RESEARCH PROGRESS OF 4D PRINTING TECHNOLOGY

Md. Abdul Hassib; Md. Rakibul Islam; Md. Rejaul Karim; Md. Sharjid Hasan; Khan Rajib Hossain

doi:10.30572/2018/KJE/150307

Authors

Hassib Md. Abdul Department of Applied Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Rajshahi University, Rajshahi 6205, Bangladesh https://orcid.org/0009-0001-9428-6569
Rakibul Md. Islam Department of Applied Chemistry and Chemical Engineering https://orcid.org/0009-0000-9404-1046
Karim Md. Rejaul Department of Applied Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Rajshahi University, Rajshahi 6205, Bangladesh https://orcid.org/0009-0000-9143-6966
Hasan Md. Sharjid Department of Applied Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Rajshahi University, Rajshahi 6205, Bangladesh https://orcid.org/0009-0001-0243-9231
Khan Rajib Hossain State Key Laboratory of Solid Lubrication, Lanzhou Institute of Chemical Physics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Lanzhou 730000, China https://orcid.org/0000-0001-5199-1682

DOI:

https://doi.org/10.30572/2018/KJE/150307

Keywords:

4D Printing, Smart Polymers, Responsive Design, Multi-material Printing, Dynamic Structures

Abstract

4D printing technology represents a major advance in additive manufacturing, in which materials can dynamically change shape or properties over time in response to external stimuli. Recent years have seen phenomenal advances in the field of 4D printing technology, which has revolutionized production and design. This review provides a concise overview of the research progress in 4D printing technology, focusing on its principles, applications, and challenges. Researchers have looked into a variety of materials, such as composites and smart polymers that may change programmably in response to light, humidity, or temperature. Applications for 4D printing are found in a wide range of industries, from aerospace parts to biomedical equipment. The creation of self-assembling and adaptable structures has enormous potential for the development of materials that are useful and responsive. Significant developments in the creation of cutting-edge 4D printing methods, like multi-material printing and exact control over shape-changing processes, are highlighted in this review. Challenges, material constraints, and scalability problems are also addressed, with a focus on continuous efforts to overcome them. The revolutionary effect of 4D printing on manufacturing, design, and many other industries is becoming more and more evident as it develops, opening up previously unimaginable opportunities and creative solutions. Finally, challenges and future directions in the field are discussed, aiming to inspire further research and innovation in the dynamic field of 4D printing technology.

Downloads

Download data is not yet available.

Author Biographies

Hassib Md. Abdul, Department of Applied Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Rajshahi University, Rajshahi 6205, Bangladesh

Department of Applied Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Rajshahi University, Rajshahi 6205, Bangladesh
Rakibul Md. Islam, Department of Applied Chemistry and Chemical Engineering

Department of Applied Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Rajshahi University, Rajshahi 6205, Bangladesh
Karim Md. Rejaul, Department of Applied Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Rajshahi University, Rajshahi 6205, Bangladesh

Department of Applied Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Rajshahi University, Rajshahi 6205, Bangladesh
Hasan Md. Sharjid, Department of Applied Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Rajshahi University, Rajshahi 6205, Bangladesh

Department of Applied Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Rajshahi University, Rajshahi 6205, Bangladesh

References

Ahmed, A., Arya, S., Gupta, V., Furukawa, H. and Khosla, A., (2021). 4D printing: Fundamentals, materials, applications and challenges. Polymer, 228, p.123926. doi.org/10.1016/j.polymer.2021.123926

Ali, M.H., Abilgaziyev, A. and Adair, D., (2019). 4D printing: a critical review of current developments, and future prospects. The International Journal of Advanced Manufacturing Technology, 105, pp.701-717. doi.org/10.1007/s00170-019-04258-0.

Bird, D.T. and Ravindra, N.M., 2021. Additive manufacturing of sensors for military monitoring applications. Polymers, 13(9), p.1455. doi.org/10.3390/polym13091455.

Biswas, M.C., Chakraborty, S., Bhattacharjee, A. and Mohammed, Z., 2021. 4D printing of shape memory materials for textiles: Mechanism, mathematical modeling, and challenges. Advanced Functional Materials, 31(19), p.2100257. doi.org/10.1002/adfm.202100257

Brandt, M. ed., (2016). Laser additive manufacturing: materials, design, technologies, and applications.

Breger, J.C., Yoon, C., Xiao, R., Kwag, H.R., Wang, M.O., Fisher, J.P., Nguyen, T.D. and Gracias, D.H., 2015. Self-folding thermo-magnetically responsive soft microgrippers. ACS applied materials & interfaces, 7(5), pp.3398-3405. doi.org/10.1021/am508621s.

Brinson, L.C., Bekker, A. and Hwang, S., (1996). Deformation of shape memory alloys due to thermo-induced transformation. Journal of intelligent material systems and structures, 7(1), pp.97-107. doi.org/10.1177/1045389X9600700111.

Chen, A., Yin, R., Cao, L., Yuan, C., Ding, H.K. and Zhang, W.J., 2017, November. Soft robotics: Definition and research issues. In 2017 24th international conference on mechatronics and machine vision in practice (M2VIP) (pp. 366-370). IEEE. doi.org/10.1109/M2VIP.2017.8267170.

Chen, X., Zhang, M., Teng, X. and Mujumdar, A.S., 2022. Recent progress in modeling 3D/4D printing of foods. Food Engineering Reviews, pp.1-14. doi.org/10.1007/s12393-021-09297-6.

Cheng, T., Thielen, M., Poppinga, S., Tahouni, Y., Wood, D., Steinberg, T., Menges, A. and Speck, T., (2021). Bio‐inspired motion mechanisms: Computational design and material programming of self‐adjusting 4D‐printed wearable systems. Advanced Science, 8(13), p.2100411. doi.org/10.1002/advs.202100411.

Choi, J., Kwon, O.C., Jo, W., Lee, H.J. and Moon, M.W., (2015). 4D printing technology: a review. 3D Printing and Additive Manufacturing, 2(4), pp.159-167. doi.org/10.1089/3dp.2015.0039.

Chong, S., Pan, G.T., Chin, J., Show, P.L., Yang, T.C.K. and Huang, C.M., 2018. Integration of 3D printing and Industry 4.0 into engineering teaching. Sustainability, 10(11), p.3960. doi.org/10.3390/su10113960.

Chu, H., Yang, W., Sun, L., Cai, S., Yang, R., Liang, W., Yu, H. and Liu, L., (2020). 4D printing: a review on recent progresses. Micromachines, 11(9), p.796. doi.org/10.3390/mi11090796.

Ding, H., Zhang, X., Liu, Y. and Ramakrishna, S., 2019. Review of mechanisms and deformation behaviors in 4D printing. The International Journal of Advanced Manufacturing Technology, 105, pp.4633-4649. doi.org/10.1108/AA-11-2015-093.

Ding, Z., Weeger, O., Qi, H.J. and Dunn, M.L., (2018). 4D rods: 3D structures via programmable 1D composite rods. Materials & design, 137, pp.256-265. doi.org/10.1016/j.matdes.2017.10.004.

Falahati, M., Ahmadvand, P., Safaee, S., Chang, Y.C., Lyu, Z., Chen, R., Li, L. and Lin, Y., 2020. Smart polymers and nanocomposites for 3D and 4D printing. Materials today, 40, pp.215-245. doi.org/10.1016/j.mattod.2020.06.001.

Ge, Q., Sakhaei, A.H., Lee, H., Dunn, C.K., Fang, N.X. and Dunn, M.L., (2016). Multimaterial 4D printing with tailorable shape memory polymers. Scientific reports, 6(1), p.31110. doi.org/10.1038/srep31110.

Gebhardt, A., Hötter, J. S., & Ziebura, D. (2014). Impact of SLM build parameters on the surface quality.

Ghazal, A.F., Zhang, M., Mujumdar, A.S. and Ghamry, M., (2023). Progress in 4D/5D/6D printing of foods: Applications and R&D opportunities. Critical Reviews in Food Science and Nutrition, 63(25), pp.7399-7422. doi.org/10.1080/10408398.2022.2045896.

Gibson, I., Rosen, D.W., Stucker, B., Khorasani, M., Rosen, D., Stucker, B. and Khorasani, M., (2021). Additive manufacturing technologies, Vol. 17, pp. 160-186. Cham, Switzerland: Springer. doi.org/10.1007/978-3-030-56127-7.

Gosnell, J., Pietila, T., Samuel, B.P., Kurup, H.K., Haw, M.P. and Vettukattil, J.J., (2016). Integration of computed tomography and three-dimensional echocardiography for hybrid three-dimensional printing in congenital heart disease. Journal of digital imaging, 29, pp.665-669. doi.org/10.1007/s10278-016-9879-8.

Gugliuzza, A. and Drioli, E., 2013. A review on membrane engineering for innovation in wearable fabrics and protective textiles. Journal of membrane science, 446, pp.350-375. doi.org/10.1016/j.memsci.2013.07.014.

Gul, J.Z., Yang, B.S., Yang, Y.J., Chang, D.E. and Choi, K.H., 2016. In situ UV curable 3D printing of multi-material tri-legged soft bot with spider mimicked multi-step forward dynamic gait. Smart Materials and Structures, 25(11), p.115009. doi.org/10.1088/0964-1726/25/11/115009.

Guo, H., Lv, R. and Bai, S., (2019). Recent advances on 3D printing graphene-based composites. Nano Materials Science, 1(2), pp.101-115. doi.org/10.1016/j.nanoms.2019.03.003

Haleem, A., Javaid, M., Singh, R.P. and Suman, R., (2021). Significant roles of 4D printing using smart materials in the field of manufacturing. Advanced Industrial and Engineering Polymer Research, 4(4), pp.301-311. doi.org/10.1016/j.aiepr.2021.05.001.

He, P., Zhao, J., Zhang, J., Li, B., Gou, Z., Gou, M. and Li, X., (2018). Bioprinting of skin constructs for wound healing. Burns & trauma, 6. doi.org/10.1186/s41038-017-0104-x.

Hendrikson, W.J., Rouwkema, J., Clementi, F., Van Blitterswijk, C.A., Farè, S. and Moroni, L., (2017). Towards 4D printed scaffolds for tissue engineering: exploiting 3D shape memory polymers to deliver time-controlled stimulus on cultured cells. Biofabrication, 9(3), p.031001. doi.org/10.1088/1758-5090/aa8114.

Hossain M., Sakib K, Imrul K, Hossain R, He Y, Wang X, (2024). Technology of Additive Manufacturing: A Comprehensive Review, Kufa Journal of Engineering, 15(1), pp.108-146. doi.org/10.30572/2018/kje/150108.

Hossain, K.R., Jiang, P., Yao, X., Wu, J., Hu, D., Yang, X., Wu, T. and Wang, X., (2023). Additive Manufacturing of Polymer‐Based Lubrication. Macromolecular Materials and Engineering, 308(11), p.2300147. doi.org/10.1002/mame.202300147.

Hossain, K.R., Jiang, P., Yao, X., Yang, X., Hu, D. and Wang, X., (2023). Ionic Liquids for 3D Printing: Fabrication, Properties, Applications. Journal of Ionic Liquids, p.100066. doi.org/10.1016/j.jil.2023.100066.

Hossain, K.R., Lyu, Y., Yao, X., Yang, Y., Jiang, P. and Wang, X., (2023). Tribological and Mechanical properties of fabricated soft materials with a podium mesostructured. Tribology International, p.108673. doi.org/10.1016/j.triboint.2023.108673.

Hossain, K.R., Wu, J., Xu, X., Cobra, K., Jami, M.M., Ahmed, M.B. and Wang, X., (2023). Tribological bioinspired interfaces for 3D printing. Tribology International, p.108904. doi.org/10.1016/j.triboint.2023.108904.

Javaid, M. and Haleem, A., (2019). 4D printing applications in medical field: a brief review. Clinical Epidemiology and Global Health, 7(3), pp.317-321. doi.org/10.1016/j.cegh.2018.09.007

Jeong, H.Y., Woo, B.H., Kim, N. and Jun, Y.C., (2020). Multicolor 4D printing of shape-memory polymers for light-induced selective heating and remote actuation. Scientific reports, 10(1), p.6258. doi.org/10.1038/s41598-020-63020-9.

Ji, Z., Jiang, P., Guo, R., Hossain, K.R. and Wang, X., (2022). 4D-printed light-responsive structures. In Smart Materials in Additive Manufacturing pp. 55-105. doi.org/10.1016/B978-0-12-824082-3.00017-9.

Kamila, S., (2013). Introduction, classification and applications of smart materials: an overview. American Journal of Applied Sciences, 10(8), p.876. doi.org/10.3844/ajassp.2013.876.880.

Kamran, M. and Saxena, A., (2016). A comprehensive study on 3D printing technology. MIT Int J Mech Eng, 6(2), pp.63-69.

Kantaros, A., Ganetsos, T. and Piromalis, D., (2023). 4D Printing: Technology Overview and Smart Materials Utilized. Journal of Mechatronics and Robotics, 7(1), pp.1-14. doi.org/10.3844/jmrsp.2023.1.14.

Khosravani, M.R. and Reinicke, T., (2020). On the environmental impacts of 3D printing technology. Applied Materials Today, 20, p.100689. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.apmt.2020.100689

Kirillova, A. and Ionov, L., (2019). Shape-changing polymers for biomedical applications. Journal of Materials Chemistry B, 7(10), pp.1597-1624. doi.org/10.1039/C8TB02579G.

Koch, H.C., Schmelzeisen, D. and Gries, T., 2021, February. 4D textiles made by additive manufacturing on pre-stressed textiles—An overview. In Actuators Vol. 10, No. 2, p. 31. MDPI. doi.org/10.3390/act10020031.

Konta, A.A., García-Piña, M. and Serrano, D.R., (2017). Personalised 3D printed medicines: which techniques and polymers are more successful?. Bioengineering, 4(4), p.79. doi.org/10.3390/bioengineering4040079

Kouka, M.A., Abbassi, F., Habibi, M., Chabert, F., Zghal, A. and Garnier, C., (2023). 4D Printing of Shape Memory Polymers, Blends, and Composites and Their Advanced Applications: A Comprehensive Literature Review. Advanced Engineering Materials, 25(4), p.2200650. doi.org/10.1002/adem.202200650

Kuang, X., Roach, D.J., Wu, J., Hamel, C.M., Ding, Z., Wang, T., Dunn, M.L. and Qi, H.J., (2019). Advances in 4D printing: materials and applications. Advanced Functional Materials, 29(2), p.1805290. doi.org/10.1002/adfm.201805290.

Kumar, S.B., Jeevamalar, J., Ramu, P., Suresh, G. and Senthilnathan, K., (2021). Evaluation in 4D printing–a review. Materials Today: Proceedings, 45, pp.1433-1437. doi.org/10.1016/j.matpr.2020.07.335

Leist, S.K. and Zhou, J., (2016). Current status of 4D printing technology and the potential of light-reactive smart materials as 4D printable materials. Virtual and Physical Prototyping, 11(4), pp.249-262. doi.org/10.1080/17452759.2016.1198630.

Li, A., Challapalli, A. and Li, G., 2019. 4D printing of recyclable lightweight architectures using high recovery stress shape memory polymer. Scientific reports, 9(1), p.7621. doi.org/10.1038/s41598-019-44110-9.

Li, X., Shang, J. and Wang, Z. 2017, "Intelligent materials: a review of applications in 4D printing", Assembly Automation, Vol. 37 No. 2, pp. 170-185. doi.org/10.1108/AA-11-2015-093

Liu, G., Zhang, X., Chen, X., He, Y., Cheng, L., Huo, M., Yin, J., Hao, F., Chen, S., Wang, P. and Yi, S., (2021). Additive manufacturing of structural materials. Materials Science and Engineering: R: Reports, 145, p.100596. doi.org/10.1016/j.mser.2020.100596.

Luo, M., Skorina, E.H., Tao, W., Chen, F., Ozel, S., Sun, Y. and Onal, C.D., 2017. Toward modular soft robotics: Proprioceptive curvature sensing and sliding-mode control of soft bidirectional bending modules. Soft robotics, 4(2), pp.117-125. doi.org/10.1089/soro.2016.0041.

Ma, S., Zhang, Y., Wang, M., Liang, Y., Ren, L. and Ren, L., (2020). Recent progress in 4D printing of stimuli-responsive polymeric materials. Science China Technological Sciences, 63(4), pp.532-544. doi.org/10.1007/s11431-019-1443-1.

Mallakpour, S., Tabesh, F. and Hussain, C.M., (2021). 3D and 4D printing: From innovation to evolution. Advances in colloid and interface science, 294, p.102482. doi.org/10.1016/j.cis.2021.102482.

Melocchi, A., Uboldi, M., Cerea, M., Foppoli, A., Maroni, A., Moutaharrik, S., Palugan, L., Zema, L. and Gazzaniga, A., (2021). Shape memory materials and 4D printing in pharmaceutics. Advanced Drug Delivery Reviews, 173, pp.216-237. doi.org/10.1016/j.addr.2021.03.013.

Momeni, F., Liu, X. and Ni, J., (2017). A review of 4D printing. Materials & design, 122, pp.42-79. doi.org/10.1016/j.matdes.2017.02.068

Morega, A., Morega, M. and Dobre, A., (2020). Computational Modeling in Biomedical Engineering and Medical Physics. Academic Press. doi.org/10.1016/B978-0-12-817897-3.00002-6

Ngo, T.D., Kashani, A., Imbalzano, G., Nguyen, K.T. and Hui, D., (2018). Additive manufacturing (3D printing): A review of materials, methods, applications and challenges. Composites Part B: Engineering, 143, pp.172-196. doi.org/10.1016/j.compositesb.2018.02.012.

Nikkanen, V., 2022. State-of-the-art, challenges, applications and future prospects in 4D printing technology (Bachelor's thesis). urn.fi/URN:NBN:fi:tuni-202205245205.

Nkomo, N.Z., (2018), September. A review of 4D printing technology and future trends. In 11th South African Conference on computational and applied mechanics.

Pei, E., Shen, J. and Watling, J., (2015). Direct 3D printing of polymers onto textiles: experimental studies and applications. Rapid Prototyping Journal, 21(5), pp.556-571. doi.org/10.1108/RPJ-09-2014-0126.

Peng, S., Sun, Y., Ma, C., Duan, G., Liu, Z. and Ma, C., 2022. Recent advances in dynamic covalent bond-based shape memory polymers. e-Polymers, 22(1), pp.285-300. doi.org/10.1515/epoly-2022-0032.

Raina, A., Haq, M.I.U., Javaid, M., Rab, S. and Haleem, A., 2021. 4D printing for automotive industry applications. Journal of The Institution of Engineers (India): Series D, pp.1-9. doi.org/10.1007/s40033-021-00284-z.

Ramezani, M. and Mohd Ripin, Z., (2023). 4D printing in biomedical engineering: Advancements, challenges, and future directions. Journal of functional biomaterials, 14(7), p.347. doi.org/10.3390/jfb14070347

Ryan, K.R., Down, M.P. and Banks, C.E., 2021. Future of additive manufacturing: Overview of 4D and 3D printed smart and advanced materials and their applications. Chemical Engineering Journal, 403, p.126162. doi.org/10.1016/j.cej.2020.126162.

Sahafnejad-Mohammadi, I., Karamimoghadam, M., Zolfagharian, A., Akrami, M. and Bodaghi, M., 2022. 4D printing technology in medical engineering: A narrative review. Journal of the Brazilian Society of Mechanical Sciences and Engineering, 44(6), p.233. doi.org/10.1007/s40430-022-03514-x.

Sajjad, R., Chauhdary, S.T., Anwar, M.T., Zahid, A., Khosa, A.A., Imran, M. and Sajjad, M.H., (2023). A Review of 4D Printing-Technologies, Shape Shifting, Smart Materials, and Biomedical Applications. Advanced Industrial and Engineering Polymer Research. doi.org/10.1016/j.aiepr.2023.08.002

Shishkovsky, I. and Scherbakov, V., (2018), February. 4D manufacturing of intermetallic SMA fabricated by SLM process. In Laser 3D Manufacturing V, Vol. 10523, pp. 160-165. SPIE. doi.org/10.1117/12.2288176.

Singholi, A.K.S. and Sharma, A., (2020). Recent advancement and research possibilities in 4D printing technology. Materialwissenschaft und Werkstofftechnik, 51(10), pp.1332-1340. doi.org/10.1002/mawe.202000008.

Sireesha, M., Lee, J., Kiran, A.S.K., Babu, V.J., Kee, B.B. and Ramakrishna, S., (2018). A review on additive manufacturing and its way into the oil and gas industry. RSC advances, 8(40), pp.22460-22468. doi.org/10.1039/C8RA03194K.

Snow, Z., Martukanitz, R. and Joshi, S., (2019). On the development of powder spreadability metrics and feedstock requirements for powder bed fusion additive manufacturing. Additive Manufacturing, 28, pp.78-86. doi.org/10.1016/j.addma.2019.04.017.

Stanton, M.M., Trichet-Paredes, C. and Sanchez, S., (2015). Applications of three-dimensional (3D) printing for microswimmers and bio-hybrid robotics. Lab on a Chip, 15(7), pp.1634-1637. doi.org/10.1039/C5LC90019K.

Su, M. and Song, Y., (2021). Printable smart materials and devices: strategies and applications. Chemical Reviews, 122(5), pp.5144-5164. doi.org/10.1021/acs.chemrev.1c00303.

Subeshan, B., Baddam, Y. and Asmatulu, E., (2021). Current progress of 4D-printing technology. Progress in Additive Manufacturing, 6, pp.495-516. doi.org/10.1007/s40964-021-00182-6

Tahouni, Y., Krüger, F., Poppinga, S., Wood, D., Pfaff, M., Rühe, J., Speck, T. and Menges, A., 2021. Programming sequential motion steps in 4D-printed hygromorphs by architected mesostructure and differential hygro-responsiveness. Bioinspiration & biomimetics, 16(5), p.055002. doi.org/10.1088/1748-3190/ac0c8e.

Tee, Y.L. and Tran, P., (2021). On bioinspired 4d printing: materials, design and potential applications. Australian Journal of Mechanical Engineering, 19(5), pp.642-652. doi.org/10.1080/14484846.2021.1988434

Truby, R.L., Wehner, M., Grosskopf, A.K., Vogt, D.M., Uzel, S.G., Wood, R.J. and Lewis, J.A., 2018. Soft somatosensitive actuators via embedded 3D printing. Advanced Materials, 30(15), p.1706383. doi.org/10.1002/adma.201706383.

Vatanparast, S., Boschetto, A., Bottini, L. and Gaudenzi, P., (2023). New trends in 4D printing: a critical review. Applied Sciences, 13(13), p.7744. doi.org/10.3390/app13137744.

Wang, H., Masood, S., Iovenitti, P. and Harvey, E.C., (2001), November. Application of fused deposition modeling rapid prototyping system to the development of microchannels. In BioMEMS and Smart Nanostructures, Vol. 4590, pp. 213-220. SPIE. doi.org/10.1117/12.454606.

Wang, H., Zhao, J., Luo, Z. and Li, Z., 2023. Recent Research Developments of 4D Printing Technology for Magnetically Controlled Smart Materials: A Review. Magnetochemistry, 9(8), p.204. doi.org/10.3390/magnetochemistry9080204.

Wu, J.J., Huang, L.M., Zhao, Q. and Xie, T., (2018). 4D printing: history and recent progress. Chinese Journal of Polymer Science, 36, pp.563-575. doi.org/10.1007/s10118-018-2089-8.

Yan, X., Bethers, B., Chen, H., Xiao, S., Lin, S., Tran, B., Jiang, L. and Yang, Y., (2021). Recent advancements in biomimetic 3d printing materials with enhanced mechanical properties. Frontiers in Materials, 8, p.518886. doi.org/10.3389/fmats.2021.518886.

Yang, Y., Chen, Y., Li, Y., Chen, M.Z. and Wei, Y., (2017). Bioinspired robotic fingers based on pneumatic actuator and 3D printing of smart material. Soft robotics, 4(2), pp.147-162. doi.org/10.1089/soro.2016.0034.

Yao, T., Deng, Z., Zhang, K. and Li, S., (2019). A method to predict the ultimate tensile strength of 3D printing polylactic acid (PLA) materials with different printing orientations. Composites Part B: Engineering, 163, pp.393-402. doi.org/10.1016/J.COMPOSITESB.2019.01.025

Yap, Y.L. and Yeong, W.Y., (2014). Additive manufacture of fashion and jewellery products: a mini review: This paper provides an insight into the future of 3D printing industries for fashion and jewellery products. Virtual and Physical Prototyping, 9(3), pp.195-201. doi.org/10.1080/17452759.2014.938993.

Yi, H. and Kim, Y., 2021. Prototyping of 4D-printed self-shaping building skin in architecture: Design, fabrication, and investigation of a two-way shape memory composite (TWSMC) façade panel. Journal of Building Engineering, 43, p.103076. doi.org/10.1016/j.jobe.2021.103076.

Yi, H.G., Lee, H. and Cho, D.W., (2017). 3D printing of organs-on-chips. Bioengineering, 4(1), p.10., doi.org/10.3390/bioengineering4010010.

Zarek, M., Layani, M., Cooperstein, I., Sachyani, E., Cohn, D. and Magdassi, S., (2015). 3D Printing of Shape Memory Polymers for Flexible Electronic Devices. Advanced Materials (Deerfield Beach, Fla.), 28(22), pp.4449-4454. doi.org/10.1002/adma.201503132.

Zarek, M., Mansour, N., Shapira, S. and Cohn, D., (2017). 4D printing of shape memory‐based personalized endoluminal medical devices. Macromolecular rapid communications, 38(2), p.1600628. doi.org/10.1002/marc.201600628

Zeng, S., Feng, Y., Gao, Y., Zheng, H. and Tan, J., (2022). Layout design and application of 4D-printing bio-inspired structures with programmable actuators. Bio-Design and Manufacturing, 5(1), pp.189-200. doi.org/10.1007/s42242-021-00146-3

Zhou, Y., Huang, W.M., Kang, S.F., Wu, X.L., Lu, H.B., Fu, J. and Cui, H., (2015). From 3D to 4D printing: approaches and typical applications. Journal of Mechanical Science and Technology, 29, pp.4281-4288. doi.org/10.1007/s12206-015-0925-0.

Ziaee, M. and Crane, N.B., (2019). Binder jetting: A review of process, materials, and methods. Additive Manufacturing, 28, pp.781-801. doi.org/10.1016/j.addma.2019.05.031

Zolfagharian, A., Kaynak, A. and Kouzani, A., 2020. Closed-loop 4D-printed soft robots. Materials & Design, 188, p.108411. doi.org/10.1016/j.matdes.2019.108411