Monitoring T-2 and HT-2 Toxin Contamination in Broiler Feed: A Four-Year Survey in Duhok Governorate, Iraq (2020–2023)

Abstract

Trichothecene mycotoxins of the type A group—specifically T-2 and HT-2 toxins—are highly toxic metabolites produced by Fusarium species and are common contaminants in poultry feed, posing risks to animal health and food safety. This study evaluated the occurrence and concentrations of these toxins in broiler feed collected from farms in Duhok Governorate, Kurdistan Region, Iraq, over a four-year period (2020–2023). A total of 278 feed samples were analyzed using a commercial enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA). Mean toxin concentrations showed a significant downward trend, declining from 85.53 µg/kg in 2020 to 32.45 µg/kg in 2023. Despite this reduction, considerable variability was observed, with the highest concentration in 2023 reaching up to 935 µg/kg, well above the European Commission guidance value of 250 µg/kg. Although average levels across the four years (32.45–85.53 µg/kg) remained below regulatory thresholds, sporadic high contamination represents an ongoing threat to poultry health and a potential source of toxin residues in poultry products. These results underscore the need for routine feed surveillance and improved storage practices, and support the development of a national mycotoxin monitoring policy to strengthen feed safety in Iraq.