Determination of Lead in Serum of Urolithiasis Patients in Basra Governorate

Abstract

           Kidney stones are a significant public health issue globally, linked to high environmental levels of metallic elements, including lead, which contaminates both natural and industrial environments. The primary aim of this research was to highlight the biochemical relationship between blood levels of Pb and the incidence of urolithiasis. The present study compared 44 healthy individuals from Iraq's Basra Governorate with 44 kidney stone patients. We use (ICP-MS Agilent 7500/USA) the Agilent Inductively Coupled Plasma Mass Spectrometry was used to measure lead amounts in participants' blood. The urolithiasis individuals exhibited a highly significant variation in their lead levels. The lead level in the healthy group were 49.38 ppb, whereas in the kidney stones group it was 64 ppb. There are notable variations between the healthy and patient groups regarding the antioxidant enzymes (catalase, glutathione peroxidase, malondialdehyde, xanthine oxidase, and superoxidase dismutase), and the elevated lead levels may impact these enzymes. Antioxidant enzymes are tested using the enzyme-linked immune sorbent assay method. The study also evaluates kidney and liver function using markers such as ALP, GOT, GPT, urea, uric acid, serum creatinine, total serum bilirubin, direct and indirect bilirubin. The biochemical parameters related to liver and kidney functions substantial differences between the patient and healthy group. Lead was one of the contributing causes for the development of renal calculi production in the study. Urolithiasis may be prone to high serum lead levels, and also there is evidence that reporting increasing exposure to lead in the blood is linked to a higher likelihood of urolithiasis in adults.