Serum Interferon-gamma as A Potential Biomarker of Disease Activity in Vitiligo

Abstract

Background: Vitiligo is an autoimmune depigmenting disorder in which cytokines, particularly interferon-gamma (IFN-γ), play a key pathogenic role. Objective: To evaluate serum IFN-γ in vitiligo patients and its association with disease activity and to assess its diagnostic value. Methods: This case-control study included 120 participants (60 vitiligo patients and 60 healthy controls). Patients were subdivided into treated and untreated groups. Serum IFN-γ was measured by ELISA, alongside CRP, ESR, and hematological parameters. Disease activity was assessed using the VIDA score. Results: Serum IFN-γ levels were significantly higher in vitiligo patients compared to controls (p < 0.001), with the highest levels observed in untreated patients. IFN-γ levels increased significantly with disease activity (p = 0.002). CRP was elevated (p = 0.007), while ESR showed no significant difference. IFN-γ demonstrated strong diagnostic performance (AUC = 0.859, sensitivity 90.0%, specificity 66.7%). Logistic regression identified IFN-γ as independent predictor of vitiligo. Conclusion: IFN-γ is a sensitive biomarker associated with vitiligo activity and may aid in diagnosis and disease monitorig.