers (GSH, MDA) were assessed. The results showed that the groups receiving the combination treatment and Ajwa extract had much better antioxidant levels and less oxidative stress than the group that only had cholesterol. The combination therapy showed the strongest protective effect, indicating that Ajwa seed extract could be a helpful natural treatment for high cholesterol and atherosclerosis.
Ajwa seed extract, Atherosclerosis, Hypercholesterolemia, Oxidative stress, MDA, GSH, Rats.
Copyright (c) 2025 Ameena Shaker Ghadeer, Shatha Mousa Mlaghee https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0
Management of Traumatic Balanoposthitis and Flea Infestation in a Dorcas gazelle (Gazella dorcas): A Case Report
Traumatic balanoposthitis is an uncommon but clinically significant penile disorder in wild ruminants, often caused by blunt force trauma leading to inflammation of the glans penis and prepuce. This report describes a 4-year-old intact male Dorcas gazelle (Gazella dorcas) weighing 16 kg, presented to the Large Animal Clinic, Veterinary Teaching Hospital, Ahmadu Bello University, Zaria, with a four-week history of swollen glans penis unresponsive to antimicrobial and anti-inflammatory therapy. Clinical findings included necrosis of the glans penis and heavy Ctenocephalides spp. flea infestation. Laboratory analysis of penile swab cultures yielded Staphylococcus aureus and Pseudomonas aeruginosa, both susceptible only to Imipenem. Treatment involved flushing with 0.06% chlorhexidine, piroxicam, insecticidal dusting for flea control, multivitamin supplementation, and topical aloe vera extract. The necrotic glans sloughed on Day 4, with resolution of swelling and ectoparasite infestation by Day 8. The animal was discharged and remained stable at follow-up. This case highlights the importance of early diagnosis, culture-guided antimicrobial therapy, and ectoparasite management in wild ungulates. Prompt intervention can improve welfare and prevent reproductive losses in captive wildlife.
Copyright (c) 2026 A. M. Khumran, P. I. Rekwot, A. Mohammed, A. Andrew, M. Lawal, M. N. Bappah https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0
Influence of Preconception Body Weight and Pregnancy Types on Oxidative Stress Responses of Periparturient Tropical Goats, and Their Kids Body Weight During the Hot-dry Season
The influence of preconception body weight and pregnancy types on the oxidative stress responses in periparturient tropical goats, and the effects on their kid’s growth during the hot-dry season was evaluated. The goats were grouped based on climatic adaptation into Savannah climate-adapted (SCA) and humid climate-adapted (HCA) and further based on pregnancy types into singleton- and twin-bearing. Their body weight (BW), body mass index (BMI) and oxidative stress biomarkers were determined at preconception and once weekly peripartum. Malondialdehyde during the parturition was higher n singleton- and twin-bearing SCA than during the pre- and postpartum periods. Glutathione peroxidase was higher in twin-bearing HCA than singleton-bearing SCA goats at week 3 prepartum. In all pregnancy types, preconception BW and BMI positively correlated with the dam’s BW at different periparturient stages. Preconception BW of the singleton-bearing SCA goats and the BW of the kids from birth until 3rd week postpartum positively correlated. Oxidative stress responses peaked during kidding in SCA goats regardless of the pregnancy type. The preconception BW and pregnancy type had no influence on the oxidative stress responses of the goats, however, the kids weight gain was positively influenced.
Copyright (c) 2026 Aliyu Abubakar Yahaya, Lukman Surakat Yaqub, Buhari Habibu, Muhammed Umaru Kawu, Hussaina Joan Makun, Na’imatu Audu Sani, Maryam Bashir Darma https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0
The Role of Silymarin in Improving Physiological Markers Related to HeatStress in Male Quails
The purpose of the research was to investigate the ability of silymarin to minimize the effects of thermal stress on physiological markers in male quails. Forty adult male birds, weighing 120±10 g age, 8 weeks, were randomly allocated into four groups. Control group. Heat stress group: the quails exposed to a temperature of 42±2ºC for 4 hours daily. Heat stress with the silymarin group: the quails were exposed to a temperature of 42±2ºC for 4 hours daily while receiving 200 mg/kg of silymarin orally. Silymarin group: the quails receiving 200 mg/kg of silymarin orally. The experiment lasted ten weeks. Heat stress reduces WBC, RBC, PCV, Hb, MCV, MCH, MCHC, lymphocyte%, HDL, liver, and body weight while raising the heterophil/lymphocyte ratio, heterophil%, ALT, AST, ALP, HSP70, cholesterol, and triglyceride levels in contrast to the control group. Heat stress with silymarin elevated WBC, RBC, Hb, MCV, MCH, MCHC, lymphocyte%, and HDL while diminishing H/L ratio, heterophil%, ALT, AST, ALP, HSP70, and triglyceride linked with the heat stress group. Silymarin group had higher WBC, lymphocyte%, HDL and lower the H/L ratio, heterophil%, and ALT values compared to the control group. The study identified that silymarin enhanced physiological markers in male Japanese quails under thermos-stressed conditions.
heat stress, HSP70, Japanese quail, silymarin.
Copyright (c) 2026 Ashwaq Ahmed Hassan, Nabaa Faris Nayef https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0
Comparative study between the flavonoids extracted from Nigella sativa seeds and vitamin E to ameliorating the effect of sodiumnitrate on some testicular functions in adult male rats
The present study was designed to investigate the protective effect of flavonoids extracted from Nigella Sativa seeds comparing to vitamin E in ameliorating the deleterious effect of sodium nitrate on some testicular function in adult male rats. Twenty adult male rats were randomly divided into four equal groups and treated for 120 days as follows: Group T1 (control) animals in this group were treated with normal saline; while animal in group T2 were daily treated with sodium nitrate 30mg/kg. B.W; animals in group T3 were daily treated with sodium nitrate 30 mg/kg B.W plus 50 mg of flavonoids extracted from Nigella Sativa and animals in group T4 were daily treated with sodium nitrate 30 mg/kg B.W plus 40 mg/kg B.W vitamin E. At the end of experiment animals were scarified and right testes were obtained to calculate testicular weight / body weight ratio and histological sections were prepared for measuring the thickness of cell lining the seminiferous tubules and the diameter of the tubules. Live and dead sperms were calculated by using left epididymis. The results pointed that a significant decrease in testes to body weight ratio and significant decrease in live sperms percentage, increased dead sperms percentage as well as decreased both seminiferous tubules diameter and cell lining seminiferous tubules in group T2. Administration of flavonoids extracted from Nigella sativa seeds (group T3) and vitamin E (group T4) ameliorated the deleterious effect of sodium nitrate on male reproductive system. Histological examination showed edema of basement membrane of seminiferous tubules and fibrous connective tissue proliferation and incomplete spermatogenesis in animals treated with sodium nitrate (group T2) comparing to control, while animals in group T3 showed moderate edema and thickness of basement membrane of seminiferous tubules and normal spermatogenesis, the results also showed moderate edematous interstitial tissue and congestion of blood vessels and moderate to normal spermatogenesis in group T4. In conclusion, flavonoids extracted from Nigella sativa seeds and vitamin E play an important role as anti-oxidant against the oxidative effect induced by sodium nitrate on testicular function in adult male rats.
Copyright (c) 2025 Ammar Ahmed Abdulwahid Al-Haddad https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0
Impact of alcoholic Artemisia extract on liver toxicity in albino rats
This study examined the hepatoprotective effects of alcoholic Artemisia extract on liver damage caused by copper oxide (CuO) in albino rats. Artemisia, a medicinal plant rich in bioactive compounds, including flavonoids, terpenoids, and essential oil antioxidant compounds. Method: It was prepared as a 70% ethanol extract and administered in two doses (300 mg/kg and 600 mg/kg). A total of 35 rats were divided into five groups: control negative, control positive (CuO at a dose of 50 mg/kg BW orally once every 48 hours), and group three received Artemisia alcoholic extract at a dose of 300 mg/kg. Group four received Artemisia extract at a dose of 600 mg/kg, and group five received a multivitamin at a dose of 12000 IU/kg BW orally. All treated groups received the dosage orally once daily for a period of 3 weeks. Results: Liver enzyme levels (AST, ALT, ALP) were significantly elevated in the CuO-only group, indicating liver toxicity. Treatment with Artemisia extract (both doses) and Vitamin A significantly reduced these enzyme levels, demonstrating a protective effect of liver from toxicity and Histopathological analysis confirmed that Artemisia extract improved liver tissue integrity, reducing signs of severe inflammatory cell infiltration in the portal area around the blood vessels (perivascular leukocyte cuffing, fatty degeneration, and congestion; severe dilatation of sinusoidal space of hepatic tissue; coagulative necrosis haemorrhagic changes; muscular layer hyperplasia damage of vein wall; and mild fibrosis around bile duct and portal vein in toxic liver).
Copyright (c) 2025 Mays alawadi, Saadia Saleh Mehdy https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0
Evaluation of the Effect of Trisodium Phosphate on Physical and Chemical Characterizations in Local Beef
A total of 140 beef samples were used in this study to investigate the effects of trisodium phosphate (TSP) on beef quality at ambient temperature and during refrigerated storage at 4 °C. The TSP is commonly applied in the meat industry to enhance water holding capacity, improve texture, and increase overall quality by interacting with meat proteins and preventing lipid oxidation. Different concentrations of TSP were applied to evaluate physicochemical properties such as pH and thiobarbituric acid reactive substances (TBARS). Results showed that treatment with 10% TSP for 5 minutes was the most effective compared to other concentrations. The use of TSP increased pH, which improved the water holding capacity of meat and enhanced both quality and texture. The highest pH value was observed at ambient temperature (9.23) and was statistically significant compared to the control (6.13). A significant reduction in TBARS was also recorded, with the lowest oxidation value (0.25) observed under refrigeration after 48 hours compared to the control (0.45). These findings confirm that TSP is an effective treatment to extend beef shelf life without altering its chemical composition.
Copyright (c) 2026 Ibraheem E. Ibrhim, Zina Saab Khudhir https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0
Therapeutic Role of Trigonella Foenum- graecum L. Seeds Alone orCombined with Glimepiride in Mitigating Alloxan-Induced Hepatopathy inDiabetic Male Rats.
High blood sugar indicates diabetes. These problems result from insulin synthesis, action, or both failing. Insulin insensitivity or beta cell malfunction may cause it. Ginger, garlic, and Fenugreek are used to treat diabetes. Diabetes, obesity, and other diseases are treated with it in the study, diabetic rats had considerable liver histology changes and combination therapy groups had mild changes. Giving Fenugreek, insulin, and Glimepiride improved liver health in diabetic rats, and using them together had a good impact on liver function. Fifty male Wistar rats were divided into five groups and type 2 diabetes was induced by feeding a high-fat unsaturated diet followed by intraperitoneal injection of Alloxan (80 mg/kg) B.W. After one month of feeding on a high-fat diet induced diabetes mellitus (DM). The aim of this study to examine the effect of water extracted of Trigonella Foeneum graecum L. seeds on glucose metabolism and liver function in diabetic rats. Results indicated that the oral administration of water extracted of Trigonella Foeneum graecum L. seeds not only improved insulin sensitivity but also contributed to the overall restoration of liver health in the affected subjects. Seeds in the reduction of blood glucose and the reduction of the pathological effect on liver and body weight as an experimental animal model. In conclusion, the current study shows increase in the body weight of rats during feeding on high fat diet for one month except group one which feeding on normal diet. To induced type 2 diabetes and we notice the rat's weight loss and high blood sugar over the last three weeks after injection intraperitoneal of rats by Alloxan to induced the DM. some potential benefits of Fenugreek use. Oral Fenugreek showed improvements in blood glucose and liver functions (AST, ALP and ALT levels) were reduced following Fenugreek treatment. Despite a significant decrease in Triglyceride levels, Fenugreek use did not significantly alter Cholesterol levels. Higher doses and longer Fenugreek treatment duration are recommended for the optimum protection of the liver.
Copyright (c) 2026 Saba Al Kaabi, Saif Sattar Rasheed https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0
A Histological Evaluation of Pumpkin Oil Seeds Extract on Skin WoundsThat Induced by TCA in Albino Rats
Pumpkin (Cucurbita spp.) is a nutritionally rich plant whose seeds contain high levels of bioactive compounds such as unsaturated fatty acids, tocopherols, sterols, and polyphenols. These constituents contribute to its anti-inflammatory, antioxidant, and wound-healing potential, making pumpkin seed oil (PSO) a promising candidate for dermatological applications. This study aimed to investigate the histopathological effects of pumpkin seed oil on trichloroacetic acid induced skin injuries in male Albino rats. A total of 49 rats were randomly assigned into seven groups, including a negative control, a positive control, a corn oil vehicle control, and three PSO treatment groups receiving 25%, 50%, 100% concentrations of the oil and Mebo Group treated topically with Mebo ointment. Dermatitis was chemically induced using 40% trichloroacetic acid to simulate the clinical and histological features of atopic dermatitis. Topical applications were administered daily, and tissue samples were examined histologically using hematoxylin and eosin (H&E) and Masson's trichrome staining to assess epidermal integrity, inflammatory infiltration, necrosis, and adnexal structure preservation for a period of 30 days. demonstrated a dose-dependent therapeutic effect of PSO, with the 100% PSO group showing near-complete restoration of normal skin architecture, including intact epidermis, reduced inflammation, and preserved sweat and sebaceous glands. In contrast, the positive control and corn oil groups exhibited severe tissue damage and inflammatory infiltration. The 25% and 50% PSO groups showed partial recovery with variable histological improvements. These findings highlight the regenerative and anti-inflammatory potential of PSO, particularly at higher concentrations, and support its use as a natural topical agent for managing inflammatory skin conditions.
Copyright (c) 2026 Salam Adil Hamdan, Saadia Saleh Mehdy https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0
Effect of Metronidazole on Local Rabbit (Oryctolagus cuniculus) Spleen Over One toTwo Months
The rabbit spleen is located adjacent to the greater curvature of the stomach on the left side of the abdominal cavity, appearing as a tongue-like, elongated organ. This study investigated the effects of Metronidazole at a dose of 500 mg/kg administered over one to two months. Histopathological analysis revealed that low to moderate doses induced hyperemia and congestion in the splenic venous sinuses, along with proliferation of white pulp and increased lymphocyte cellularity. In contrast, high doses caused necrotic changes in both red and white pulps, with necrotic foci evident in histological sections.
Copyright (c) 2026 Waleed J. A. Al-Kelaby, Methak Abd Alrazak Aziz Al shemkhi https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0
Phenotypic Identification and Antibiotic Resistance Profile of Escherichiacoli Isolated from Lambs with Colibacillosis in Mosul, Iraq
Neonatal diarrhea and colibacillosis generally lead to critical morbidity and mortality rates in affected sheep flocks caused by Escherichia coli (E. coli). The aim of this study was to detect and isolate E. coli from lambs with dysentery and their antibiotic resistance profile. 67 Rectal swabs from affected lambs in different regions of Mosul city were collected and cultured in MacConkey broth and incubated aerobically for 24 hours at 37ºC to cultivate and decrease the growth of undesired bacteria. Then, each sample was cultured on MacConkey, EMB, and HicromTM E. coli agar at the same incubation conditions for isolation of E. coli. Growing and purified isolates were identified based on Gram's staining reaction and biochemical IMViC tests (Indole, Methyl Red, Voges- Proskauer, and Citrate). E. coli was isolated from 65 samples (97.01%). Then, an antibiotic resistance profile was performed on all 65 isolates by using the disk diffusion method on 12 common antibiotics. The results of the research showed a high distribution of E. coli in affected cases, with varying resistance patterns, especially all isolates showed absolute resistance to spiramycin, lincomycin, and ceftriaxone. These findings point to the immediate requirement to reform antibiotic administration policies in veterinary medicine and ensure the importance of antibiotic resistance in E. coli isolates to find the most effective treatment strategies for colibacillosis in lambs. Future studies are needed to find alternative treatment options and the role of antibiotic management in veterinary lines.
Copyright (c) 2026 Mohammad A. Hamad, Khalid Waleed Muhammad https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0
Immuno-informatics and Bioinformatics Analysis of Type II Asparaginasefrom Campylobacter jejuni and Escherichia coli Activity as Anti-Cancer (ALL)
Acute lymphoblastic leukemia (ALL) is the most common childhood cancer, that requires ongoing research for more effective treatments. However, the new approach for using L-asparaginase (L-ASNase) which plays a crucial role in ALL therapy by depleting asparagine and glutamine, essential for leukemic cell survival. This study employed molecular docking and immunoinformatics to investigate the therapeutic potential of type II L-asparaginase from Escherichia coli and Campylobacter jejuni against ALL. Molecular docking simulations revealed strong binding affinities between the enzymes and their substrates. The tested L-asparaginase (ASPA) showed binding scores of -4.5 kcal/mol and -4.7 kcal/mol at two test sites, comparable to or better than the standard sites (- 4.8 kcal/mol). Similarly, the tested glutaminase (GLU) enzyme demonstrated binding scores of -4.5 kcal/mol and -5.3 kcal/mol, matching or exceeding the standard sites (-4.5 kcal/mol and -5.2 kcal/mol). Immunogenicity and allergenicity predictions indicated low antigenicity scores for both tested and standard enzymes, suggesting a favorable safety profile. These findings highlight the potential of type II L-asparaginases as safe and effective therapeutic alternatives for ALL. More in vitro and in vivo investigations.
Copyright (c) 2026 Hussam M. Abdulwahab, Ahmed N. Alhindwae https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0
The Critical Role of TP53 in Developing Leukaemia in Human and Dogs, Review Article
Haematological cancer is an important disease and often diagnosed in both humans and dogs. In recent years, there is an increase in the incidence of cancer, in particular leukaemia, due to different causes. This remarkable increase of diagnosed cancer cases may indicate a very dangerous health issue. The main causes of developing such cancer are due to genetic aberration and chromosomal rearrangements. These alterations may appear as mutations that affect a wide range of genes. One of these frequently mutated genes is TP53. The TP53 gene plays a central role in controlling critical functions inside the cell, such as the cell cycle, cell metabolism, DNA repair process, and serves as a transcriptional factor for a vast number of genes. The mutations in the TP53 gene are resulting in the development of various spontaneous types of cancer in both humans and dogs, including haematological cancer. The research that is interested in haematological cancer in veterinary aspects is limited. Therefore, the main focus of this review is to highlight the relationship of developing haematological cancer in both humans and dogs and the role of TP53 mutations.
Copyright (c) 2025 ِAoula Al-Zebeeby, Fatimah Abdulmuttaleb Ali https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0
Deltamethrin Induces Apoptosis in Adult Male Rats Model and the Role of Melatonin
Deltamethrin is considered one of the widely used insecticides in the agricultural and veterinary fields, its toxicity (apoptosis) is linked to oxidative stress, so melatonin was chosen as a potent antioxidant. To conduct this study twenty adult male rats were divided into 4 groups (A, B, C and D) (5 animals /group). Groups (A, B and C) were treated with distilled water (2 ml/kg, orally (P.O.), deltamethrin (25 mg/kg, P.O.), and melatonin (12.5 mg/kg, intraperitoneal, (I.P.) respectively, while group (D) was injected with melatonin (12.5 mg/kg, I.P.) 15 minutes before deltamethrin (25 mg/kg, O.P.), the duration of the treatment in all groups extended to five consecutive days. Then, on the sixth day the rats were sacrificed for brain, heart and liver harvesting to detect apoptosis using (TUNEL assay). The group (B) recorded a positive result for TUNEL stain, represented by the appearance of a high number of positive brown stained apoptotic bodies in the three organs. While group (D) recorded a clear decrease in the positive brown stained apoptotic bodies in the three tissues compared to the group (B). We conclude from our current study that melatonin has effects against apoptosis which induced by deltamethrin in rats
Copyright (c) 2025 Mohammed Khalid Shindala, Jasim Abdullah Jasim https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0
Comprehensive Review of Neurodegenerative Disorders
Neurodegenerative disorders, including Alzheimer's disease, Parkinson's disease, Huntington's disease and Amyotrophic Lateral Sclerosis, represent a significant and growing global health challenge, particularly with aging populations. This review synthesizes current understanding, tracing the historical recognition of these conditions to the complex molecular mechanisms now known to drive neuronal loss. Key pathogenic processes discussed include protein misfolding and aggregation (e.g., amyloid-beta, tau, alpha-synuclein, mutant huntingtin), oxidative stress linked to mitochondrial dysfunction (often exacerbated by genetic factors like SOD1 mutations), chronic neuroinflammation involving glial activation (microglia and astrocytes), and disruptions in proteostasis, particularly impaired autophagy. While current treatments remain largely symptomatic, offering temporary relief (e.g., cholinesterase inhibitors/memantine for Alzheimer's disease, levodopa for Parkinson's disease), the focus is shifting towards disease-modifying strategies. This review highlights progress in immunotherapies targeting protein aggregates (like Lecanemab /Donanemab for amyloid-beta, Prasinezumab for alpha-synuclein), gene-targeted therapies using antisense oligonucleotides (Tofersen for SOD1) and CRISPR/Cas9 systems (preclinical work on HTT and C9orf72) and stem cell approaches using induced pluripotent stem cells. Diagnostic innovations, including advanced PET imaging, fluid biomarkers (CSF Aβ/tau, blood NfL), and digital biomarkers, are improving early detection and monitoring. Despite these advances, significant challenges such as disease heterogeneity, blood-brain barrier penetration, biomarker limitations, and socioeconomic/ethical hurdles impede clinical translation. Future directions emphasize personalized medicine, multi-target therapies (multi-target direct ligands, combinations), repurposed drugs (Exenatide, Pridopidine), natural compounds (Curcumin, Pingchan granule), pathway modulation (mTOR inhibitors), and preventive strategies
Copyright (c) 2026 Nabeel Mohammed Al-Sharafi, Zain Alaza https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0
Investigate if Metoprolol and Troxerutin Could Prevent Cardiotoxicity Mitigated by Doxorubicin
Doxorubicin, which is widely used as an anti-tumour drug, it associated with Cardiotoxic problems. Previous studies suggested that each of the metoprolol and troxerutin alone could provide potential protection against this cardiotoxic effect. This study was aimed to investigate if the combination of these two drugs could provide superior protection against the cardiotoxic effect of doxorubicin. Fifty male Wistar rats were divided into five groups; each group had 10 animals. Both control negative and control positive groups, a treatment group for each drug and a combination group. The blood samples were collected from the animals to extract the serum, and the serums were used in Elisa technique for investigation the concentration of CK-MB, SOD, MDA, IL-6 and TNF-Alpha for all groups to study the effect of the drugs to these markers. The combination treatment group provided a superior effect in almost all groups, The combination treatment group achieved nearly the levels of the control negative group in 2 markers, which were CK-MB and TNF. In oxidative stress markers (MDA) and antioxidant (SOD), it had the lowest concentration of MDA compared to positive group. While highest concentration of antioxidant (SOD) compared to positive group suggesting a slightly better effect of the combination. In conclusion, Combination therapy provides a superior effect on key markers, suggesting its benefits by working on various pathways to protect the heart. Although the effect of the combination was still comparable in oxidative stress markers to other treatment groups, the combination therapy totally outperformed monotherapies.
Copyright (c) 2025 Fouad Zeidan Hamzah, Teeba Ghassan https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0
A novel practice for Experimental Osteoporosis Model in Rats Mediated by Combining Phosphoric Acid Administration with Ovariectomy
Osteoporosis, a metabolic condition impacts bone health by affecting calcium metabolism. Aging and decreased estrogen levels lead to imbalanced endocrine function, increasing bone resorption and decreasing bone creation. Increased release of parathyroid hormone due to high phosphate intake results in hyperphosphatemia and the removal of calcium from the bone loading. The goal of this work was to develop a new method for quickly inducing osteoporosis in contrast to existing conventional techniques. Wistar female rats were exposed to ovariectomy and subsequently 10% phosphoric acid orally for 30 days to induce osteoporosis. Thirty adult Wistar female rats were equally divided into three groups: Naïve rats served as the control group (C), Bilateral ovariectomized rats (OVX group), and Sham group were exposed to the same surgical operation steps of OVX group without removing the ovaries. One week of recovery post-surgical operation, the OVX and Sham groups were given 10% phosphoric acid in drinking water for 30 days, following the removal of all surgical sutures and an inspection for any flaws. The outcomes demonstrated that the OVX and Sham groups had significantly lower bone density than the control group, despite that they had significantly higher levels of alkaline phosphates, osteocalcin, and parathyroid hormone. Interestingly, the OVX group's serum calcium levels were significantly lower than those of the control group. In conclusion, ovariectomy and 10% phosphoric acid administration enforced osteoporosis status via hyperphosphatemia, hyperparathyroidism, and disruption in the bone metabolism in female rats in relatively short-term induction, this practice is highly useful in investigations of bone metabolism and health.
Copyright (c) 2025 Salah Kareem Alabsawy, Hasan Falah K. Alghetaa https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0
Molecular Evaluation of the Effect of Using Chitosan Nanopolymers on Loaded Marine Fish Acellular Dermal Matrices in Reconstruction of Induced Ventral Hernias in Bucks
The aim of present study was to compare between the effectiveness of marine fish acellular dermal matrices (ADM) and Chitosan Nanopolymers (ChNPs) loaded on fish ADM in the reconstruction of large abdominal wall hernias in Iraqi bucks. Molecular evaluations were conducted using Real Time-quantification Polymerase Chain Reaction (RT-qPCR) to measure the levels of basic fibroblast growth factor (b-FGF) and vascular endothelial growth factor (VEGF) genes during the healing process. Ventro-lateral abdominal wall hernias (6x6cm) were induced in 18 bucks. Thirty days post-induction of hernia, the bucks were divided into two groups: Group A, control group treated with fish ADM and group B, ChNPs group which was treated with fish ADM loaded with ChNPs. Evaluations were performed at 2, 8, and16 weeks post-treatment. Molecular analysis revealed significantly higher b-FGF and VEGF gene expression in the ChNPs group compared to control group, particularly at week 16th week post-treatment.
Hernia, Bucks, Growth factors, Biological implants, Fish skin, Chitosan Nanopolymers (ChNPs).
Copyright (c) 2025 Asaad A. M. Al-Musawi, Ahmed H. F. AL-Bayati https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0
Histological Description of the Electroreceptors and Other Key Tissues in the Black Ghost Knifefish, Apteronotus albifrons
Black ghost knifefish is a unique model for studying many biological aspects such as development of electroreceptors, which help in determining the evolutionary history among species on the one hand, and on the other hand explains the mechanisms used by these species to communicate with each other. In this study, we described tissues of some organs in Black ghost knifefish Apteronotus albifrons that included the gills, liver, kidney, oesophagus, vertebrae, spinal cord and electroreceptors. The study characterized the electroreceptors that embedded in the skin in this species for the first time. The histological examination using Haematoxylin and Eosin stains reveals that this type of electroreceptors is tuberous
Apteronotus albifrons, Black ghost knifefish, sensory cells, spinal cord, liver.
Copyright (c) 2025 Hutheyfa Al-Salih, Ammar A. Issa, Ilham J. J. Alshami , Hussein A. Saud, Gregory paull https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0
The Main Virulence factors of Cryptococcus neoformans
Cryptococcus neoformans, a capsule encased pathogenic yeast, causes cryptococcal meningoencephalitis in human, particularly among immunocompromised individuals. Cryptococcus neoformans is wide spread across different environmental niches, it can be found in soil, animals, poultry excreta and even on trees. The studies on this fungus are limited, in this review we highlighted the most important virulence factors of this zoonotic pathogen. Numerous virulence factors make this fungus an interesting pathogen. These factors include capsule, melanin, and extracellular enzymes. C. neoformans is characterized by having many virulence factors that play obvious roles in establishing host infection or surviving in harsh environmental conditions. Among these factors, the polysaccharide capsule is out as it provides protection to the yeast cells against desiccation, oxidation, and the host's immune system. Outstandingly, this fungus produced melanin which may protect the yeast from UV light, oxidative stress, and antifungal damage. Cryptococcal cells may release extracellular enzymes such as phospholipase and urease that strengthen the cell wall and improve fungal invasion. After all, some of these factors are unique to this pathogen and shared with other pathogens, collectively, these are an important armament to overcome hostile environment, evade host immune system, establishing host infection and resist antifungal treatment.
Copyright (c) 2024 Sara Hayder https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0
Impact of Nanoparticle Ociumum Basilicum on Lipid Profile in Diabetes Mellitus Albino Rats
Diabetes mellitus is a chronic metabolic disorder that significantly impacts global health. The objective of the present study was to evaluate the therapeutic effects of chitosan nanoparticles loaded alcoholic basil extract against diabetes mellitus in rats. Forty-two adult male rats were divided into six groups, with seven rats in each group. Group one (Control negative). The other five groups were induced with diabetic mellitus using alloxan at a dose of 100 mg/kg. Group two (Control positive). Group three (empagliflozin) at a dose of 25 mg/kg, group four (Nano chitosan) at a dose of 250 mg/kg. While group five (basil seed alcoholic extract) at a dose of 250 mg/kg. Finally, group six (Nanoparticle-basil seed extract) at a dose of 250 mg/kg. Treatments were given orally for 21 days. Blood was collected via cardiac puncture to obtain serum for measuring the parameters of the present study. The induction of diabetes mellitus in groups 2, 3, 4, 5, and 6 was evidenced by increased blood glucose levels. Post-treatment, groups 3, 4, 5, and 6 showed a decrease in glucose concentration compared to the control positive, with all treated groups exhibiting reduced cholesterol levels. The study concluded that the use of basil seed extract combined with Nano-chitosan positively impacts blood sugar reduction and decreases low-density lipoprotein, triglycerides, and total cholesterol levels while increasing HDL and improving lipid profile levels. The use of Nano-chitosan or basil seed extract alone was less effective compared to the nanoparticle basil seed extract
Nanoparticles Ociumum Basillicum seed extract
Copyright (c) 2025 Israa T. H. AL-khazaali , Saadia S. M. Zeiny https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0
Histological Changes of Hepatic Coli-Granulomas in Rooster (Gallus domesticus) Infected with Escherichia coli
A granulomatous reaction including the accumulation and aggregation of macrophage cells, either alone or in conjunction with epithelial cells, that may combine to produce multinucleated (giant) cells characterizes the chronic inflammatory condition known as hepatic granuloma. Normally, these granulomas have fibrous fibers and lymphocytes encircling them. Hepatic granuloma is linked to coli bacillosis caused by Escherichia coli, which can spread to various internal organs and result in a systemic lethal disease. In a particular study, the author observed that hepatic granulomas were surrounded by lymphocytes and a zone of macrophage cells. Additionally, fibrosis in the portal area was attributed to E. coli infections. Grossly affected livers were found to contain multiple, firm, pale-yellow, spherical masses with numerous nodules. Furthermore, the study revealed the presence of granulomas in at least one or more than one organs, most commonly in the ceca, and often in an organ like the liver. The study also noted that the necrotic lesion was distinguishable from the surrounding areas of heterophils and giant cells in early stages of granulomas.
Copyright (c) 2024 Mohammed Ali, Firas Alhasson, Thaer Mhahal, Raja Abed alzehra, Samerah Daaj https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0
Neurobehavioral Impacts of Xylazine and Piracetam Interaction on NADH Oxidase in the Rat Brain
In the present study, the effects of different doses of xylazine combined with piracetam were investigated through different behavioral experiments. Xylazine is alpha 2 adrenergic agonist a veterinary sedative, and analgesic agent. Piracetam is gamma-aminobutyric acid, a nootropic compound, are known to affect brain function and behavior individually. Design: Twenty adults female Wistar albino rats were randomized divided into four equal groups: control, xylazine (5 mg/kg i.p.) group, piracetam (600 mg/kg i.p.), xylazine and piracetam combination group, motor performance was assessed by Open field. Marble Burying, Wire hanging assay tests were done for cognitive and behavioral evaluation. and biochemical parameters NADH oxidase in the brain were done by ELISA. Results: The results of neurobehavioral tests showed significant changes in the treated three groups compared to the control group. While, NADH oxidase level in the brain if there was a significant decrease in the Xylazine group, Piracetam group, and Xylazine & Piracetam group Comparison with the control group.
Keywords: Xylazine, Piracetam, Neurobehavior, NADH oxidase, Brain.
Copyright (c) 2024 Shaker M. Kermasha, Mohammad T. Naqi Al-Bayati https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0
Effect of hazelnut oil on hematological parameters and liver histopathological changes induced by naproxen in local male mice
This study designed to identify the outcome use of naproxen on hematological parameters and liver histopathological changes and the effect of hazelnut oil on these parameters in local male mice. Eighteen mice were divided equally into three groups: and each group involved of 6 mice. The first group is control group which received distal normal saline while the second group was treated with naproxen at 20 mg/kg of mice body weight. The third was group treated with hazelnut oil 3g/kg of mice body weight, after two hours followed by naproxen 20 mg/kg of mice body weight. The experimental study continues for 21 days. The hematological results exhibited a significant decrease in WBC, RBC, hemoglobin and hematocrit at P <0.05 in the second group treated with naproxen compared to the control group. The third group treated with hazelnut oil followed by naproxen showed a significant increase in hemoglobin and hematocrits at P <0.05 compared to the second group but the hematological values in the third group did not show a significant difference compared to the control group. The histopathological results showed normal liver histology in first group the end of the experimental study. The second group which was received the naproxen showed congestion of blood vessels, hemorrhage inflammatory cells infiltration, necrosis and the presence of Kupffer cells. The third group showed a histological appearance of the liver relatively similar to the control group. The hazelnut oil improved the hematological parameters in this study and preserved the histological structures of the liver from being affected by naproxen.
Copyright (c) 2024 Mohammed Abed mahmood https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0
Mini Review: The Strategic Approach of Saponin to Reducing Methane Emissions
Ruminant production is facing a critical period within global agriculture due to unique digestive systems allowing them to utilize low-quality fibre-rich feed, producing the potent greenhouse gas methane (CH4) as a by-product. Methane is eliminated from the atmosphere by eructation. Saponins are secondary metabolites in plant seeds, leaves, bark, and roots. Some saponins were found from legumes and microbial populations, including Quillaja saponaria, Yucca schidigera, Camellia sinensis and Samanea saman. Saponin consists of a lipophilic triterpene or steroid aglycone attached to one or more hydrophilic sugar moieties. Their structural variety has appeared in their chemical and biological properties. Numerous pharmacological aspects of saponin include antifungal, antiprotozoal, anti-microbial, and anti-methanogen effects. More factors are related to the rumen microbe’s power to mitigate the antiprotozoal activity of saponins, such as breeds of animals and the environment. Tannin and saponin having plant species, such as alfalfa are widely utilized because of their beneficial matter and clearly can decrease methane production. The membrane-disrupting action of saponins illustrates their harmful influence on protozoa and the formation of complexes with sterols found in the protozoal cell wall, thereby causing cell lysis. This review aims to understand saponin structural features and focus on the prospect of being a useful resource for researchers in using saponin extract as a bioactive compound in ruminant diets to mitigate greenhouse gas emissions
Copyright (c) 2024 Ghasaq Sami Mshary, Cristina Castillo, Joaquin Hernandez, Rodrigo Muiño https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0
Effect of Inorganic and Nano-zinc oxide on Feed Intake, Weight Gain and Feed Conversion of Awassi Lambs
Zinc is one of the components of many enzymes that performs catalytic, structural and regulatory functions and important in the processes of cell metabolism, regulating appetite, growth and immune function. This research aimed to determine the effect of zinc on the intake and growth data of lamb sixteen Awassi male lambs (4.5-5 months age and 23.38± 0.95 kg body weight) were use. They were divide into four groups. The first group (R1) was fed concentrated feed without additives, while zinc oxide (ZnO) at 45 mg/kg DM of concentrated feed to the rest of the groups: the second group (R2) inorganic ZnO. The third group (R3) commercial Nano-ZnO. The fourth group (R4) ZnO synthesized using green methods. The roughage feed was provide freely throughout the study. The results showed a significant increase in the average daily weight gain (ADG) and total weight gain (TG) for the second group, which respectively reached 156.07 g/day and 10.92 kg compared to 141.07 g/day and 9.87 kg for the first group. The statistical analysis showed a significant improvement in the food conversion ratio from 7.40 g DM/g weight gain (WG) for the control unit to 6.54 g DM/g WG for the group of lambs fed concentrated feed containing inorganic ZnO. The addition of zinc from a non-Nano source led to a decrease in rough feed consumption and an important boost in the lambs' daily and total weight gain, as well as feed conversion ratio.
Copyright (c) 2024 Razzaq sabih maky Baiee, Ali Ahmed Alaw Qotbi, Hayder Mohammed Hassan Habeeb https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0
The Influence of Catechin on Adiponectin and Insulin Resistance in Obese Rats
Obesity represented as an abnormal accumulation of visceral fat. The synthesis of adiponectin has been linked to visceral fat accumulation. Obesity, and cardiovascular disease have all been linked to decreased levels of adiponectin. This study included the effect of catechin administration for 30 days on lipid profile, glucose, adiponectin and insulin serum levels as well as IR of obese female rats. Twenty female rats were conducted to the experiment where divide to four equal groups as; negative normal group received normal diet for all experiment time (60 days); positive obese control group received high fat diet (HFD) for (60 days); GTC-fed group fed HFD; ATV-fed group this group received ATV as cholesterol lowering drug. The significant differences considered at (p < 0.05 with 95% CI). The study revealed that the levels of Total-Ch, triglycerides and glucose were significantly higher in positive than negative control group. Additionally, a significant decreased Total-Ch, triglycerides and glucose level of Catechin treatment group than positive control group. Moreover, a significant reduction of adiponectin means levels obtained in positive control group compared to negative control and Catechin treatment groups. Furthermore, a significant difference of IR obtained between means of positive control group with Catechin treatment group. HDL-C levels were also differed significantly between positive control groups and Catechin treatment group. In conclusion this study exposed a positive influence of catechin administration on obesity lethal factors such as cholesterol, hyperglycemia, IR and the serum concentration of adiponectin in obese female rats.
Copyright (c) 2024 Noaman Albedi, Rasha Hadi Talib https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0
Morphological and Histological Study of the Lung in the Pterocles alchata
The present study was conducted on the Iraqi Pin-tailed Sandgrouse (Pterocles alchata) to study the lung's morphological description and histological structure. This study was used 5 samples of adult male sandgrouse bird. The birds were dissected. The lungs were removed from the coelomic cavity, cleaned to remove impurities, and photographed to describe their morphological features. The samples were fixed using formalin (10%) solution for 36-48 hours and then preserved in alcohol (70%) to prepare the microscopic slides. The results showed that the lung of the Iraqi sandgrouse bird is red in color, has a trapezoidal shape and has three surfaces (costal, visceral, and vertebral). The costal surface shows ribs impressions that extend from the first rib to the sixth rib. Histologically, the microscopic sections of the pulmonary lobule revealed the presence of primary bronchioles lined with ciliated pseudostratified columnar epithelium, resting on a layer of connective tissue interspersed with plates of hyaline cartilage; this layer is known as the lamina propria with the submucosa. The parabronchi occupy more than half the pulmonary lobule volume and are lined with simple squamous epithelium supported by a layer of loose connective tissue followed by smooth muscle tissue. The parabronchi also include halls known as atria, which open at their ends into cones, which in turn connect to a complex network of bronchial and blood tubules, and these structures forming the tissue responsible for gasexchange. In conclusion, our study shows are similar to those observed in most birds have some difference (in color, shape, surfaces, and histological structure).
Pterocles alchata, Bird, Lung, Trapezoid, Parabronchi.
Copyright (c) 2025 Amar Hussein Abd Ali, Nahla A. Al-Bakri , Noor Mohammed Jaafer Hammodi https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0
Hematoprotective Effect of Eugenol against Iron Overload in Male Rats
This study aimed to evaluate the hematoprotective effects of eugenol against iron overload in male rats. A total of 30 rats were randomly divided into six equal groups as follows: the control negative (C-) group I.P injection distal water. The control positive (C+) group received iron dextran (100 mg/kg-BW) I.P injection. The IE1 and IE2 groups received iron dextran 100 mg/kg-BW I.P and eugenol (50,100 mg/kg-BW) orally, respectively, and the E3 and E4 groups received eugenol (50,100 mg/kg-BW) orally. After 30 days of the experiment, the blood was collected to measure the experimental parameters. The results demonstrated a significant increase in RBCs, Hb percentage, WBCs, PCV, and PTL in the C+ group compared to the C- group. Also, there was a non-significant difference between IE1 and C+ in RBCs and Hb. Meanwhile, PCV decreased significantly in IE1 compared with C+. Conversely, the C+ group showed decreased MCV compared with IE1. Microscopic examination of blood smears indicated normal red blood cell morphology in the C- and iron dextran with eugenol-treated groups, while the C+ group exhibited microcytic hypochromic morphology. In conclusion, the ameliorative effect of eugenol against iron overload-induced hematotoxicity is achieved by restoring the hematological parameters near the normal control.
Copyright (c) 2024 Ahmed Mahdi Al-Mashhadi, Nabeel Mohammed Al-Sharafi https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0