The geographical distribution patterns of human Leishmania species detected within molecular methods in Iraq: a systematic review and meta-analysis.
DOI:
https://doi.org/10.36320/ajb/v14.i1.8227Keywords:
Cutaneous leishmania, visceral leishmania, systematic review, molecular detectionAbstract
The aim of this reference study on the spread and distribution of various parasites was to aid in the control and treatment of these parasites and save researchers time and effort by providing them with essential and valuable information. This systematic review includes articles related to the detection of Leishmania species through molecular diagnostic methods published in Arabic and English from 2009 to 2021. From five international and local databases Google Scholar, PubMed, Science Direct, Scopus and Iraqi Academic Journals, we extracted 35 papers that satisfied the inclusion criteria and were eligible for systematic review and meta-analysis. This systematic review attempted to answer the following question: Did Leishmania species follow a specific pattern in its geographical distribution in Iraq? The systematic review results show that Leishmania major is distributed from the northern provinces (the least prevalent) to the southern provinces (the highest prevalence).Downloads
References
Al-Naimy AFA. & Al-Waaly ABM. Investigation of Cutaneous Leishmaniasis Cases in Baghdad province, Iraq. Medico Legal Update. (2021); 21(1), 65-69. https://doi.org/10.37506/mlu.v21i1.2282. DOI: https://doi.org/10.37506/mlu.v21i1.2282
Sundar S. Singh OP. Molecular Diagnosis of Visceral Leishmaniasis. Mol Diagn Ther. 2018;22(4):443-457. https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC6301112/ DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/s40291-018-0343-y
Alsaad RKA. & Kawan MH. In vitro Cultivation of Leishmania spp. using Blood from Human and Dog in Novy-MacNeal-Nicolle (N.N.N.) Modified Medium. Annals of RSCB. 2021;25(6):17753-62.
https://annalsofrscb.ro/index.php/journal/article/view/9137
Agha NFS. Al-khayat ZAY.Alharmni KIF. incidence of cutaneous leishmaniasis among patients presented to hawler teaching centre for dermatology diseases, Erbil-Iraq, from January 2015 to December 2017. Polytechnic Journal. 2018;8(3):102-120. https://doi.org/10.25156/ptj.2018.8.3.247. DOI: https://doi.org/10.25156/ptj.2018.8.3.247
Mahmood OI. Taha Z. ASHOOR MH. Prevalence of cutaneous leishmaniasis among refugee camps in Salahdeen province, Iraq. Assiut Vet. Med.J. 2019;65 (16) :259-262. https://doi.org/10.21608/avmj.2019.168908. DOI: https://doi.org/10.21608/avmj.2019.168908
Echchakery M. Chicharro C. Boussaa S. et al. Molecular detection of Leishmania infantum and Leishmania tropica in rodent species from endemic cutaneous leishmaniasis areas in Morocco. Parasites Vectors 2017;10:454. https://doi.org/10.1186/s13071-017-2398-8. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1186/s13071-017-2398-8
OryanA. Akbari M. Worldwide risk factors in leishmaniasis. Asian Pacific Journal of Tropical Medicine. 2016; 9(10): 925–932.
http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.apjtm.2016.06.021. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.apjtm.2016.06.021
Mokni M. Leishmanioses cutanées [Cutaneous leishmaniasis]. Ann Dermatol Venereol. 2019;146(3):232-246. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.annder.2019.02.002. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.annder.2019.02.002
Naghian A. Oshaghi MA. Moein-Vaziri V. et al. Molecular Identification of Leishmania Species in Phlebotomus alexandri (Diptera: Psychodidae) in Western Iran. J Arthropod Borne Dis. 2020;14(1):8-16. http://doi.org/10.18502/jad.v14i1.2699. DOI: https://doi.org/10.18502/jad.v14i1.2699
Sharquie KE. Noaimi AA. Saleh BA. Cutaneous Leishmaniasis as Imitator of Skin Diseases and a Diagnostic Challenge. Journal of Cosmetics, Dermatological Sciences and Applications, 2018;8(3):158-177. DOI: https://doi.org/10.4236/jcdsa.2018.83018
https://www.scirp.org/journal/paperinformation.aspx?paperid=87509
Abdulla QB. Shabila NP. Al-Hadithi TS. An An outbreak of cutaneous leishmaniasis in Erbil governorate of Iraqi Kurdistan Region in 2015. The Journal of Infection in Developing Countries. (2018);12(08):600-607. https://doi.org/10.3855/jidc.10306. DOI: https://doi.org/10.3855/jidc.10306
Alwan HR. Erzaige ZS. Estimation of immunoglobulin ( IgG and IgM) in sera cutaneous leishmaniasis patients (L.donovani and L. infuntum) in Baghdad city. Al-Kufa University Journal for Biology . 2019 ;11 (1):95-100. https://www.iasj.net/iasj/article/178093.
Shakir OM. Jasim MM. The use of ana antibody in the diagnosis of leishmania. Biochem. Cell. Arch. 2019;19( 1): 2055-2060. http://doi.org/10.35124/bca.2019.19.S1.2055.
WHO. Number of cases of cutaneous leishmaniasis reported Data by country.
https://apps.who.int/gho/data/node.main.NTDLEISHCNUM?lang=en
Al-Hayali HL. Al-Kattan MM. Overview on Epidemiology of Leishmaniasis in Iraq. Rafidain Journal of Science. 2021;30(1): 28-37. https://rsci.mosuljournals.com/article_167680.html DOI: https://doi.org/10.33899/rjs.2021.167680
Al-Warid HS. Al-Saqur IM. Al-Tuwaijari SB. AL Zadawi KA. The distribution of cutaneous leishmaniasis in Iraq: demographic and climate aspects. Asian Biomedicine. 2017;11): 255 – 260. https://doi.org/10.5372/1905-7415.1103.556.
Lazar LY. & Abass KS. Morphology, life cycle, pathogenesis and virulence factors of genus leishmania: a review. Plant Archives. 2020; 20 ( 2) : 4057-4060. http://plantarchives.org/20-2/4057-4060%20(6640).pdf.
Rahi AA. Cutaneous Leishmaniasis in Iraq: A clinic-epidemiological descriptive study. Sch. J. App. Med. Sci., 2013; 1(6):1021-1025. http://saspublisher.com/wp-content/uploads/2013/12/SJAMS161021-1025.pdf.
Mody RM. Lakhal-Naouar I. Sherwood JE,. Koles NL. Shaw D. Bigley DP. Co EA. Copeland NK. Jagodzinski LL. Mukbel RM. Smiley RA. Duncan RC. Kamhawi S. Jeronimo SMB. DeFraites RF. Aronson NE. Asymptomatic Visceral Leishmania infantum Infection in US Soldiers Deployed to Iraq. Clin Infect Dis. 2019;68(12):2036-2044. http://doi.org/10.1093/cid/ciy811.PMID: 30239631; PMCID: PMC6769235. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1093/cid/ciy811
Farahani LZ. Mohebali M. Akhoundi B. Saghafipour A. Kakooei Z. Seroepidemiological study on visceral leishmaniasis in an endemic focus of central Iran during 2017. Journal of parasitic diseases : official organ of the Indian Society for Parasitology. 2019; 43(1):22–27. https://doi.org/10.1007/s12639-018-1049-0. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/s12639-018-1049-0
Al-Warid HS. Al-Saqur IM. Kadhem AJ. Al-Tuwaijari SB. Al-Zadawi KM. Gompper ME. Spatial and demographic aspects of kala-azar (visceral leishmaniasis) in Iraq during 2011-2013. Trop Biomed. 2019;36(1):22-34. https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/33597423/
Al-Obaidi MJ. Abd Al-Hussein MY. Al-Saqur IM. Survey Study on the Prevalence of Cutaneous Leishmaniasis in Iraq. Iraqi Journal of Science. 2016;57(3):2181-2187. https://www.iasj.net/iasj/download/2ab2af313163ccdf.
Alsaad RK. Kawan MH. The effects of some climate factors upon frequency distribution of local sandflies breed in Misan province, Iraq. Iraqi J. Vet. Med. 2021; 45(1): 63-68. https://jcovm.uobaghdad.edu.iq. DOI: https://doi.org/10.30539/ijvm.v45i1.1044
Al-Mayali HM. Al-Hassani MK. Molecular Identification of Phlebotominae Sand Flies (Diptera: Psychodidae) in Al-Diwaniyah Region/Iraq. Journal of Global Pharma Technology. 2017; 10(9):424-430.http://doi.org/10.13140/RG.2.2.22053.73446.
Al-Bajalan MMM. Niranji SS. Al-Jaf SM. Kato H. First molecular identification of Leishmania major in Phlebotomus papatasi in an outbreak cutaneous leishmaniasis area in Iraq. Acta Trop. 2021;215:105807. http://doi.org/10.1016/j.actatropica.2020.105807. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.actatropica.2020.105807
Al Subaihawi AJK. Taher TMJ. et al. Descriptive study of cutaneous leishmaniasis in Wasit Province, Iraq in 2018, Ann Trop Med & Public Health. 2020;23 (S5): 479-484. http://doi.org/10.36295/ASRO.2020.23521. DOI: https://doi.org/10.36295/ASRO.2020.23521
Al-Naimy AFA. & Al-Waaly ABM. Study Molecular and Immunological Techniques for Detection of Leishmania Tropical, Major in Baghdad , Iraq. Al-Qadisiyah Journal of Pure Science. 2021;26(2) : Bio 1–8. https://doi.org/10.29350/jops.2021.26.2.1212. DOI: https://doi.org/10.29350/qjps.2021.26.2.1212
Rahi AA. Jasim SE. Abed FA. Clinical picture of cutaneous leishmaniasis in Wasit, Iraq. EAS J Orthop Physiother. 2019;1(3): 29-30. http://doi.org/10.36349/easjop.2019.v01i03.002.
Hamzavi Y. Nazari N. Khademi N. Hassani K. Bozorgomid A. Cutaneous leishmaniasis in Qasr-e Shirin, a border area in the west of Iran, Veterinary World. 2018;11(12): 1692-1697. http://doi.org/10.14202/vetworld.2018.1692-1697. DOI: https://doi.org/10.14202/vetworld.2018.1692-1697
Rasti S. Ghorbanzadeh B. Kheirandish F. Mousavi SG. Pirozmand A. Hooshyar H. Abani B. Comparison of Molecular, Micscopic, and Culture Methods for Diagnosis of Cutaneous Leishmaniasis. J Clin Lab Anal. 2016;30(5):610-5. http://doi.org/10.1002/jcla.21910. Epub 2016 Feb 18. PMID: 26891976; PMCID: PMC6807126. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1002/jcla.21910
Hassan ZI. Molecular Characterization of Cutaneous Leishmaniasis Isolated from Human in Erbil Province- Kurdistan Region/ Iraq. ZJPAS (2018);30 (2): 76-85. http://dx.doi.org/10.21271/ZJPAS.30.2.10. DOI: https://doi.org/10.21271/ZJPAS.30.2.10
Kadhim IK. And Al-Quraishi. Molecular And Diagnostic Study Of Cutaneous Leishmaniasis Species By NestedPCR Technique In Babylon Province/ Iraq. European Journal of Molecular & Clinical Medicine.2020;7(3):1190-1199. https://ejmcm.com/article_1597.html.
Qader AM. Abood MK. Bakir TY. Identification of leishmania parasites in clinical samples obtained from cutaneous leishmaniasis patients using pcr technique in Iraq. Iraqi Journal of Science. 2009; 50(1) : 32 – 36. https://www.iasj.net/iasj/download/de4ccaa7a9cec0db.
Younis NN. and Al-Thwani AN. Identification of Leishmania tropica and Leishmania major by REAL-TIME PCR using ITS1 and KDNA genes in Baghdad. Pak. J. Biotechnol. 2018;15(2): 599-602. https://www.pjbt.org/index.php/pjbt/article/view/435.
Rasheed ZK, Mohammed NS, Turki SG, Abed ZAS. The genetic sequence of Leishmania tropica among patients with Cuotaneous leishmaniasis in Iraqi patients. International Journal of Drug Delivery Technology. 2020;10(4):577-580. http://impactfactor.org/PDF/IJDDT/10/IJDDT,Vol10,Issue4,Article12.pdf.
Yousif WT. Al-kaysi AM. Selman MO. Aljuboori KK. Zuhdi A. Molecular and biochemical studies on the effect of the infection by cutaneous leishmaniasis in Iraqi people. 2020; 8(8) : 403-410. http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.3996694.
Younis NN. Muhammed S. Clinical Isolation and Molecular Diagnosis of Cutaneous Leishmaniasis using RFLIP for ITS1 Gene in some Baghdad Hospitals. Annals of the Romanian Society for Cell Biology. 2021; 25(6): 774-781. https://www.annalsofrscb.ro/index.php/journal/article/view/5493.
Noori N. Al-Thwani AN. Aboody BA. Clinical Isolation and Molecular Diagnosis of Cutaneous Leishmaniasis by using KDNA Gene PCR at some Baghdad Hospitals. Journal of Kerbala for Agricultural Sciences. 2017, ;4(5): 307-315. http://journals.uokerbala.edu.iq/index.php/Agriculture/article/view/715.
Hawas MR. Al-Zubaidy IA. Mohamed NS. Molecular identification of leishmaniaspp.in cutaneous leishmaniasis. Plant Archives.2020; 20(2): 6951-6958. http://plantarchives.org/20-2/6951-6958%20(6487).pdf.
Al-Jubori MI. Al-taae AA. Al-Faham M A. Detection of Cutaneouse Leishmaniasis species via PCR in Salah Adeen and Baghdad provences. Tikrit Journal of Pure Science, 2019;24(1): 57-61. http://dx.doi.org/10.25130/tjps.24.2019.009. DOI: https://doi.org/10.25130/j.v24i1.778
Al-Ghabban MJ. Al-Bayati NY. Al-Mayah QS. Molecular Typing and Phylogenetic Analysis of Cutaneous Leishmania from Iraqi Patients. Medico Legal Update. 2020; 20(4):349-355. https://doi.org/10.37506/mlu.v20i4.1834. DOI: https://doi.org/10.37506/mlu.v20i4.1834
Seaad AA, Abdulah SR. Kelef S F. Epidemiological prevalence of cutaneous Leishmaniasis In immigration people in Al-Qadissyia province. Al-Anbar Journal of Veterinary Sciences. 2017;10(1): 77-83. https://www.iasj.net/iasj/article/134919.
Al-Difaie RS. Jasim GA. Detection the effect of the treatment of pentostam on LPG, CPA, and PPG virulence factors of cutaneous Leishmania by real time-PCR. QJVMS. 2018; 17(2): 9-17. https://doi.org/10.29079/vol17iss2art496. DOI: https://doi.org/10.29079/vol17iss2art496
Mohammad FI. Hmood KA. Detection of leishmania species by nested-pcr and virulence factors gipls, gp63 in L. major by conventional-pcr. Biochem. Cell. Arch. 2018;18( 2) 2255-2259. www.connectjournals.com/bca.
Abdlkadhim SJ. Epidemiological And Molecular Characteristics Of Cutaneous Leishmaniasis In Al-Diwanyiah hospital. 2018; 14:71-80. https://qmed.iraqjournals.com.
Jabbar EK. AL-Aboody BA. Jarullah BA. Noori N. Isolation and Molecular Diagnosis of Leishmania major and Study Activity of Aqueous Extract of Plant Nigella sativa Against the Parasite In Vitro. ijpqa. 2019;10(1):47-50. http://doi.org/10.25258/ijpqa.10.1.7. DOI: https://doi.org/10.25258/ijpqa.10.1.7
Flaih1 MH. Al-Abady FA. Hussein KR. Detection of Leishmania tropica Using Nested-PCR and Some of Their Virulence Factors in Thi-Qar Province, Iraq. Baghdad Science Journal. 2021; 18 (1): 700-708. http://dx.doi.org/10.21123/bsj.2021.18.1(Suppl.).0700. DOI: https://doi.org/10.21123/bsj.2021.18.1(Suppl.).0700
Al-Fahdawi HA. Al-Ani SF. AlKubaisi TA.. Detection of Cutaneous Leishmaniasis Based on ITS1 Gene by PCR-RFLP Technique. Egypt. Acad. J. Biolog. Sci.2018; 10 (2): 1 – 13. https://eajbse.journals.ekb.eg/issue_2847_4308_.html. DOI: https://doi.org/10.21608/eajbse.2018.22719
Al-Bajalan MMM. Al-Jaf SMA. Niranji SS. Abdulkareem D. Al-Kayali K. Kato H. An outbreak of Leishmania major from an endemic to a non-endemic region posed a public health threat in Iraq from 2014-2017: Epidemiological, molecular and phylogenetic studies. PLoS Negl Trop Dis. 2018; 12(3): e0006255. https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pntd.0006255. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pntd.0006255
Hamza, D. M., Obayes, L. H., & Zghair, F. S. Molecular Diagnosis and Phylogenetic Analysis of 5.8 s rDNA Gene of Cutaneous Leishmaniasis Species in Holy Karbala/Iraq. Indian Journal of Public Health Research & Development. 2019; 10(4). 414-419. http://doi.org/10.5958/0976-5506.2019.00729.0. DOI: https://doi.org/10.5958/0976-5506.2019.00729.0
Hassan HF. Salman MM. Mohammed BM. Evaluation of the PCR Method for the Diagnosis of Cutaneous Leishmaniasis in AL Hawija District, Kirkuk, Iraq. Indian Journal of Forensic Medicine & Toxicology, January-March 2020; 14(1): 729-733. Http://doi.org/10.37506/v14/i1/2020/ijfmt/192989.
Al-Lamy SHA. Al-Abady FAM. Molecular study to diagnose and identify Leishmania spp. that causes Cutaneous leishmaniasis in humans in Maysan Governorate, Iraq. Annals of the Romanian Society for Cell Biology. 2021;25(4):14135-14143. https://www.annalsofrscb.ro/index.php/journal/article/view/4560.
AL- Hucheimi SN. Sultan BA. Al-Dhalimi MA. Mahmood TA. Tracking of Ceotaneous Leishmaniasis by Parasitological, Molecular and Biochemical Analysis. KJNS. 2015;5(1): 243-253. https://journals.uokufa.edu.iq/index.php/kjns/article/view/3977. DOI: https://doi.org/10.36321/kjns.vi20151.3152
AL- Hucheimi SN. Sultan BA. Al-Dhalimi MA. A comparative study of the diagnosis of Old World cutaneous PCR diagnosis of cutaneous leishmaniasis in Iraq by polymerase chain reaction and microbiologic and histopathologic methods. International Journal of Dermatology. 2009; 48:404–408. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1365-4632.2009.03903.x
Ali L. Al-Hadraawy, SK. Detection of cutaneous leishmaniasis species using nested polymerase chain reaction (nested-PCR) technique and phylogenetic tree in Al-Najaf province/Iraq. Drug Invention Today. 2019; 11(8): 1777-1780.
Ali MA. Khamesipour A. Rahi AA. Mohebali M. Akhavan A. Firooz A. Keshavarz HV. Epidemiological study of cutaneous leishmaniasis in some Iraqi provinces. 2018; 14(4);18-24. http://doi.org/10.22374/1875-6859.14.4.4. DOI: https://doi.org/10.22374/1875-6859.14.4.4
Rahi AA. Nsaif S. Hassoni JJ.. Ali MA. Hamza HA. Comparison of diagnostic methods in Cutaneous Leishmaniasis in Iraq. American Journal of BioScience. 2013; 1(1) : 1-5. http://doi.org/10.11648/j.ajbio.20130101.11. DOI: https://doi.org/10.11648/j.ajbio.20130101.11
Rahi AA. Identification of leishmania species causing cutaneous leishmaniasis using REAL-TIME PCR in Iraq. International Journal of Development Research. 2014; 4(8): 1459-1462. http://journalijdr.com/archive/201408.
Rahi A A. Genetic characterization of Leishmania species causing cutaneous leishmaniasis in Iraq. Int Res J Eng Technol. 2015; 2(3):1057-1062. https://www.irjet.net/archives/V2/i3/Irjet-v2i3155.pdf.
Al-Tamemy AA. Al-Qurashi NN. Identification and Sequences of Two Leishmania Species Isolated From Human Cutaneous Lesion in Iraq. IOSR-JPBS. 2017;1(4):53-57. http://doi.org/10.9790/3008-1204075357.
Al-Khanaq MN. Detection of Leishmania species by using nested PCR in Al-Kut city. Journal of Entomology and Zoology Studies. 2018; 6(2): 2815-2819. https://www.entomoljournal.com/search/?q=May+Naji+Al-Khanaq.
RahiAA. Jasim SE. Abed F A. Clinical picture of cutaneous leishmaniasis in Wasit, Iraq. EAS. J. Orthop. Physiother. 2019; 1(3), 29-32.
Faieq ZA. Detection of Visceral leishmaniosis by RT-PCR technique in Wasit Province of Iraq. Wasit Journal for Science & Medicine. 2019; 12(1):68-78. https://www.iasj.net/iasj/article/169743.
AL-Mishry MK. Al-Shimmary MN. Mahdi NK. Molecular diagnosis of visceral leishmaniasis in children of Basrah governorate, Iraq. 2013; 4(1): 54-59. https://jsci.utq.edu.iq/index.php/main/article/view/582.
Al-Hussaini RM. Al-Tufaili RN. Hussein R A. Molecular Study of Pediatric Visceral Leishmaniasis in Mid-Euphrates Area, Iraq. Inter. J. Sci. Engineer. Res. 2017: 8(8): 148-152. https://www.ijser.org/research-paper-publishing-august-2017.aspx. DOI: https://doi.org/10.14299/ijser.2017.04.008
Downloads
Published
How to Cite
Issue
Section
License
Copyright (c) 2022 Musafer H. Al-Ardi
This work is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License.
which allows users to copy, create extracts, abstracts, and new works from the Article, alter and revise the Article, and make commercial use of the Article (including reuse and/or resale of the Article by commercial entities), provided the user gives appropriate credit (with a link to the formal publication through the relevant DOI), provides a link to the license, indicates if changes were made and the licensor is not represented as endorsing the use made of the work.
