Relationship Between Trace Element Dysregulation and Lipid Profile Alterations in Male Infertility: A Case-Control Study

Abstract

Background: Infertility is a significant international health problem with significant medical, psychological and socioeconomic consequences, and the World Health Organization estimates it to be the third most common health challenge after cancer and cardiovascular diseases. Aim of this study: This study aimed to evaluate how abnormalities in lipid profiles and key trace elements such as Zinc (Zn), Copper (Cu) and Lead (Pb) affect male fertility, especially in terms of their effects on spermatogenesis, sperm maturation and motility and their general functionality. In addition, the study investigates the negative influence of lipid metabolism disorders on the quality and quantity of sperm which are usually caused by unhealthy eating habits. Methods: The sample was 320 married men aged 20-40 years who participated in a case-control study in June 2024 to February 2025 in Najaf province. The men were grouped into two categories: 220 infertile men and 100 fertile men who acted as a control group. Anonymous questionnaires were used in gathering demographic information, lifestyle, and medical histories. The Ethics Committee of Al-Sadr Medical City in Najaf gave the ethical approval and all participants signed an informed consent. Sperm concentration, motility, viability, morphology, volume, and liquefaction time of semen samples were analyzed. Venous blood samples (3–5 mL) were collected and stored at −20°C for subsequent analysis. Zinc content was determined by means of spectrophotometry, lipid (Cholesterol, HDL, triglycerides) by means of Cobas c 111 and Copper and Lead by means of atomic absorption spectrophotometry. Results and Conclusions: The analysis showed that the total cholesterol, triglycerides, copper, and lead levels were much higher in infertile patients, whereas zinc and HDL levels were significantly lower. These results indicate a possible connection between lipid and metal imbalances and infertility and the need to pay attention to these biomarkers to reduce the related risks.