The Kufa Journal of Arts is a quarterly scientific journal concerned with publishing research and writings in all fields of human sciences. It is published by the University of Kufa, College of Arts. It is considered one of the best scientific journals for publishing research. This scientific journal publishes paper and electronic copies periodically with services For Iraqi researchers and from different countries of the world in various fields and scientific, literary, educational, legal, Islamic and jurisprudential sciences, humanities, social and historical sciences, and many others. The editor-in-chief of the journal aims for the Kufa Literature Journal to be at the forefront of the scientific journals that contribute to supporting the research and cultural balance and enriching the balance of the Iraqi, Arab and international libraries. ISSN (Print): 1994-8999 - ISSN (online) : 2664-469X
Ottoman Policy Towards the Ak Koyunlu State 1403-1508: A Historical Study
This study seeks to trace Ottoman policy towards the Ak Koyunlu State, from the establishment of the Ak Koyunlu Emirate in 1403 until the fall of its last stronghold in 1508. This policy went through three phases: the first, which lasted until Mehmed the Conqueror's accession to the throne in 1451, was characterized by peace, as both sides were preoccupied with their internal problems. The second phase spanned the period from 1453 to 1473, coinciding with the reigns of Sultan Mehmed the Conqueror and Uzun Hasan, who saw himself as a rival to the Ottoman Sultan. Their relations became strained, and their interests clashed in Trabzon and the Karamanids. Their forces clashed in the decisive Battle of Utluk Balı, which ended in a major Ottoman victory. This marked the entry of the Ak Koyunlu Emirate into a period of weakness and collapse, and Ottoman policy towards the Ak Koyunlu entered another phase, characterized by general peace, with little interference in internal affairs. The Ak Koyunlu Dynasty, and the exploitation of the internal conflict of the Ak Koyunlu Dynasty in favor of the Ottoman Empire, the Ottoman Empire embraced the opposing Ak Koyunlu princes. Until Kudet Ahmed bin Muhammad Uğurlu, son-in-law of Sultan Bayezid II and grandson of Sultan Mehmed the Conqueror, was brought to the top of the power pyramid in the Ak Koyunlu Dynasty. After his murder, the struggle for power in the Ak Koyunlu Dynasty continued until Tabriz fell to the Safavids in 1501, followed by Baghdad in 1508.
Copyright (c) 2026 علي خليل احمد https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0
Man's Criticism and its Applications in the Book (Text and Ijtihad). About Mr. Sharafeddine
As for the main topic of this book, it is the criticism of men and women who interpreted the Qur’an and prophetic texts in a way (interpretation of opinion), following passion and seeking sedition, meaning that it is an indirect criticism of men, i.e. in a way that the interpretation of opinion is reflected in the first interpreting personalities, who interpreted and applied their interpretation because these were They represent religious and political authority, and the offense is also reflected on the narrators who sanctified these personalities and justified their interpretations and considered them part of the constitution of social, religious and devotional life, including the interpretations of Abu Bakr and Omar and their followers, the interpretations of Osman and his followers, the interpretation of Aisha and her followers, and The interpretation of Khalid bin Al-Walid, and the woes of Muawiyah, in addition to what the majority of the nation did.
Copyright (c) 2023 زكاة عبد علي محمد، هناء حسين علوان https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0
Reclaiming the Body and the Land: Ecofeminist Resistance and Postcolonial Female Agency in Chin Woon’s Details Cannot Body Wants
Postcolonial theory has had a significant impact on literary criticism, for the time being, yet, colonial works, especially colonial discourse, have a documented effect on literature. Edward Said noted the play ‘Tempest’ by William Shakespeare as one of the foremost representations of those from the so-called third world’s ‘Other.’ Several plays considered postcolonial works that tackle the influence of colonial discourse and operate against it were cited by Helen Gilbert in the ‘postcolonial plays.’ Gilbert has compiled a list of 19 postcolonial plays that deliberate and address issues such as globalization, media representation, and nationalism. The play ‘Details cannot body wants’ written in 1992 by Chin Woon Ping, covers a wide range of topics from the postcolonial era. However, the mistreatment’s mental effect on subaltern women in postcolonial countries is a crucial topic. The researcher concentrates on the position of women in society in this study, demonstrating the type of coping strategy that allows them to be accepted in their communities. It focuses on some of the critical concepts of postcolonial theory to better describe the role of women subjected to long-term mistreatment. The study examines terms like ecofeminism, marginality, hybridity, and mimicry, utilizing examples from the text to sustain the analysis of the play. The study concluded that women’s roles and positions were persecuted during the colonial period. There is a need for more rights, necessitating revolution and struggle; that is possible, inevitable, and gradually achievable.
Copyright (c) 2026 Ali H. Ali، Sarmad ALAHMED ، Sattar J. Hashim https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0
ضمانات تنفيذ الأحكام الإدارية وتحدياتها دراسة تحليلية
تعد الاحكام الادارية اداة اساسية لتحقيق سيادة القانون وضمان المشروعية في تصرفات الادارة العامة، الا ان تنفيذ هذه الاحكام يواجه تحديات قانونية واجرائية تعيق وصول المتقاضين الى حقوقهم كاملة. تهدف هذه الدراسة الى تحليل ضمانات تنفيذ الاحكام الادارية في النظام القانوني، مع تسليط الضوء على العقبات التي تحول دون التنفيذ الفعال، مثل البطئ الاداري، والقصور التشريعي، وضعف الرقابة القضائية على التنفيذ. اعتمد البحث على المنهج التحليلي الوصفي لدراسة النصوص القانونية ذات الصلة، مع مقارنة بالتجارب الدولية الناجحة في هذا المجال، بغية تقديم مقترحات عملية لتفعيل ضمانات التنفيذ وتحقيق العدالة الناجزة.
الأحكام الإدارية، ضمانات التنفيذ، القضاء الإداري، التحديات القانونية، سيادة القانون
Copyright (c) 2026 علي كريم مجيد https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0
Conflict of texts and the mechanism of their treatment by jurists and legal scholars
This research stems from a primary inquiry regarding the extent of convergence and divergence between the methodologies of Islamic jurists and legal scholars in understanding and handling both religious (Sharia) and legal texts, and whether they originate from the same foundational principles. It focuses on the established fact that jurists rely on the fundamentals of Islamic jurisprudence (Usul al-Fiqh) and the objectives of Sharia (Maqasid) when interpreting any text. This raises questions about the degree to which legal scholars depend on these jurisprudential foundations when interpreting legal texts, and the reasons for their recourse to them, if it exists.The research aims to answer these questions by integrating the theoretical framework of Usul al-Fiqh with practical legal application. It seeks to identify points of intersection and common needs among constitutional and legal legislators, judges, lawyers, and jurists. The study is organized into an introduction that addresses the utilization of Usul al-Fiqh in legal studies, followed by three main sections. These sections discuss the concepts of text and conflict, the criteria for resolving conflicts (Tarjeeh) and the mechanisms of preference used by both jurists and legal scholars, and finally, present practical applied models. The research concludes by summarizing the key findings reached .
Uṣūl al-fiqh; Conflict of evidences (Taʿāruḍ); Tarjīḥ (Preponderance); Islamic jurisprudence; Civil code; Comparative law; Sanhouri; Legal interpretation; Customary reconciliation (Jamʿ); Ijtihād.
Copyright (c) 2026 ا.د. جواد احمد البهادلي، م.د. احمد حسن حطاب https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0
The reality of the demographic characteristics of working children and their families in the Kufa district
The study and knowledge of the population characteristics related to working children in the study area is important in knowing the population structure, gender ratio and age group, and thus linking them to the characteristics and social and economic conditions of children, which reveal to us the extent of the relationship between gender, age and other characteristics related to working children and their families through the collection of information and data that pertain to phenomenon when studied in the field. The demographic characteristics are important in population studies, as they show us the knowledge of the demographic society represented mainly in the qualitative and age structure of the population to show us the numbers of males and females and the age groups in society. Their age structure, as the age group under fifteen years is considered a dependent group by other age groups, and it is not their responsibility to work, but the economic, social and political conditions prevented this, as children under the age of fifteen work in marginal jobs to support their families and thus support Themselves, despite the serious business challenges, they practice it because of their economic need for it.
Copyright (c) 2023 ميثم غلام محمد، أ.م.د. رحيم محمد عبد زيد العبدلي https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0
The impact of the US-Chinese-Russian competition on US foreign policy in the Middle East
This study seeks to provide an explanation for the ongoing shifts in the structure of the international system using the assumptions of the theory of power shift through a case study of the rise of Russia, China and Iran, and whether that rise really represents a shift in the balance of power in favor of either of them at the expense of the United States of America, and the impact of that The rise in their relationship with the only superpower in the world, the United States of America, and the structure of the international system and then the international policies . Through this research, the researcher concluded that the United States of America is part of these regional tensions that took place and are taking place in the countries of the Middle East, and that it has a hand in pulling the vision of the Belt and Road in another direction to limit Chinese influence . The researcher also concluded through her study that the United States of America endeavors to direct Iraq to new steps towards curtailing competing countries such as China, Russia and Iran.
Copyright (c) 2023 جنان فخري حسن الشمري، الاستاذ الدكتور مجيد حميد البدري https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0
((The Poetry of Wisdom in the Court attributed to Imam Ali, peace be upon him, an intertextual analytical study))
This research, which is entitled ((Poetry of Wisdom in the Court attributed to Imam Ali, peace be upon him, an intertextual analytical study)), studies the poetry of Imam Ali and the purpose of wisdom has a study based on the analytical method, and compares its meanings and contrasts with the texts of wisdom of Imam Ali, peace be upon him himself, and with hadiths The honorable prophethood of the Messenger Muhammad, may God’s prayers and peace be upon him and his family, and based on the honorable Quranic verses, So the researcher started first by defining the meaning of (wisdom linguistically and idiomatically), then the types of wisdom, its virtues, its effects, the head of wisdom, the sums of wisdom, the characteristics of the wise, what the wise should and should not, anecdotes of judgment..)) This research is of great importance because Imam Ali, peace be upon him, is the repository of wisdom and its mineral, so he almost never has words devoid of wisdom, for he is the master of rhetoric, and he is the master of the language and leans towards it. Wisdom is studied in an intertextual analytical study in the first chapter of wisdom through the rule of Imam Ali, peace be upon him, the hadith of the Prophet, and the Qur’anic verses that speak of wisdom and classifying them objectively according to the above divisions, while in the next two chapters he divided the rule according to its purposes and explained it in an analytical explanation intertextually by mentioning a verse of the imam and then adding The researcher explained, then mentioned the wisdom of Imam Ali, which is supported by a prophetic hadith, then a Quranic verse in the same way
Copyright (c) 2023 صلاح جهام عبد الفاضل الشبلاوي، الدكتور حسين ناضري، الدكتور أحمد رضا حيدريان شهري https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0
The claim of the legendary origins of the personality of the Prophet Yunus, peace be upon him) in the Holy Qur’an
As usual, non-religious people try to find loopholes - according to their perception - to slander the divine religions, and the Islamic religion in particular, so they took the incident of the whale swallowing Yunus (peace be upon him) as a door to slander this historical religious figure, claiming that it was derived from ancient myths such as the Greek myth of Hercules, who was swallowed by the Houthis for three days. Then he escaped after that, and from the legend (Uanis), and other legends that speak of the order of the whale swallowing the hero.
Copyright (c) 2023 زينب حيدر حسن الركابي، أ.د. محمد حمزة الشيباني https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0
Summary: Al-Fudayl bin Yasar is one of the companions of the imams (peace be upon them). Al-Sadiq (PBUH), his death in the last decade of the life of Imam Jaafar Al-Sadiq (d. 148 AH) (PBUH), and he is one of the trustworthy companions, whom the gang gathered to believe him, and he is the trustworthy eye of Jalil Al-Qadr, and he is one of the scholars, jurists and presidents from whom the lawful is taken And the forbidden and the rulings that are not challenged, and there is no way to disparage one of them, and that the family of Al-Fudayl bin Yasar is one of the scholarly families that is attested for its closeness to the imams of the family of the House (peace be upon them), and its transmission of the hadiths of the imams, the pure and the heritage, and the testimony of the scholars of the men with their trustworthiness and honesty, in addition to mentioning the participation of Al-Fudail Thawra Zaid bin Ali (PBUH), and his novels in the four books.
Copyright (c) 2023 Fatima Hizam Shadhan, Prof.Dr.Uday Jawad Ali Al-Hajjar https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0
The News policy and its role in the water crisis in Iraq with neighboring countries
The study summarizes the news and media role on the problem of exploitation of rivers and waterways between countries that share river courses, such as the Dijla and Al-Furat rivers, which are shared by Turkey, Iran, Iraq, and Syria. These are among the historical and recurring problems that have generated many crises and problems among countries, which They were called (water wars) because of the lack of water flow as a result of human interventions or weather conditions such as high temperatures and lack of rain and snow that sparked these water conflicts. Here, the media side has a major role through various news outlets to shed light and contribute to bringing viewpoints closer together. States sharing water and estuaries, and mechanisms for dealing with news in bringing viewpoints closer together and highlighting local and international events and positions in news and cultural media channels, which contributes to achieving the goals, which is reaching a state of understanding and cooperation between those countries and societies to clarify the nature of the laws that relate to the riparian and shared countries. With each other in the mouths of the rivers and their sources, it is therefore necessary for the media to focus on international and local laws and legislation regarding the management and regulation of the course of the Tigris and Euphrates rivers and the branches that feed these two rivers and the historical rights of those people to reach a fair distribution of water shares approved by international laws and norms.
Copyright (c) 2025 أكرم جفات كريم ، حامد حسينيان https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0
Lebanon's foreign policy towards the Arab region during the era of Camille Chamoun's government 1952-1958 AD.
Lebanon's oreign policy toward the Arab region during the period o research (1952-1958) passed through phases and stages o crisis and détente according to the internal, regional and international changes. The issues o the sectarian conlict in Lebanon ormed actors that control the behavior o Lebanon's oreign policy toward the Arab world. Lebanon, which has been governing the country and its oreign policy o belie and a sense that the relationship o this kind will be or may develop results not in avor o Lebanon . At a time when Lebanon's oreign policy towards the Arab region was proceeding well and progressively in the early stages o the independent Lebanese state, unless the details o that stage aected Lebanon's independence away rom the proposals o the Arab ederations and ederations that were rejected and denounced by the Lebanese leaders, with the exception o the Arab League projects attributed the role o Lebanon and the Arab and paved the way because Lebanon takes its place among the privileged Arab states, was Lebanon's role in the settlement o projects over the Arab-Israeli conlict - a pivotal role clear and was at the oreront o Arab countries that have contributed to The solutions to the tireless problem . Hence, it was natural that the Lebanese government to declare their support and recognition o any political change gets in the orm o organization and uniy the work o the Arab countries, and stand deduced rom all projects and agreements that bring outside the scope o that organization . But this positive role did not stand in the way without giving Lebanon's strong opposition to any Arab drat unitary intervention this government, or any military movement or a coup would destabilize the Arab region
Copyright (c) 2025 عقيل زاهر سلمان، علي عظم محمد https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0
Condorcet and his method of writing history (1743-1794)
The research touched on the most prominent thinkers of the Enlightenment era in the field of history, how to write historical events, and the emphasis on following a historical approach and benefiting from the history of the past. He was influenced by thinkers in Europe, including Montesquieu and Jean-Jacques Rousseau, and that the idea of ​​history for him to advance the methodology of studying history is important in terms of time, place and people, and studying the transition of man from isolation and nomadism and the gradual development of the course of societies and events that man went through, and that progress does not depend on guesswork but rather on fixed laws according to the course of development of events and enlightenment and studying history according to a methodology that helps to understand history.
Copyright (c) 2025 احمد عبد الرضا رحمن صالح العميدي https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0
Groundwater Resources Management in the Eastern Moroccan Steppes: Agricultural Exploitation Pressures and Sustainability Challenges – A Case Study of the Tafrata Plain
Morocco, in its arid and semi-arid regions, faces increasing challenges in water resource management, impacting important economic sectors. These challenges are closely linked to environmental, social, and economic factors. These regions are characterized by low rainfall, making them vulnerable to recurring droughts that negatively impact water availability. At the local level, the eastern steppe regions are most affected by water scarcity for several reasons. The Tafrata Plain in eastern Morocco is one of the regions facing severe environmental challenges related to water resources, as indicated by the study results. This is due to its latitudinal location in a semi-arid climate that relies heavily on groundwater resources for human exploitation. This has led to a decline in groundwater levels due to the overexploitation of wells, especially in light of the spread of commercial agriculture that requires large quantities of water. Achieving sustainability in the study area remains linked to the need to strengthen participatory water resource management and support local populations in adopting agricultural practices that are less water-intensive, ensuring the preservation of these vital resources within the framework of sustainable agricultural development.
Copyright (c) 2025 إسماعيل بوݣلبة https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0
Calculating the water deficit using the climatic water budget in Al-Muthanna Governorate for the period (2000-2021)
This The study of the climatic water balance is one of the most recent and extremely important studies because it is directly related to the climatic elements and its impact on the amount of latent evaporation / transpiration. Mathematical equations according to my method (Najib Kharoufa, and Ivanov). The research found that the study area suffers from a water deficit (monthly, seasonal, and annual), which increases in the summer and decreases in the winter. evaporation basins in the stations.
Copyright (c) 2023 سحر مجهول هارون كاظم البياتي، عدنان عودة فليح الطائي https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0
Forms of construction in the poem of the two part of (Mahdi Harith Al-Ghanimi, Aref Al-Saadi, Imad Jabbar)
This research deals with the issue of construction as an element of the poetic form in the poem of the two parts, and the researcher has chosen poetic texts for three of the poets (Mahdi Harith Al-Ghanimi, Aref Al-Saadi, and Imad Jabbar) as a model in their vertical poems. The three poets by the modern constructivist forms that have emerged in modern Arabic poetry or not, and if there is an influence that has occurred in those texts, then what are the limits that the poetic form allows in the poem of the two parts to represent the structural forms that were common in the ancient Arab poem, especially since the three poets They write in more than one poetic form, and if those vertical poetic texts comply with those modern structural forms, Does this mean that the poets were subject to a conflict within them between those forms in which they write, and if the poet employs structural forms that are common in another form, such as tafel poetry in his vertical poem, this may mean that the poet may write his vertical poem consciously of the tafel poem, then it is There is an overlap between the forms for one poet, and this does not mean that there are no differences between the three poets in the way they construct the poem, as there is a distance separating each one of them, according to the different visions between them.
Copyright (c) 2023 علي محيسن عبد الله، عبد الله حبيب التميمي https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0
The rule of replying to the Qur’an is similar to its court according to Sheikh Al-Tusi in his interpretation of Al-Tibyan
The arbitrator and the similar are among the topics of the sciences of the Qur’an and its main research, its importance has emerged due to the position it occupied in the path of research, interpretation and legal deduction in general and the creed in particular, as the arbitrator and the similar have a common origin in interpretation, jurisprudence, its origins, beliefs, and hadith, so his research was abundant . According to the imams (peace be upon them) and scholars from the exegetes and theologians, in its importance the Prophet (peace and blessings of God be upon him and his family) says: Learn the Qur’an, and learn its strangeness, and its strangeness: its obligations, and its limits. And similar, and proverbs, so work with the lawful, and leave the forbidden, and work with the arbitrator, and leave the similar, and consider the proverbs Also, the failure to return the similar to the arbitrator leads to an incorrect understanding that leads to a legal problem of doctrinal, as in the cases of embodiment, and leads to contradiction and difference in the interpretation of the verses of the Noble Qur’an and distance from the truth that must be followed. And he carried it to its meaning without making it contradict what the Almighty said in the description of the arbitrators (they are the mother of the book) and the mother: She is the one from which it begins and to it is its reference. This rule and its impact were clarified through two demands
Copyright (c) 2023 فاطمة محمد علي، أمل سهيل الحسيني https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0
The role of human activity in the formation of land forms and surface manifestations (Karbala Governorate as a model)
Interest in the role of human active in the formation of the Earth's surface and its direct and indirect interference in geomorphological processes, such as weathering, sculpture and sedimentation began in the twenties of the twentieth century, especially in the Western world. agent), as well as his similar article in 1923, in which he compares natural erosion (Natural denudation) and human erosion (Human denudation), pointing out that man as a factor of erosion much stronger than the forces of air erosion combined. The human being is a key factor in changing the surface manifestations of the Earth, has worked on the formation and modification of the Earth's surface to varying degrees depending on its activity in a region, and the degree of response of the terrestrial manifestations of human activity, so we have different forms of land, including what is entirely due to him as a geomorphological factor, including what contributed In changing it and adjusting it. The intervention of man in changing the appearance of the earth and the composition of the forms of the earth, was not directly, but it was through stages like other geomorphic factors that formed the surface manifestations of the earth
Copyright (c) 2023 اسيل سامي مجيد، أ.د حسين جعاز ناصر الفتلاوي ، أ.د عايد جاسم حسين الزاملي https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0
Arguments establishing the structure of reality in the poetry of Al-SharifFalah Al-Kadhimi died 1220 AH - Praise of Imam Ali (peace be upon him) - as a model.
This research aims to work on the arguments that establish the structure of reality in the poetry of Al-Sharif Falah Al-Kazemi, who died in 1220 AH. It came in an introduction, an entrance, and two requirements. The first: includes the argument of the witness that establishes the structure of reality, and the argument of the witness in the poetic argumentative discourse of the poet Al-Sharif Falah Al-Kazemi. The second requirement: includes the argument of the proverb that establishes the structure of reality, and the argument of the proverb in the poetic argumentative discourse of the poet Al-Sharif Falah Al-Kazemi, then arriving at the conclusion and the results of the research until the end with a list of sources and references according to the alphabetical letters.
Copyright (c) 2025 مجيب عيدان جبر https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0
Description of Karbala in the Writings of the Iranian Traveler Mirza Saif al-Dawla in 1863 AD
Travel has existed since the dawn of humanity and has played a vital role in geographical exploration among nations and people. It also serves as a means of connection and interaction between different cultures, contributing to mutual understanding, particularly in matters related to language, customs, and traditions. Travelers have taken diverse paths and possessed varied backgrounds and lifestyles. Some were scholars and religious figures, others were passionate wanderers, and some were adventurers driven by the desire to uncover the unknown lands and peoples. Others traveled for political or economic purposes. Regardless of their objectives, travel accounts have always been significant, as they documented and described many events and places that were visited and observed. Without these journeys, the Western world, and the hole world either، would not have been able to gain insight into Iraq's conditions in the past or its abundant resources across various fields. As a result, many travelers visited Iraqi cities, including the holy city of Karbala. The esteemed status of Karbala among both Muslims and non-Muslims has prompted numerous historians, writers, poets, travelers, and Orientalists from various religions, sects, and ethnicities to praise the city, visit it, and explore its shrines and landmarks—foremost among them the majestic shrine of Imam Hussain (peace be upon him) and his brother Abu al-Fadl al-Abbas (peace be upon him). Among the notable figures who visited the holy city of Karbala was the Iranian traveler Mirza Saif al-Dawla, who visited in 1863 EC. His aim was to document and observe this ancient city, its heritage, and its landmarks—particularly the shrines of Imam Hussain (peace be upon him) and his brother Abu al-Fadl al-Abbas (peace be upon him).
Copyright (c) 2025 علياء سعيد إبراهيم https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0
Religious Experience in the Thought of Abdul Karim Soroush
One of the fundamental issues and pillars upon which this scientific research is based is the clarification that religious experience is a philosophical vision that expresses the human relationship with God Almighty through a subjective experience filled with emotions and feelings expressed by the individual toward the invisible or sacred absolute. We will also attempt to shed light on the Iranian thinker Abdolkarim Soroush's view of the religious experience, which he relied on studying this experience through its connection to revelation from the prophets. We can also clarify the most important objections directed at Abdolkarim Soroush regarding the subject of revelation and its connection to the religious experience. These objections contradict religious teachings according to Islamic law, which considers revelation to be the words revealed by God Almighty. The evidence for this is the numerous Quranic verses that prove this. In addition to the above, we can clarify the following through this study: Clarify whether the religious experience is a personal, subjective experience that all people can experience. Clarify whether revelation originates from the words of God Almighty revealed to the prophets, or whether it is a private experience that everyone can experience. Remove the dust from the true image of the concept of revelation, given that revelation is revealed by God Almighty to the prophets.
Copyright (c) 2026 نجم عبدي سلّو https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0
The Effectiveness of a Digital Knowledge-Based Training Program in Developing E-Learning Skills Among Mathematics Teachers
Abstract: This study aimed to investigate the effectiveness of a digital knowledge-based training program in developing e-learning skills among mathematics teachers. To achieve this, the researcher adopted a quasi-experimental approach. The study tools included an E-Learning Skills Checklist, a Cognitive Achievement Test, and a Practical Performance Observation Card for E-Learning Skills. Additionally, a digital knowledge-based training program was designed. The study sample consisted of 30 in-service mathematics teachers enrolled at the Teacher Training Institute in Dhamar Governorate. The study yielded several key findings: Mathematics teachers exhibited very low levels of e-learning skills prior to the intervention. Statistically significant differences (\(p < 0.05\)) were found between pre-test and post-test scores in favor of the post-test for both: The knowledge achievement test, confirming the program’s effectiveness in developing cognitive e-learning skills. The practical performance observation card, confirming its effectiveness in developing applied (performance) e-learning skills. The study recommended: The study recommends integrating the designed training program into mandatory professional development plans for mathematics teachers to enhance their e-learning competencies.
Copyright (c) 2025 نايف علي صالح الابرط https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0
Responsibility of Transnational Cybercrimes According to the Rules of International Law
This research aims to analyze the contemporary legal challenges related to transnational cybercrimes in light of the rules of international criminal law. With the escalation of this phenomenon, it has become necessary to deconstruct traditional concepts of responsibility, jurisdiction, and sovereignty. The study is based on the hypothesis that the classical international legal system fails to accommodate the non-geographical and intangible nature of cybercrimes, necessitating profound conceptual and legislative reforms. The research adopts a descriptive-analytical approach to detail the legal nature of cybercrimes, analyze their elements, and the foundations of liability both individually and internationally. It also highlights technical and procedural challenges in evidence and tracking, and the absence of a comprehensive international agreement despite United Nations and regional initiatives. The study concludes by presenting a comprehensive vision for updating international rules to hold perpetrators of cybercrimes accountable, emphasizing the importance of international cooperation and legislative regulation to prevent impunity and ensure the security of digital communities.
Copyright (c) 2025 محمد جبار جدوع العبدلي، حيدر جمعة منجي النصراوي، حــــسام هاتف مسلم، أنسام عبد الواحد ناصر https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0
Tourism in the western part of the Eastern Rif (northeastern Morocco): Important qualifications and promising prospects for territorial development
Tourism is considered a social, geographical and economic phenomenon that witnessed rapid developments immediately after World War II, due to its benefiting from the developments taking place in various fields, especially in the field of transport (air and sea), the emergence of modern technology and the increasing influence of globalization. Therefore, many countries in the world paid clear attention to the tourism sector due to Due to its close relationship with economic development and its effective contribution to developing the economies of countries that have distinguished tourism qualifications and resources, given that tourism constitutes one of the most important economic activities in the world, It contributes to creating many job opportunities for young people, whether in the sector itself, such as restaurants and hotels, or in traditional activities and sectors that market their production to tourists. For tourism to play its full role, many possibilities must be available, ranging from natural possibilities represented by geographical data such as landscapes, mountains, beaches and rivers to historical monuments, local customs and traditions...etc. In this regard, the western part of the eastern countryside offers various tourism components that will enable, If it is prepared and the roads leading to it are paved, it will make it an important destination for national and international tourism.
The western part of the eastern countryside
Copyright (c) 2025 محمد القلوشي https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0
Learning Loss During Remote Learning Amid the War on the Gaza Strip and Strategies for Mitigation from the Perspective of Al-Aqsa University Students
The phenomenon of learning loss, also known as educational loss, is considered one of the serious problems facing the education sector worldwide, and especially in the Gaza Strip. The ongoing war on Gaza since October 7, 2023, has affected all sectors, with education being one of the most impacted. From the very first day of the war, the onset of hostilities led to the disruption and cessation of learning, causing damage on various levels within the educational community. This has made it necessary to search for immediate solutions to ensure the continuity of education by any means possible. Among these solutions is the shift from traditional education to remote learning, which has involved the use of digital technology to reach learners, despite the lack of preparedness and readiness from both teachers and students.
Copyright (c) 2025 فاطمة نعمان عابد https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0
Eco-Linguistics in Actions: Using Environmental Themes to Foster English Language Skills Through Contextual Learning in High Schools
This study examines the combination of environmental linguistics and English language teaching, noting the importance of environmental topics in enhancing language skills through contextual learning. The present study employed a mixed-methods approach. The study aimed to designing contextual learning plan, which focus on real-world connections and relevance, easily can be used to engage eco-linguistic matters into high school English teachers’ lesson plans. Also finding out the effect of using environmental themes to enhance English language skills for high school students through contextual learning as well as assessing students’ experiences of incorporating eco-linguistic content into their English classes and enhancing their ecological realization. Finally, exploring students’ motivation through eco-linguistic content. A total of 150 fourth intermediate female students from three high schools located in Baghdad/Al-Karkh (1st): AlYarmuk, AlNidhal, and AlMamoon High Schools for female students were chosen to be the sample of the study. Each school with 50 students divided equally on two groups to be the experimental group who taught according to environmental themes approach and the control group who taught according the conventional approach. Data collected from high school students in Iraq by designing lesson plan rich with environmental themes, constructing pre-test, post-test, conducting focus group discussion and motivation questionnaire. The results of this study indicate a significant improvement in language skills and increased environmental realization among participants. This study shows practical strategies for teachers to apply eco-linguistic language topics to their curriculum, boosting both language development and ecological realization.
Copyright (c) 2025 حنان ضياء الصالحي https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0
International Environmental Law and Biodiversity Protection: A Study of the Effectiveness of International Agreements and Iraqi Legislation
The study focuses on the relationship between environmental law and its protection. Biodiversity represents an effective tool for achieving sustainable development goals, both present and future, at various levels, most importantly those related to long-term food security and human health. The protection of biodiversity within the framework of international law is a critical issue that has received international attention due to its economic, developmental, and social dimensions for humans, especially with the tragic rise in extinction rates, which has heralded a global biological crisis. All of this has prompted the international community to sound the alarm and take action to protect this diversity on the ground by holding conferences and concluding international and regional agreements that provide permanent protection for this diversity and rationalize its exploitation. This research reviews proposals and strengthens solutions for environmental compliance. It is based on an analysis based on the texts of relevant international agreements and all Iraqi legislation, supported by recent legal studies.
Copyright (c) 2025 محمد حاكم مايح الجبوري https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0
The stability of the political system and its impact on mechanisms to combat extremism and terrorism - Iraq after 2003 is an example
Political stability is a state sought by all the peoples of the world and their political systems to provide an environment for security, development and prosperity, but there is something that undermines the process of stability and security that everyone aspires to as a strategic goal, for the sake of a stable social, political and economic life that is not disturbed by the use of violence and extremism that leads to terrorism and the shedding of innocent blood. With the presence of hotbeds and incubators that support extremism and prevent a safe and stable life for the citizen to enjoy, he moves from a state of stability to displacement and flight from the oppression of terrorist groups, moving from one place to another out of fear for himself, his family, and his transferred savings. It is clearly noted that after (April 9, 2003) and the change of the political regime in Iraq, the pace of acts of a terrorist nature and the use of violence against defenseless innocents began to increase widely, and the levels of extremism of its various types began to gradually increase, whether extremism at the level of religion, thought, or politics, from During the rise in hate speech and extremism that threatened the security peace of society and the state of political stability of the ruling regime, armed extremist groups began to appear little by little under various names, committing the most horrific and heinous murders against the Iraqi people and humanity as a whole. This research was to study this phenomenon and determine the possibility of treating it through specific tools and mechanisms, using the systems analytical approach to explain extremism and what it reflects on the state of political stability, through several topics and a conclusion, and the results that the research led to indicate the humanitarian crises and political instability that the Iraqi people have suffered from. And the shedding of innocent blood due to extremism and the armed actions of terrorist groups.
Copyright (c) 2025 صلاح حسن حمود ، زهراء فاهم حسن https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0
Internet addiction among university students A field study of a sample of students from the internal departments of the University of Kufa
This study dealt with a sample of (50) university students living in the internal departments of the University of Kufa. They were administered the Young Addiction Test (Ibrahim, 2019), through which the researcher aimed to know the level of Internet addiction among the sample members, and to work on developing a counseling program for students who have symptoms of addiction. For the Internet, where 34% of the students had symptoms of excessive Internet use at times, and 6% had Internet addiction. The study also showed some behavioral manifestations that appeared among the sample members, represented by frequent staying up late among the sample members due to Internet use, at a rate of 98% of them. There are also feelings that push students to use the Internet as a safe haven for them to get away from their boring lives, at a rate of 60%, in addition to the inability to regulate time while using the Internet, at a rate of 66%. While the study showed that the sample members’ opinions regarding their use of the Internet did not affect their academic achievement at a rate of 56%, and that their colleagues are not bothered by their use of the Internet at any time, with a very small percentage of 2% being bothered by them, in addition to the lack of interest and complaints on the part of others regarding the level of use. Of the sample’s Internet users, 58% of whom were not followed up while using the Internet, and therefore there is a lack of follow-up and oversight by community institutions on these students. Hence, the study recommended that there is an urgent need to develop guidance programs to get rid of Internet addiction among young people, especially university students, including those residing in the departments Interior.
Copyright (c) 2025 علي كاظم محمد https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0
L’analyse critique de la structure narrative dans Hérodias de Gustave Flaubert
في هذه المقالة تكتب بدراسة قراءة للبنية السردية لحكاية هيروديا الفلسطينية غوستاف فلوبير. تعتمد الدراسة على مبادئ علم السرد لتحليل التفاصيل المختلفة والبنى السردية التي استخدمتها فلوبير في بناء قصته الواقعية. ويمر التحليل بتسع مراحل، من البداية إلى مجسم السرد، مع تسليط الضوء على الكاتب لقراءة التجربة. وتناقش الدراسة أيضًا اختيار الراوي ووظيفته السردية، مع تسليط الضوء على معرفة المعرفة التي لا تستطيع بفهم القصة. ويسلط التحليل النقدي، من خلال تحليل هذه العناصر، الضوء على إتقان فلوبير السرد وفحص خصوصيات الرواية الواقعية في هذه الحكاية.
Copyright (c) 2025 حيدر صادق كريم، ميس مازن سهام https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0