Assessment of monocytes chemoattractant protein -1 as a biomarker in females serum of hypertensive patients with and without Entamoeba histolytica
DOI:
https://doi.org/10.36320/ajb/v18.i1.23074Keywords:
Hypertension ,Entamoeba histolytica, Hyperlipidemia, MCP-1, Familial hypertensiveAbstract
The current study deals with ninety (90) subjects as patients sixty (60)and thirty(30)as control.Samples were collected from suspected patients attended to Al-Sadr Medical City and Al-Furat Al-Awsat Teaching Hospital in Najaf province and also private laboratories. The serum were given from venous at (3-5)milliliter.Systolic and diastolic blood pressure were measured by Sphygmomanometer and lipid profile by AU480 Chemistry Analyzer, and biomarker Monocytes chemoattractant protein (MCP-1) was measured by ELISA technique. Women hypertensive patients were divided into sex sub groups according to types of hypertension (hypertensive only, hypertensive with hyperlipidemia and hypertensive with Entamoeba histolytica) ,also according to age, duration of disease, diagnosis , , body mass index , and according to family history .The current results revealed a significantly increase(p<0.0001) in monocytes chemoattractant protein (MCP-1) in women hypertension patients group in compare with control group ,biomarker revealed significant increase (p<0.0001) in age (50-59) years than other ages , in types of hypertensive sub groups also indicated significant increase(p<0.0001) in hypertension with hyperlipidemia in compare with another groups,in duration of disease(1-5) years showed a significant increase (p<0.0001) than(6-10) years , new diagnosis women patients were significant increase (p<0.0001) than treated ,obese women were highly significant (p<0.0001) than over weight and normal weight and familial hypertensive women were highly significant increase(p<0.0001) than nonfamilial hypertensive.The correlation of biomarker was showed significant positive correlation between all subgroups and both systolic and diastolic blood pressure . The present study concluded that Monocytes chemoattractant protein (MCP-1) biomarker considered as prognostic for prediction of hypertension in women.
Downloads
References
1. Desai, A. N. (2020). High blood pressure. Jama, 324(12), 1254-1255.
2. Connaughton, M., & Dabagh, M. (2022, June). Association of hypertension and organ-specific cancer: a meta-analysis. In Healthcare (Vol. 10, No. 6, p. 1074). MDPI.
3. Moiz, A., Zolotarova, T., & Eisenberg, M. J. (2024). Outpatient management of essential hypertension: a review based on the latest clinical guidelines. Annals of Medicine, 56(1).
4. Carey, R. M., Moran, A. E., & Whelton, P. K. (2022). Treatment of hypertension: a review. Jama, 328(18), 1849-1861.
5. Tang, N., Ma, J., Tao, R., Chen, Z., Yang, Y., He, Q., ... & Zhou, J. (2022). The effects of the interaction between BMI and dyslipidemia on hypertension in adults. Scientific reports, 12(1), 927.
6. World Health Organization. (2023). Global report on hypertension: the race against a silent killer.
7. Iqbal, A. M., & Jamal, S. F. (2023). Essential hypertension. In StatPearls [Internet]. StatPearls Publishing.
8. Naha, S., Gardner, M. J., Khangura, D., Kurukulasuriya, L. R., & Sowers, J. R. (2021). Hypertension in diabetes. Endotext [Internet].
9. Seravalle, G., & Grassi, G. (2024). Obesity and hypertension. Obesity: clinical, surgical and practical guide, 65-79.
10. Festa, M., Sansone, C., Brunet, C., Crocetta, F., Di Paola, L., Lombardo, M., ... & Albini, A. (2020). Cardiovascular active peptides of marine origin with ACE inhibitory activities: Potential role as anti-hypertensive drugs and in prevention of SARS-CoV-2 infection. International journal of molecular sciences, 21(21), 8364.
11. Harrison, D. G., Coffman, T. M., & Wilcox, C. S. (2021). Pathophysiology of hypertension: the mosaic theory and beyond. Circulation research, 128(7), 847-863.
12. Dziedziak, J., Zaleska-Żmijewska, A., Szaflik, J. P., & Cudnoch-Jędrzejewska, A. (2022). Impact of arterial hypertension on the eye: a review of the pathogenesis, diagnostic methods, and treatment of hypertensive retinopathy. Medical science monitor: international medical journal of experimental and clinical research, 28, e935135-1.
13. Nishiyama, A., & Kobori, H. (2018). Independent regulation of renin–angiotensin–aldosterone system in the kidney. Clinical and experimental nephrology, 22(6), 1231-1239.
14. Pappan, N., Awosika, A. O., & Rehman, A. (2024). Dyslipidemia. In StatPearls [Internet]. StatPearls Publishing.
15. Alwahsh, M., Alejel, R., Hamadneh, L., Aleidi, S. M., Marchan, R., Hasan, A., Jasim, S., Saqallah, F. G., Al-Kouz, S., Hussein, B., Alhusban, A. A., Al-Hiari, Y., Al-Qirim, T., & Hergenröder, R. (2025). Identification of potential biomarkers of triton WR-1339 induced hyperlipidemia: NMR-based plasma metabolomics approach and gene expression analysis. Metabolomics : Official journal of the Metabolomic Society, 21(5), 132.
16. Filipiak, K. J., Babkowski, M. C., Cameli, M., Carugo, S., Ferri, C., Irisov, D. B., ... & Gąsecka, A. (2022). TIMES TO ACT. Italian-Spanish-Polish-Uzbek Expert Forum Position Paper 2022. Dyslipidemia and arterial hypertension: The two most important and modifiable risk factors in clinical practice. Cardiology Journal, 29(5), 730-738.
17. Mohseni, P., Khalili, D., Djalalinia, S., Mohseni, H., Farzadfar, F., Shafiee, A., & Izadi, N. (2024). The synergistic effect of obesity and dyslipidemia on hypertension: results from the STEPS survey. Diabetology & Metabolic Syndrome, 16(1), 81.
18. Xie, H., Zhuang, Q., Mu, J., Sun, J., Wei, P., Zhao, X., ... & Shen, C. (2022). The relationship between lipid risk score and new-onset hypertension in a prospective cohort study. Frontiers in Endocrinology, 13, 916951.
19. Zermeño, V., Ximénez, C., Morán, P., Valadez, A., Valenzuela, O., Rascón, E., ... & Cerritos, R. (2013). Worldwide genealogy of Entamoeba histolytica: an overview to understand haplotype distribution and infection outcome. Infection, Genetics and Evolution, 17, 243-252.
20. Fotedar, R., Stark, D., Beebe, N., Marriott, D., Ellis, J., & Harkness, J. (2007). Laboratory diagnostic techniques for Entamoeba species. Clinical microbiology reviews, 20(3), 511-532.
21. Espinosa-Cantellano, M., & Martínez-Palomo, A. (2000). Pathogenesis of intestinal amebiasis: from molecules to disease. Clinical microbiology reviews, 13(2), 318-331.
22. Shirley, D. A. T., Farr, L., Watanabe, K., & Moonah, S. (2018, July). A review of the global burden, new diagnostics, and current therapeutics for amebiasis. In Open forum infectious diseases (Vol. 5, No. 7, p. ofy161). US: Oxford University Press.
23. Vanegas-Villa, S. C., Torres-Cifuentes, D. M., Baylon-Pacheco, L., Espíritu-Gordillo, P., Durán-Díaz, Á., Rosales-Encina, J. L., & Omaña-Molina, M. (2022). External pH variations modify proliferation, erythrophagocytosis, cytoskeleton remodeling, and cell morphology of Entamoeba histolytica trophozoites. Protist, 173(2), 125857.
24. Bishayi, B., Bandyopadhyay, D., Majhi, A., & Adhikary, R. (2015). Effect of exogenous MCP-1 on TLR-2 neutralized murine macrophages and possible mechanisms of CCR-2/TLR-2 and MCP-1 signalling during Staphylococcus aureus infection. Immunobiology, 220(3), 350-362.
25. Liu, S., Li, N., Zhu, Q., Zhu, B., Wu, T., Wang, G., ... & Luo, Q. (2018). Increased serum MCP-1 levels in systemic vasculitis patients with renal involvement. Journal of Interferon & Cytokine Research, 38(9), 406-412.
26. Urrego-Callejas, T., Álvarez, S. S., Arias, L. F., Reyes, B. O., Vanegas-García, A. L., González, L. A., ... & Gómez-Puerta, J. A. (2021). Urinary levels of ceruloplasmin and monocyte chemoattractant protein-1 correlate with extra-capillary proliferation and chronic damage in patients with lupus nephritis. Clinical Rheumatology, 40(5), 1853-1859.
27. Wen, Z. F., Huang, Q. T., Wang, Y. Y., Nan, F. Y., Zhai, Z. M., & Li, Y. L. (2025). MCP-1-CCR2-M2 macrophages axis contributes to diffuse large B-cell lymphoma progression and inhibits antitumor immune response. Scientific Reports, 15(1), 29044.
28. Ebrahimian, T., Li, M. W., Lemarié, C. A., Simeone, S. M., Pagano, P. J., Gaestel, M., ... & Schiffrin, E. L. (2011). Mitogen-activated protein kinase–activated protein kinase 2 in angiotensin ii–induced inflammation and hypertension: regulation of oxidative stress. Hypertension, 57(2), 245-254.
29. World Health Organization. (2025). Global report on hypertension 2025: high stakes–turning evidence into action.
30. World Health Organization. (2006). Guidelines for the management of dyslipidaemia in patients with diabetes mellitus: quick reference guide.
31. Wenzel, P. (2019). Monocytes as immune targets in arterial hypertension. British journal of pharmacology, 176(12), 1966-1977.
32. Cortez, A., & Muxfeldt, E. (2022). Monocyte chemoattractant protein-1 and hypertension: An overview. Hipertensión y Riesgo Vascular, 39(1), 14-23.
33. Xu, Q., Liu, Y., Tian, X., Xia, X., Zhang, Y., Zhang, X., ... & Wang, A. (2024). Monocyte Chemoattractant Protein‐1, Inflammatory Biomarkers, and Prognosis of Patients With Ischemic Stroke or Transient Ischemic Attack: Fndings From a Nationwide Registry Study. Journal of the American Heart Association, 13(16), e035820.
34. Zavala, G. A., García, O. P., Camacho, M., Ronquillo, D., Campos‐Ponce, M., Doak, C., ... & Rosado, J. L. (2018). Intestinal parasites: associations with intestinal and systemic inflammation. Parasite immunology, 40(4), e12518.
35. Morales-Espinoza, E. M., Sánchez-Pérez, H. J., del Mar García-Gil, M., Vargas-Morales, G., Méndez-Sánchez, J. D., & Pérez-Ramírez, M. (2003). Intestinal parasites in children, in highly deprived areas in the border region of Chiapas, Mexico. salud pública de méxico, 45(5), 379-388.
36. World Health Organization. (2006). The world health report 2006: working together for health. World Health Organization.
37. Lumeng, C. N., Bodzin, J. L., & Saltiel, A. R. (2007). Obesity induces a phenotypic switch in adipose tissue macrophage polarization. The Journal of clinical investigation, 117(1), 175-184.
38. Fahmi, Y. A., Merghany, M. E., Hashim, A. E. A., & ElKady, A. M. (2018). Entameba histolytica as a cause of diarrhea in hemodialysis patients in Qena. SVU-International Journal of Medical Sciences, 1(1), 32-35.
39. Ahmed, H. M., & Al-Nasiri, F. S. (2019). Serum level of Interleukin (IL)-8, Monocyte Chemoattractant Protein (MCP)-1 and Tumor Necrosis Factor (TNF)-α in children infected with Entamoeba histolytica. Tikrit Journal of Pure Science, 24(4), 29-33.
40. Park, S., Lee, D. H., Lee, S., & Jeon, H. J. (2024). Association of monocyte chemoattractant protein-1 (MCP-1) 2518 A/G polymorphism with obesity in Korean type 2 diabetes mellitus. Diabetes, Metabolic Syndrome and Obesity, 3917-3924.
41. Schroeder, E. B., Liao, D., Chambless, L. E., Prineas, R. J., Evans, G. W., & Heiss, G. (2003). Hypertension, blood pressure, and heart rate variability: the Atherosclerosis Risk in Communities (ARIC) study. Hypertension, 42(6), 1106-1111.
42. Roque, M., Kim, W. J., Gazdoin, M., Malik, A., Reis, E. D., Fallon, J. T., ... & Taubman, M. B. (2002). CCR2 deficiency decreases intimal hyperplasia after arterial injury. Arteriosclerosis, thrombosis, and vascular biology, 22(4), 554-559.
43. Georgakis, M. K., Gill, D., Rannikmäe, K., Traylor, M., Anderson, C. D., MEGASTROKE consortium of the International Stroke Genetics Consortium (ISGC), ... & Dichgans, M. (2019). Genetically determined levels of circulating cytokines and risk of stroke: role of monocyte chemoattractant protein-1. Circulation, 139(2), 256-268.
44. Georgakis, M. K., Malik, R., Björkbacka, H., Pana, T. A., Demissie, S., Ayers, C., ... & Dichgans, M. (2019). Circulating monocyte chemoattractant protein-1 and risk of stroke: meta-analysis of population-based studies involving 17 180 individuals. Circulation research, 125(8), 773-782.
45. Komiyama, M., Takanabe, R., Ono, K., Shimada, S., Wada, H., Yamakage, H., ... & Hasegawa, K. (2018). Association between monocyte chemoattractant protein-1 and blood pressure in smokers. Journal of International Medical Research, 46(3), 965-974.
46. Jawi, M. M. T. (2021). The association of physical activity with resting heart rate and arterial atherosclerotic markers in patients with high lipoprotein (a) (Doctoral dissertation, University of British Columbia).
Downloads
Published
Issue
Section
License
Copyright (c) 2026 Mariam Abdullah, Arshad Noori Al-Dujaili, Saleem khteer AL-Hadraawy

This work is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License.
which allows users to copy, create extracts, abstracts, and new works from the Article, alter and revise the Article, and make commercial use of the Article (including reuse and/or resale of the Article by commercial entities), provided the user gives appropriate credit (with a link to the formal publication through the relevant DOI), provides a link to the license, indicates if changes were made and the licensor is not represented as endorsing the use made of the work.










