Kufa studies center journal (KSCJ): A quarterly scientific journal issued by the Center for Kufa Studies - University of Kufa and is interested in scientific and humanitarian research together, because the Center for Kufa Studies specializes in humanities and scientific sciences and seeks to solve the problems faced by society, as the magazine is divided into five sections: Quranic and jurisprudential studies, linguistic and literary studies, legal, political and economic studies, historical and geographical studies, and continuing education, including applied and field studies. Date of the first issue of the year 2004 Number of issues published in year 4 The number of issues released during the period from 2004 to June 2025 is 76 issues. The magazine is published in Arabic and English. Indexed in : Google scholar , Crossref , Iraq Academic Scientific Journals (IASJ) , Arcif , (ISC) ,EBSCO , Dimensions ,LOCKS ,CLOCKSS,Internet archive, PKP PN ISSN (Print): 1993-7016 ISSN (Online): 2708-728X Frequency: 4 Issues Per year DOI prefix: 10.36322. ORCID: 0000-0003-3304-9620 Arcif 2021Q1 (0.02211) Contact Details: E-mail: kscjournal@uokufa.edu.iq Phone number: +9647819377794 Mail Address: kufa studies center , University of Kufa, P.O Box 21, Kufa, Najaf Governorate, Iraq.
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The Impact of Am pact of American and Soviet Policies During the cold war on international Balance from
The study sheds light on American policies and their role in confronting the rise of the Soviet Union during the Cold War, focusing on international balance and its importance in the political, social, cultural, and economic spheres. It also presents the historical background of the Cold War, explaining the ideological conflict between the capitalist and communist systems and its global impact. The division of Germany into West and East Germany was a significant factor that helped deepen the conflict between the superpowers, affecting the international balance and leading to numerous crises, including the Cuban Missile Crisis. The Cold War cannot be limited to economic and political aspects alone, as it was a global ideological confrontation that coincided with the emergence of a pole—the Soviet Union—that sought to change the world, against a pole—the United States—that believed in its right to global hegemony as an alternative to European countries. The study links the past and the present, especially as we are in the midst of the re-emergence of powerful global poles such as Russia and China, and American attempts to weaken them. It can be said that the Cold War will re-emerge in light of the world's division over various issues.
Copyright (c) 2025 أ.م.د. أنور فاضل الخالدي https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0
The Importance of Contemplation in the Holy Quran (An Analytical Study)
Contemplating the verses of the Holy Quran is a type of methodology that has special foundations and principles. It means trying to understand the wise arrangement of the verses and discover the objectives of the teachings of the Holy Quran. Contemplation differs from thinking and reasoning, and from knowing interpretation, which, from a traditional perspective, is the process of clarifying meanings and explaining the significance and meaning of the text. Contemplation, on the other hand, means diving into the depths of the meanings of the Holy Quran and the connotations of its verses. Contemplating the Holy Quran is reflecting on its meanings, contemplating its principles and consequences. This entails expanding from the verse to the context and the surah to forming an idea in which, with the help of thought and purity of heart, we can understand the sole guiding purpose of each surah and communicate with it. This type of contemplation has great and important results on the path of human perfection. The study addressed the linguistic and technical meaning of contemplation, and then we touched upon the importance of contemplation in the Holy Quran and the noble narrations. The difference between contemplation and interpretation was also discussed, and we also discussed the principles and foundations of contemplation in the Holy Quran. The methodology followed in this research is descriptive analytical approach.
importance of contemplation in the Holy Quran
results of contemplation in the Holy Quran
Copyright (c) 2025 أ.م.د. خالد يونس النعماني https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0
The Role of Sustainable Pedestrian Environment in Walkability in Karbala City Center
There are various and diverse means of transportation, each with its own advantages and disadvantages for the environment. However, walking is considered a healthy means of transportation for humans and the environment. It is non-polluting to the environment and is considered an active means of transportation in urban environments. Therefore, planners must provide a sustainable pedestrian environment that increases the possibility of walking in the streets. Karbala city suffers from neglect in planning pedestrian streets and achieving a sustainable pedestrian environment. Therefore, we assume the achievement of sustainable pedestrian streets that include economic, social and environmental efficiency that increases walkability in Karbala city center. The descriptive analytical approach is used in the research, which aims to extract indicators of a sustainable pedestrian environment based on theories based on pedestrians and study the relationship between these indicators through multiple regression analysis of non-parametric variables and their relationship to the independent variable (walkability) to survey a sample. The research aimed to clarify several concepts such as walkability and review the literature related to pedestrians, then extract indicators for achieving a sustainable environment, and create a questionnaire to demonstrate the strength of expression and the relationship between the indicators and address the analysis of Karbala city center.
Copyright (c) 2025 أ.م.د. سارة محمود الجواري، الباحث علي حسين غافل https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0
God Almighty has commanded us in His Holy Book to verify news before spreading it, and that rumors are a social phenomenon like all phenomena that may appear in a society, and they have been present in all ages, and they grow and flourish with the needs of man in life. The rumor appears simple at the beginning, but it quickly spreads very quickly, causing fear and terror among members of society. Given the situation in Iraq, it was necessary to research the subject of rumors and their impact from various aspects, including the legal aspect, specifically the legal aspect, and we find that the Iraqi legislator has organized this crime under the title of crimes harmful to the public interest. We wanted to know whether the criminal legal texts covered the subject or not and whether the texts were sufficient in terms of preventive or punitive measures and the extent of proportionality and whether they contributed to combating this crime and raising awareness, prevention and treatment, especially after the tremendous and frightening scientific and technological progress and that rumor crimes are intentional formal crimes, as well as crimes of danger in which it is sufficient for the behavior to result in a danger to the right or interest subject to criminal protection, without requiring actual damages, because the danger in itself is a criminal result in the legislative model in state security crimes, whether from the inside or outside.
Copyright (c) 2025 م.د. محمود صالح عاتي الحسن https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0
The Geographical Scope and Its Impact on the Distribution of Tasks and Activities of Civil Society Organizations in Iraq After 2003
The research revolves around studying the impact of the geographical area, with its urban and rural dimension, on the work mechanisms and efficiency of civil society institutions operating in Iraq after 2003, which means that the process of monitoring such an impact - and through statistics, percentages and maps - will reveal to us the process of dimensions of the geographical distribution of civil society institutions in relation to... For the governorates of central, southern and northern Iraq only, but it will also reveal the nature and limits of the tasks, activities and programs that are compatible with the nature of such distribution. In other words, it will reveal the functional and organizational dimension of such institutions, the nature of their activities and programs and their connection to the nature of the geographical space in which such institutions move and spread.
Copyright (c) 2025 م.م. فاطمة علي فخر الدين https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0
The effect of financing structure on value-based financial performance Analytical
The current study seeks to measure the impact of the financing structure, with its sub-variables (equity at book value to total assets, total short-term debts to total assets, market value of shares to total assets, retained earnings to total assets) as an independent variable, on financial performance based on value. , which consists of (economic value added, and monetary value added) As a dependent variable, and determine the type of relationship between the variables of the study, in the industrial joint stock companies, the study sample, and in order to achieve the objectives of the study and answer its questions, the study tested a sample of the joint industrial companies, using the data published on the website of the Iraq Stock Exchange for the period from (2010- 2020) and the sample included (12) industrial companies listed on the Iraq Stock Exchange.
Copyright (c) 2025 أ.م.د. حيدر جاسم الجبوري، الباحث وسام عبد الأمير جواد https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0
The impact of the unified accounting system in Iraq on the transparency of financial data and combating corruption / an applied study on Iraqi government banks
This research aims to study the impact of the unified accounting system in Iraq on the transparency of financial data and combating corruption within the Iraqi government banking sector and to clarify the nature of the unified accounting system in Iraq within the government banking sector. To achieve the research objectives, the descriptive analytical approach was used, the applied aspects of the study topic were addressed and primary data were collected through field research by distributing questionnaires to study the research items and to list and collect the necessary information in the study topic. The study community consisted of employees working in the government banking sector, and through a stratified random sample of 125 employees from various functional and administrative levels in Iraqi government banks. The results indicate the importance of the unified accounting system as a major factor in improving the transparency of financial data and enhancing anti-corruption efforts. Improvements in the unified accounting system can also have tangible positive effects on institutions and society. Based on these results, decision-makers can focus on strengthening and developing accounting systems as part of their strategies to achieve transparency, and integrity and combat corruption effectively.
Copyright (c) 2026 م.م. أحمد محمد إبراهيم، م.م. علاء عبد الزهرة عبيد كاظم، م.م. بهاء محمد جواد حيدر https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0
Ideogram and its appearance in the poster
The current study came with the following question (What is ideogram and how it appears in modern European drawing and its appearance in the poster works of students of the Institute of Fine Arts?), through the goal: to know the concept of ideogram in modern European drawing and the mechanisms of its appearance in the poster works of students of the Institute of Fine Arts, and to achieve the goal of the research, the researchers developed a main hypothesis and three sub-hypotheses branched from it, which are (there are statistically significant differences in the average scores of students of the experimental group in the manifestation of ideogram in the pre- and post-evaluation, through the formal, content and style characteristics), and the first chapter ended with the limits of the study and defining the terms of the title, while the second chapter included the theoretical framework entitled: Ideograms and the arts and branched into three topics: Ideograms conceptually and historically, Ideograms in art, Ideograms in poster art, then the literature of the theoretical framework was concluded with previous studies, and the system of indicators that resulted from the theoretical framework to build the analysis tool. Chapter Three: It included determining the experimental method for the single group for the study within the community of the Design Department at the Institute of Fine Arts for Girls. The experimental design of the study came through the exploratory experiment and the original experiment (pre- and post-test) and statistical means.
Copyright (c) 2026 أ.م.د. صبـا قـيـس اليـاســري، الباحثة زهراء محمد باقر محمد جواد https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0
The participation of Iraqi youth in political work after 2003
The political participation of Iraqi youth has had the greatest impact in achieving many positive achievements such as equality and justice, preventing authoritarianism and controlling political action by one party, or preventing many illegal actions such as exposing corruption and wasting public money, all of which enhance the people’s retention and exercise of power Through his representatives whom he chooses to express his will, and thus it is the practical expression of the voluntary social contract, not only in its theoretical concept, especially since the Iraqi people represent a large proportion of the youth of its population that reaches 60%, as it achieves the peaceful and periodic transfer of power, which creates political stability and is The desired goal that society and the state alike aspire to. As far as this matter relates to Iraq, the researcher focuses on political participation in it. After the fall of the political authority on April 9, 2003, it became possible to practice the process of political participation for young people by releasing political freedoms, so many political groups emerged with youth orientations and civil society institutions with increasing numbers and a great role, and they are among the requirements for the establishment and success of the process of political participation, in addition to Participation of many young people to practice political work by joining political parties, participating in civil society institutions, or participating in elections.
Copyright (c) 2026 م.م. رماح سعد مرهون https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0
Measuring the relationship between banking productivity and financial intelligence for a sample of Jordanian banks for the period 2012-2022
The research seeks to determine the impact of financial intelligence on banking productivity, as well as studying the basic concepts of banking productivity and discussing the various approaches to studying it, which ends up identifying the most important criteria that can be used to measure it, as well as researching the reasons for the decline and rise of banking productivity and identifying possible treatments to reduce those causes. And in line with the research problem, which stipulates (what is the level of banking productivity and financial intelligence? What are the reasons for its decline and increase in the banks in the research sample? What is the effect of changing financial intelligence on banking productivity). Research hypotheses were formulated to study and analyze the relationship between the research variables for the sample banks. The research sample included eight Jordanian private sector banks, namely (Arab, National, Jordan, Jordanian Commercial, Jordanian-Kuwaiti, Housing, Capital Bank, and Investment Bank). Malmquist index to extract values ​​of banking productivity change for the period (2012-2022).
Copyright (c) 2026 أ.د. حيدر جواد كاظم المرشدي، الباحث مصطفى عبد الوهاب محمد https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0
Family Planning and its Impact on Population Fertility in the Holy Province of Karbala
Family planning is a cornerstone of reproductive health services, which in turn contributes to improved women's health. Given the significant role of women in Iraq, stemming from their participation in numerous social, economic, and political spheres, and the urgent need to strengthen and sustain this role to ensure women's full enjoyment of their rights, it is essential to provide them with all possible support through improved health services, particularly those related to family planning. This research aims to conduct a comprehensive study of family planning in the holy city of Karbala. Through fieldwork conducted in the study area, families' attitudes toward family planning, specifically whether they practice it or limit their births, were examined. The results indicate that 50.6% of families practice family planning, with a higher percentage (50.7%) in urban areas compared to 49.4% in rural areas.
Copyright (c) 2026 أ.د. أحمد حمود محيسن السعدي، الباحثة بتول عبد جبار الوائلي https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0
Cognitive intelligence and its role in improving the quality of security serviceAn analytical study of the opinions of a sample of security leaders in the Najaf Governorate Police Command
The current study aims to test the effect of cognitive intelligence in its dimensions (social capital, emotional intelligence, creativity of work teams) in improving the quality of security service in its dimensions (reliability, responsiveness, trust, safety, empathy). The research problem was to test the ability of the organization under study to improve the quality of service. Security through indicators of cognitive intelligence . The study followed the descriptive analytical approach, which is one of the most important and most common scientific research approaches due to the flexibility and great research comprehensiveness that this approach provides, as it contributes to helping the researcher diagnose and study the field reality of the organization being researched in a high manner. Accuracy. The study used the questionnaire as the main tool for collecting data and information about the problem of the study. As for the study sample, our study targeted individuals working in the security leadership in the Najaf Police Command using a comprehensive survey method. Then (138) security leaders in the police command were distributed and (134) were received. With a percentage of (98%) of the number of questionnaires received that are suitable for statistical analysis, one of the most important conclusions that became clear from the results of the field study is the important role of cognitive intelligence as an independent variable in supporting security leaders and providing proposals and solutions to the security problems facing these leaders in their management of the Najaf Governorate Police Command. Relying on indicators of cognitive intelligence because of its important role in improving the quality of security service, and based on the conclusions reached by the study, a set of proposals were presented that are relevant to the organization under investigation, as well as future studies that help other researchers carry out.
Copyright (c) 2026 أ.م.د. عامر عبد كريم الذبحاوي، الباحث زمان منقذ هادي https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0
Absoluteness and restriction between fundamentalist theorizing and legal application
The two terms frequently appear in legal texts and are often used by jurists, who state that the absolute remains absolute unless there is evidence to the contrary. Despite this, we find confusion between the two terms. This is somewhat understandable given the subtle distinction between them, a distinction that may not be readily apparent to the novice student without a precise explanation. Therefore, we have chosen to address the topic in its specifics to highlight the most prominent differences and the finest details with minimal linguistic complexity. The research is structured as follows: Section One: A discussion of their meanings and the use of the absolute in relation to the general. Section Two: The legal status of the absolute and the qualified, and the difference between absoluteness and generality. Section Three: The intended meaning of the preliminaries of wisdom. Section Four: Interpreting the absolute in light of the qualified. Section Five: Practical examples from legal texts.
Copyright (c) 2026 أ.د. جواد أحمد البهادلي ، م.د. أحمد حسن حطاب https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0
The Structural Level in the Visits of the Infallibles in the Book of Kamel Al-Ziyarat - A Stylistic Study -
The visits of the infallibles represent a religious and cultural heritage rich in stylistic and aesthetic characteristics that affect the same recipient, whether a reader or listener, which included visits to the infallible imams (peace be upon them) (Imam Ali, Imam Hussein, Imam Reza, Imam Al-Kazim, and the imams of Al-Baqi') collected by Sheikh Ibn Qawlawayh Al-Qummi in his book, which varied between visits, praise and farewell to the graves of imams (peace be upon them), and we have made stylistics a method for studying visits, because it depends on the analysis of texts and the anatomy of phrases, and reveals the potential of creativity This is what the study seeks, which is a statement of the most prominent stylistic and aesthetic phenomena of the language used by the imams (peace be upon them) and the statement of the displacements that appeared on them, relying on the literary stylistics and stylistics of displacement and benefiting from some theoretical and applied studies to find out the mechanisms of the stylistic approach in the analysis of textsThe research revealed that the structural phenomena at the synthetic level have an important presence, represented in the careful selection of vocabulary and grammatical system in the texts of the visits of the infallibles.
Copyright (c) 2026 أ.د. حسن حميد الفياض، الباحثة تقى محمد سعد https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0
Predicting the financial crisis based on the non-performing loan index using the Box-Jenkins methodology: A study of a sample of banks listed on the Iraq Stock Exchange
The research aims to predict the financial crisis using the Box-Jenkins methodology, representing the research community in the banking sector in the Iraqi Stock Exchange, while the research sample consisted of (4) banks listed on the Iraqi Stock Exchange for a period of 12 years, from (1/1/2011). ) until (12/31/2022), The statistical test represented by the Gretl program was used. The researcher reached a set of conclusions, the most important of which is the possibility of predicting the financial crisis using the Box-Jenkins methodology, and that the best model of the Box-Jenkins models is the (0,0,1) ARIMA model for all banks in the study sample, which is It was used to draw conclusions and predict the financial crisis based on it. The research concluded with a set of recommendations, the most important of which is the commitment of Iraqi banks listed on the Iraqi Stock Exchange to the regulations and laws issued by the Central Bank in order to avoid banking crises and reduce the occurrence of banking risks in the future.
Copyright (c) 2026 أ.د. سالم صلال راهي الحسناوي، الباحث أحمد مهدي كاظم https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0
The legal nature of the dissolution of private higher education institutions (a comparative study)
The administration, in exercising its activities, enjoys certain privileges as a person of public law. It has the authority to issue administrative decisions, but the legislature may impose specific forms and procedures on the administration when issuing certain decisions. Thus, the administration has no choice but to follow the path laid out by the legislation. The decision to dissolve private higher education institutions is one of the most significant decisions issued by the administration, based on the request of the designated entity specified by the legislation. The importance of the dissolution decision lies in its impact on the legal personality, as it terminates the legal personality of private higher education institutions. These institutions are among the key supporters of governmental higher education in managing higher education facilities. Therefore, legislation designates the competent authority to issue this decision and sets the necessary conditions for the administration to issue it in accordance with the principle of legality, thereby safeguarding individuals' rights and serving the public interest.
Copyright (c) 2026 أ.د. صلاح البصيصي، الباحث أنور محمد علي https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0
Teaching and Education in the philosophy of Zain al-Din al-Amili
This research examines the philosophy of Islamic education as a philosophy that derives its scope from the teachings of God Almighty and the educational lessons and guidance He directed to humanity to chart a sound course for life. These teachings are embodied through the ultimate role model, the noble Prophet. The research consists of three sections. The first discusses the life and writings of the philosopher Zain al-Din al-Amili, the second discusses psychological and moral education in the thought of Zain al-Din al-Amili, and the third section deals with science and learning in al-Amili’s thought.
Copyright (c) 2026 أ.م.د. أحلام مجلي شحيل الشبلي، الباحثة سوسن عبد الجليل مطر https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0
Banking merger as an effective means of banking reform in Iraq
The importance of the research was that the large role in supporting the Iraqi banking sector was significant in supporting the Iraqi economy through the possibility of diagnosing and treating struggling banks and their possible merger with other banks for the purpose of improving their efficiency. The study examined the extent to which struggling banks could integrate into the Iraqi banking sector for the duration of the study. (2011-2022) through the analysis and measurement of these banks' indicators for the purpose of improving their penance in the economy through the use of a programmed (Micro-square method) As a Boya model, the premise of this absolute pilgrimage is not to impose its efficiency through the analysis of those banks' financial indicators. (Capital assets liquidity, profits, distressed debts) An easy-to-look set of conclusions has been drawn, most notably: - The merger of struggling banks in Iraq provides them with a great opportunity to avoid the risks of bankruptcy and liquidation, since the merger allows the formation of large-scale banking units, thereby increasing their liquidity and profits. - The study found that struggling banks that can integrate and work towards more efficient entities (economy, Dar es Salaam North, United, Union) and can merge with or between Babylon Bank or other efficient banks in order to form new banks with higher liquidity and greater capital. The most important recommendations were for the Central Bank of Iraq to use its powers to compel frequent banks to combine them with other banks for the purpose of improving the banks' efficiency.
Copyright (c) 2026 أ.د. عقيل شاكر عبد الشرع، الباحث جابر براز عاشق https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0
Women in the poetry of Di'bil al-Khuza'i (d. 246 AH)
This study seeks to draw a clear picture of (Women in the Poetry of Da'bal Al-Khuza'i), as women occupied a wide place in Arabic poetry in different eras, including the Abbasid era, where poets excelled despite the restrictions imposed by society and culture, and among these poets was the poet Da'bal Al-Khuza'i (d. 246 AH), and this study was divided into two sections: The first section was the types of women in the poetry of the poet Da'bal Al-Khuza'i, including: the wife woman, the women of the Household of the Prophet (peace be upon them), the neighbor woman, the female slave... and others, while the second section dealt with the most important poetic purposes in which women were mentioned in Da'bal's poetry, and at the end of the study we reached a conclusion that, despite the poet's upbringing in Kufa, which was distinguished by its religious character, this did not prevent him from discussing women, in their various forms, in addition to the presence of women in his poetic purposes.
Copyright (c) 2026 م.م. أديان نجم عبد الله https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0
The basis of the criminal liability of the president of the republic
The study sought to explain the criminal responsibility of the President of the Republic, and it seemed that the criminal responsibility of the President of the Republic for his personal error was derived from the general rules of criminal responsibility in the criminal law, and in application of the general rules in the criminal law, one of the most important mechanisms for obligating the criminal responsibility of the President of the Republic in addition to the principle of separation of powers and the rule of law. The problematic of the study was to answer the main question, which states: What is the basis for the criminal responsibility of the President of the Republic? The approach used was the descriptive and analytical approach, through which we came out with a set of results and recommendations, the most prominent of which is that the criminal responsibility of the President of the Republic for his personal error is derived from the general rules of penal responsibility in the criminal law, and in application of the general rules in the criminal law, and therefore we recommend the constitutional legislator to find mechanisms This would define the competent authority to accuse the President of the Republic when he committed acts that can be described as high treason.
Copyright (c) 2026 د. محمد خليل صالحي، الباحث زيد الخزرجي https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0
Policy for the success of transitional justice and Iraqi community security
There is a relationship and confidence between transitional justice and community security that is insignificant in societies that have emerged from the dictatorship and are aimed at building a democratic political system based on the foundation of political power and stability. This requirement cannot be achieved without reform, reparation and compensation for the victims from the very fabrication of acceptance and satisfaction of emerging institutions, reflecting civil peace and community security. As far as the Iraqi situation is concerned, the country has emerged from the dictatorship system to begin a new phase of democratization and the recognition of rights and freedoms. It has established many constitutional institutions and legislation that will bring about transitional justice and guarantee these rights in national constitutions and legislation in the post-optimal system, which has had a direct impact on the consolidation of Iraqi community security. Thus, effective steps must be taken through the pursuit of political, economic and social transition plans and the successful integration of Iraqi society.
Copyright (c) 2026 أ.م.د. سعد عبد الحسين الشمري، الباحث رسول كاظم كاطع https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0
The supervisor of the Shubriya School Sayyed Jawad Shubar and his administrative efforts there
The research specializes in studying the religious and intellectual life of Mr. Jawad Shubar, his scientific and literary efforts, and his role،The prominent rhetorician, and the various activities in which he participated. The study deals with the efforts of Mr. Jawad Shubar in managing the Shabriya School and preserving the Islamic scientific heritage left by the scholars of the Al-Shibri family،Shubar and other scholars collected in the library of the Shubriya School.
Copyright (c) 2026 أ.د. علي عبد المطلب علي خان المدني، الباحثة بتول جاسم محمد https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0
Cultural memory in poetry hasab al Shaykh Jaefar
The research deals with the important critical approach labeled “cultural memory,” as it was employed in the creative production of the poet, hasab al Shaykh Jaefar. It is considered one of the necessary things in creating a literary work, and it is one of the important observations that the researcher highlights during his study. Through this study, we notice that it opened horizons to worlds rich In different human sensations and feelings and shed light on the uniqueness and distinction in these worlds. hasab al Shaykh Jaefar, he is one of the The owners of these worlds are filled with fine art and exceptional humanity. Memory is the key to personality, and it is an automatic activity that affects a person. In this case, it is considered implicit and cannot be controlled. On this basis, it is customary to describe memory as a representation of the past and is considered an effort to remember.
Copyright (c) 2026 أ.د. حسن عبد عودة الخاقاني، الباحثة آمنة سليم داخل https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0
Scenes of the Resurrection according to the commentators of the Twelver Shi'a - Al-Tusi, Al-Tabarsi, and Al-Tabataba'i
The Holy Quran mentions numerous scenes of the Day of Resurrection, sometimes in detail and sometimes in general terms. The Quran was keen to describe these scenes because of their psychological and educational impact, which motivates people to reflect, reconsider, and correct their actions. This research is divided into seven sections, each addressing a scene of the Day of Resurrection through presentation, analysis, and an explanation of the views of Shia Imami scholars such as al-Tusi, al-Tabarsi, and al-Tabataba'i, along with the texts and narrations they cited in their works. The research reached several conclusions, including that there are two gatherings on the Day of Resurrection, not one: a gathering from the grave to the place of judgment, and another gathering to Hell. The scene of heads being bowed reflects the turmoil that afflicts the disbelievers and criminals when they stand before God for judgment and witness these momentous scenes. They will appear broken and deeply ashamed of their transgressions in this world, bowing their heads in humiliation, regret, and remorse.
Copyright (c) 2026 أ.د. عقيل جاسم دهش https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0
Mandatory Criminal Provisions in Light of Linguistic Rules A Study of the Iraqi Penal Code No. 111 of 1969
Perhaps the most significant challenge facing legal scholars and practitioners is the interpretation of legal texts in general, and criminal texts in particular. Since the interpretation and understanding of texts depend heavily on a sound understanding of linguistic rules, I found it appropriate to link the understanding of criminal texts with the understanding of linguistic rules. I must mention that some studies have addressed this topic, but most of them were in the field of linguistics, not law. The number of legal studies I found is very small, if not rare. Therefore, this thesis attempts to find a useful place for itself among other studies. I must also mention that I have taken the imperative forms in the texts of the Iraqi Penal Code No. 111 of 1969 as an applied example of what I want to research. These forms are commands, prohibitions, and restrictions, each of which requires adherence and compliance. Regarding the topic, I hope I have presented a scholarly work that will benefit researchers. I do not claim perfection in this research, for perfection belongs to God alone.
Copyright (c) 2026 أ.د. علاء ناجي جاسم، م.م. إنعام صبيح جاسم https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0
Consumer Rights Protection in Electronic Contracts in Iraqi Civil Law
The study aimed to explore the nature and legal nature of an electronic contract, as well as examine the legal provisions governing this type of contract and identify the consumer's legal rights in such contracts. A descriptive-analytical approach was used to achieve the study's objectives, whereby Iraqi legal texts and legislation related to electronic contracts and consumer rights protection were analyzed. The study concluded that Iraqi legislation provides comprehensive protection for consumer rights in electronic contracts, from the pre-contractual stage to the post-contractual stage. In the pre-contractual stage, Iraqi law treats electronic advertisements as an invitation to negotiate unless the advertisement contains accurate information. During the contract conclusion stage, Iraqi civil law guarantees consumer protection from arbitrary terms and grants them the right to amend or cancel unfair terms. During the contract execution stage, the law guarantees consumer protection against hidden defects in the product, as they have the right to demand a return of the product or a price reduction if defects are discovered
Copyright (c) 2025 م.م. سلمان علي حمادي، م.م. شلال ناجي عبيد https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0
The Development of Historical Writing in the Ottoman State
The writing of history in the Ottoman State underwent several stages and transformations in terms of style, methodology, and the diversity of works. From the first half of the 15th century, which marked the birth of Ottoman historiography with the emergence of historical writings, it continued to evolve in connection with the state, its policies, and its prosperity. It was also influenced by the Persian and Arab schools of thought, as well as the sultans’ interest in historical writing. Starting with the Persian Shahnameh style during the reign of Mohmmed Al-fatih , it later developed into an official role during the reign of Suleiman Al-Qanooni . By the early 18th century, it had transformed into an official institution under the name "Vaka-i Nuvislik" (Chronicle Writing) with the aim of documenting the continuous history of the state. In 1909, the Ottoman Historical Society replaced this institution, adopting contemporary scientific principles and standards. Parallel to this, prominent historians emerged, producing independent and rigorous works starting in the second half of the 16th century. Their writings were distinguished by a critical approach to recording events. This trend in historical writing gained momentum during the 17th and 18th centuries. The 19th century, however, marked the beginning of a new phase in Ottoman historiography. Alongside the influence of European styles, notable historians left their mark on methodological development. Additionally, the intellectual and political influences prevalent in the state at the time significantly impacted the development and direction of historical writing.
Copyright (c) 2025 أ.م.د. جعفر أصغر عباس https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0
conomic Dimension of Artificial Intelligence and its reflections on some Economic Sectors: A Study of Bases and Concepts
Artificial intelligence is a recently utilized concept in advanced technologies across various activities, including the economic sector. Its significance lies in its ability to provide financial services with high accuracy, enhance financial inclusion, and achieve high levels of economic well-being. AI applications also impact production processes by improving quality and increasing output. Additionally, AI contributes to the availability of data and information within its economic programs, enabling forecasting and generating economic profits across different economic. It also affects the banking sector by enhancing banking operations, providing financial services, and increasing market competitiveness through automation, which reduces economic costs. Furthermore, AI influences the labor market by contributing to job creation and fostering new work environments and markets through its advanced technologies.
Copyright (c) 2025 م.م. علي عباس عبيد https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0
The Semiotics of Publicity in Contemporary Qur'anic Studies
This research sheds light on one of the most important semiotic trends, which is the semiotics of advertising, according to the approach of this trend, the study of the Qur’anic text was an applied study. This research consisted of three main sections that represent the important topics on which these researches and studies agreed. The first section talks about the concept of the title as an advertising sign in contemporary Qur’anic studies, and the sections of this title, such as being publicized for the entire surah, so the title applies to all verses of the surah, and sometimes it focuses on an important part of the surah, thus denouncing its content or focus. As for the second section, it talks about advertising functions; Therefore, advertising has functions that come according to the position in which it appears, so these functions fall into three categories. As for the informative reporting, and its purpose is merely to inform the recipient, as he does not have the slightest information about the text of the advertising message, or it is modifying, guiding, and its purpose is educational, as the recipient knows the entire thesis, but he does not know how to be guided to it and follow its right path, and sometimes the function is a statement of the situation about a specific party or entity. As for the third section, it dealt with the types of advertising. It is either publicity based on inducement, publicity based on intimidation, or publicity based on description. The focus of the second and third sections revolves around a central point, which is that the Holy Qur’an is a book of guidance and mercy to the worlds.
Copyright (c) 2026 أ.د. أحمد عويز حسين، الباحث حيدر عدنان حمادي https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0
Nuri al-Said and his stances on some Iraqi and Arab issues and his unity projects
During the monarchy (1921-1958), Iraq and the Arab nation witnessed a series of important political transformations that had a profound impact on the future of the region. Nuri al-Said (1888-1958) emerged as one of the most prominent Iraqi politicians who was known for his influential role at the local and regional levels. As a result of the senior government positions he held and his participation in formulating the country's general policies during sensitive periods, he assumed the position of Prime Minister of Iraq several times. His political experience was formed through his early involvement in military and political work, starting as an officer in the Ottoman army. Then he joined the Great Arab Revolt, and then held prominent positions in the modern Iraqi state that was established under the British mandate after 1921 AD. He was distinguished by his diplomatic skill and unprecedented international relations with the countries of the world, which made him a well-known face in regional and international forums, and he is considered one of A prominent supporter of Western policies, especially British ones, this sparked widespread domestic controversy and led to differing opinions on the Iraqi street. Al-Saeed attempted to supervise and implement several political and development projects, including the Fertile Crescent Project, but many of his initiatives faced internal and regional opposition. He played a pivotal role in understanding Iraqi and Arab politics during the first half of the twentieth century.
Copyright (c) 2025 م.م. شيماء رزاق شاكر https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0