Differential Serum IL-37 Levels and Monomorphic CTLA-4 rs5742909 Polymorphism in Type 1 and Type 2 Diabetes Mellitus: An Iraqi Cohort Study
DOI:
https://doi.org/10.36330/kmj.v22.i1.22820Keywords:
CTLA-4 Antigen, Inflammation, AutoimmunityAbstract
Background: Diabetes mellitus (DM) is linked to intricate inflammatory and autoimmune mechanisms. Interleukin-37 (IL-37) functions as a significant anti-inflammatory cytokine, while CTLA-4 serves as an essential immune regulator. Object: To investigate serum IL-37 levels and CTLA-4 rs5742909 gene polymorphisms in patients with type 1 diabetes mellitus (T1DM) and type 2 diabetes mellitus (T2DM) compared to healthy controls. Material: In this case-control study, 120 participants were enrolled, comprising 30 T1DM patients, 30 T2DM patients, and 60 healthy controls. Serum IL-37 levels were quantified by ELISA. Genotyping of the CTLA-4 rs5742909 polymorphism was performed using polymerase chain reaction. Results: Serum IL-37 levels were decreased in T2DM group (49.50 ± 5.51 ng/L) compared with those of T1DM (56.43 ± 11.62 ng/L) and control groups (60.09±12.14 ng/ L) (P=0.001). The ROC curve for the diagnosis of T2DM was 0.81. Using genetic analysis, it was determined that the polymorphism of rs5742909 was completely absent in all participants and the frequency of the homozygous CC genotype was 100%. Conclusion: Lower serum IL-37, a strong candidate biomarker for T2DM was observed in our Iraqi subjects and monomorphic CTLA-4 rs5742909 variant might not be an indication of susceptibility to T1DM or T2DM stressing the demand of immune-related genetic studies specific for different populations
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Copyright (c) 2026 Nora Abdel Wahab Hamza, Ghasoun Mohammed Ali Al Attiyah
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