Comparison between the books of Muawiyah and Imam Ali's responsefrom the perspective of systematic linguistics Epistle 62 from Tammam Nahj al-Balagha as an example

Abstract

In its analysis of texts, “systematic linguistics” started from considering language as a means of communication, and in order to activate it, the speaker needs to arrange his speech in order to be able to draw the attention of others and convey the speech in a clear and simple manner. For this reason, he must use language functions to express meaning through the transitive system, which represents a grammatical means that transfers mental meaning into grammatically clear speech. This article, by relying on the descriptive-analytical approach, attempted to compare the book of Muawiyah with the book of Imam Ali as a response to the book of Muawiyah, adopting the views of the scholar “Halliday” in achieving this. This study aims to describe the six types of operations and identify the most frequent operations and their significance in the two books. The study ultimately concludes that the six types of processes are present in their speech, with a difference in the number of uses of each of them, as the material process occupied a first place in the book of Imam Ali, while the mental process achieved a first place in Muawiyah’s speech, and the use of this How many types of operations It has special semantic reasons. This analysis also shows that Halliday's theory can be applied to all situations, cultures, and at any time.