Vitamin D Status among Women of Childbearing Age Attending Primary Health Care Centers in Al-Najaf Governorate, Iraq

Abstract

Background: Vitamin D is crucial for metabolism and various health consequences, including immune function and bone mineralization. Adequate vitamin D levels are critical throughout pregnancy and lactation. Purpose: To determine vitamin D status and its associated determinants among childbearing age women in Al Najaf, Iraq. Methods: A cross-sectional study was conducted from April 1, 2024, to May 1, 2025. This study was conducted among women of reproductive age attending primary healthcare centers. Ninety women who attended primary health care centers were involved in this study if they fulfilled the inclusion criteria and agreed to participate. Information was gathered through same-day interviews and blood draws. Data on age, body measurements, smoking status, and duration of breastfeeding were collected using a questionnaire. Vitamin D levels in the blood were assessed using an immunofluorescence assay. Results: The results were considered significant if the P-value was equal to or less than 0.05.   Implications: It was found that 61 women (67.8%) and 23 (25.6%) were 25(OH) D deficient and insufficient, respectively, whereas only 6 (6.7%) were sufficient. Vitamin D deficiency was found in 45.9% of pregnant women and 44.3% of lactating women. 25-hydroxyvitamin D deficiency was more common in obese individuals (40.6%) (p<0.001), urban residents (59%) (p=0.013), older than 25 years (59%) (p=0.013), and those with lower educational levels (49.2%) (p=0.012). Conclusion: Vitamin D deficiency and insufficiency are more common among pregnant and lactating women. Low educational levels, older age, obesity, and living in urban areas are all significant factors for vitamin D deficiency.