The role of foreign companies in the emergence of the public works and oil sectors In Iraq
DOI:
https://doi.org/10.36322/m2wjh832Keywords:
Iraq's economic history, foreign companies, the Iraqi public sector, public works, the Ottoman EmpireAbstract
Foreign companies played a role in the emergence of the public works and oil sectors in Ottoman Iraq from 1850 until World War I, and this role continued in Iraq occupied by British forces after 1914 until 1925, when these companies established the ground for the emergence of the public sector in Iraq in my field (public works and oil), but the role of these companies in the emergence of the public sector in the two fields referred to has changed its strategy according to the political changes that followed 1925 (the year of the mandate), and what this research focused on is the period from 1850-1925, where the foreign role was active by obtaining Oil investment, especially providing advice and support to the Ottoman government in the field of municipal services.
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المصادر والمراجع:
أولاً: الوثائق الرسمية
أ. الوثائق الرسمية المنشورة
1. شركة النفط الوطنية العراقية، وثائق النفط في العراق، إعداد وترتيب وترجمة قاسم احمد العباس، بغداد، 1995.
ب. الوثائق الرسمية غير المنشورة / الأجنبية
1. India Office records
IOR, L/P&S/10/188, Summary of events in Turkish Iraq (hereafter: sum.) during the month of July 1910.
IOR, L/P&S/10/188, Sum… Mar. & Apr. 1910.
IOR, L/P&S/10/188, Sum… June. 1910 DOI: https://doi.org/10.2307/2788787
IOR, L/P&S/10/212, Sum… Nov. 1911.
IOR, L/P&S/10/212, Sum… Dec. 1911.
IOR, L/P&S/10/212, Sum… Jan. 1912.
IOR, L/P&S/10/212, Sum… Feb. 1912.
IOR, L/P&S/10/212, Sum… Mar & Apr. 1912.
IOR, L/P&S/10/212, Sum… July. 1912.
IOR, L/P&S/10/212, Sum… Sep. 1912.. DOI: https://doi.org/10.2307/1274411
IOR, L/P&S/10/212, Sum… Jan. 1913.
IOR, L/P&S/10/212, Sum… Mar. 1913.
IOR, L/P&S/10/212, Sum… Apr. 1913.
IOR, L/P&S/10/212, Sum… May 1913..
IOR, L/P&S/10/212, Sum… July 1913.
IOR, L/P&S/10/212, Sum… Aug. 1913.
IOR, L/P&S/10/212, Sum… Nov. and Dec. 1913 & Jan 1914.
IOR, L/P&S/10/212, Sum… Feb & Mar. 1914.
IOR, L/P&S/10/212, Sum… Apr. 1914
2. National archive and records administration (NARA), Washington D.C
NARA, rg 84, ''opportunity for American capital in the Ottoman empire, Bagdad now wants electric lights'', by am. Con., bag., dated Nov. 11 1909.
NARA, rg 84, ''opportunity for bridge contractos'' by Am. Con., Bag., dated Dec. 28. 1909.
NARA, rg 84, M.C. no. 300, am. Vice con. Bag, to am. Con. Agent, bas., dated Jan. 23, 1911.
NARA, RG 84, no. 330, am. Con. Agent, bas., to am. Vice con., bag., dated Feb. 4,1911.
NARA, RG 84, file no. 815-1, no. 35, am. Con., bag., to sec. of st. wash., dated Sep. 7, 1912.
NARA, RG 84, no 13. am. con. bag., to sec. of st., wash., dated Mar. 17, 1912.
NARA, RG 84, no. 13, am. Con., bag., to sec. of st., wash., dated Mar. 17, 1912.
NARA, RG 84, no. 26, am. Con., bag., to sec. of st. wash., dated June 26, 1912.
NARA, RG84, no. 26, am. Con., bag., to sec. of st., wash., dated June 18, 1912.
NARA, RG84, no. M.C. 77, 77, am. con. bag., to am. amb., const. dated Feb. 23, 1912.
ثانياً: الرسائل
1. امير احمد رحيم الشمري عبد المحسن شلاش 1882 - 1948 دراسة تاريخية، رسالة ماجستير (غير منشورة)، كلية الآداب، جامعة الكوفة ، 2012.
2. علي معجل خلف، شركة نفط خانقين المحدودة دراسة تاريخية، رسالة ماجستير غير منشورة، كلية التربية (أبن رشد)، جامعة بغداد، 2002
3. لمى عبد العزيز، الخدمات العامة في العراق 1869-1918م، أطروحة دكتوراه غير منشورة، جامعة الموصل، 2003م.
ثالثاً: الكتب
أ. الكتب العربية
4. إبراهيم علاوي، البترول العراقي التحرر الوطني، دار الطليعة، بيروت، 1967.
5. جمال باشا، مذكرات جمال باشا، إعداد محمد السعيدي، ط1، دار الفارابي، بيروت، 2013.
6. جميل موسى النجار، الإدارة العثمانية في ولاية بغداد، ط1، مكتبة مدبولي، القاهرة، 1991.
7. حكمت سامي سليمان، نفط العراق دراسة اقتصادية سياسية، دار الرشيد للنشر، سلسلة دراسات-193، منشورات وزارة الثقافة والإعلام، بغداد، 1973م
8. راشد البراوي، حرب البترول في الشرق الأوسط، ط4، القاهرة، دار النهضة المصرية، 1953.
9. عبد الحميد العلوجي وخضير عباس اللامي، الأصول التاريخية للنفط العراقي، ج1، دار الحرية للطباعة، بغداد، 1973.
10. عبد القادر باش، أعيان البصرة في أدوارها التاريخية، بغداد، 1961م.
11. لجنة التجارة الأتحادية الأمريكية، دور أحتكار النفط الدولي في العراق، منشورات البيان، بغداد.
12. مازن البندك، قصة النفط، دار القدس، بيروت 1974
13. محمد صالح الزيادي، الحكومة العراقية المؤقتة: دراسة في واقعها الاداري، 25 ت1 1920-9ايلول 1921، دار تموز، دمشق، 2012، ص 128.
14. نوري عبد الحميد العاني، التاريخ السياسي لإمتيازات النفط في العراق 1925-1952، بغداد 1980.
15. وزارة النفط والمعادن، نفط العراق حقائق وأضواء، مطبعة الجمهورية، بغداد، 1970.
ب. كتب مترجمة
1. ستيفن همسلي لونكريك، العراق من سنة 1900م إلى سنة 1950م، ترجمة سليم طه التكريتي، ج1، مطبعة الفجر للنشر والتوزيع، بغداد، 1988م
ج. الكتب الأجنبية
1. Camille Lyans Cole, Technology in Use during the Final Decades of the Ottoman Empire 1850 to 1920 Negating the Tigris: Royal Portfolio and Development Infrastructure in Late Ot-toman Iraq, 1882-1914, Cambridge University, UK, 2021
2. Darina Martykánová, Reconstructing Ottoman Engineers: Archaeology of a Profession 1789–1914,Pisa: PLUS - Pisa University Press, 2010.
3. Jameel N. Haque, “Conflict and Cooperation: Western Economic Interests in Ottoman Iraq, 1894–1914,” PhD diss, City University of New York, 2016
4. Rex j.Zedalis,The Legal Dimensions Of Oil and Gas in Iraq Cambridge University Press,New Yovk 2009. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1017/CBO9780511596926
5. Soli Shahvar, “Concession Hunting in the Age of Reform: British Companies and the Search for Government Guarantees; Telegraph Concessions through Ottoman Territories, 1855–1858,” Middle Eastern Studies 38 2002. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1080/714004488
رابعاً: مجلات
1. رفعة عبد الرزاق محمد ، حدث في مثل هذا اليوم: تنوير بغداد بالكهرباء، جريدة المدى، ع2748، 13 آذار ،2013.
2. فارس محمود فرج، الأطماع البريطانية والمساعي الأمريكية حول نفط العراق 1941-1928، مجلة جامعة تكريت للعلوم الانسانية، مج 17، ع 6، 2006.
خامساً: شبكة الأنترنت
https://ar.wikipedia.org/wiki/
https://www.turkpress.co/node/41768
Sources and references:
First: Official Documents
A. Official Documents Published
1. Iraqi National Oil Company, Oil Documents in Iraq, prepared, arranged and translated by Qasim Ahmed Al-Abbas, Baghdad, 1995.
B. Unpublished/Foreign Official Documents
1. India Office records
IOR, L/P&S/10/188, Summary of events in Turkish Iraq (hereafter: sum.) during the month of July 1910.
IOR, L/P&S/10/188, Sum… Mar. & Apr. 1910.
IOR, L/P&S/10/188, Sum… June. 1910 DOI: https://doi.org/10.2307/2788787
IOR, L/P&S/10/212, Sum… Nov. 1911.
IOR, L/P&S/10/212, Sum… Dec. 1911.
IOR, L/P&S/10/212, Sum… Jan. 1912.
IOR, L/P&S/10/212, Sum… Feb. 1912.
IOR, L/P&S/10/212, Sum… Mar & Apr. 1912.
IOR, L/P&S/10/212, Sum… July. 1912.
IOR, L/P&S/10/212, Sum… Sep. 1912.. DOI: https://doi.org/10.2307/1274411
IOR, L/P&S/10/212, Sum… Jan. 1913.
IOR, L/P&S/10/212, Sum… Mar. 1913.
IOR, L/P&S/10/212, Sum… Apr. 1913.
IOR, L/P&S/10/212, Sum… May 1913..
IOR, L/P&S/10/212, Sum… July 1913. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1051/radium:01913001006021201
IOR, L/P&S/10/212, Sum… Aug. 1913. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1051/radium:01913001006021201
IOR, L/P&S/10/212, Sum… Nov. and Dec. 1913 & Jan 1914.
IOR, L/P&S/10/212, Sum… Feb & Mar. 1914.
IOR, L/P&S/10/212, Sum… Apr. 1914
2. National archive and records administration (NARA), Washington D.C
NARA, rg 84, ''opportunity for American capital in the Ottoman empire, Bagdad now wants electric lights'', by am. Con., bag., dated Nov. 11 1909.
NARA, rg 84, ''opportunity for bridge contractos'' by Am. Con., Bag., dated Dec. 28. 1909.
NARA, rg 84, M.C. no. 300, am. Vice con. Bag, to am. Con. Agent, bas., dated Jan. 23, 1911.
NARA, RG 84, no. 330, am. Con. Agent, bas., to am. Vice con., bag., dated Feb. 4,1911.
NARA, RG 84, file no. 815-1, no. 35, am. Con., bag., to sec. of st. wash., dated Sep. 7, 1912.
NARA, RG 84, no 13. am. con. bag., to sec. of st., wash., dated Mar. 17, 1912.
NARA, RG 84, no. 13, am. Con., bag., to sec. of st., wash., dated Mar. 17, 1912.
NARA, RG 84, no. 26, am. Con., bag., to sec. of st. wash., dated June 26, 1912.
NARA, RG84, no. 26, am. Con., bag., to sec. of st., wash., dated June 18, 1912.
NARA, RG84, no. M.C. 77, 77, am. con. bag., to am. amb., const. dated Feb. 23, 1912.
Second: Messages
1. Amir Ahmed Rahim Al-Shammari Abdul Mohsen Shalash 1882 - 1948 A Historical Study, Master's Thesis (unpublished), Faculty of Arts, University of Kufa, 2012.
2. Ali Mojil Khalaf, Khanaqin Oil Company Ltd., A Historical Study, Unpublished Master's Thesis, College of Education (Ibn Rushd), University of Baghdad, 2002
3. Lama Abdulaziz, Public Services in Iraq 1869-1918, unpublished doctoral thesis, University of Mosul, 2003.
Third: Books
A. Arabic Books
4. Ibrahim Allawi, Iraqi Petroleum National Liberation, Dar Al-Tali'a, Beirut, 1967.
5. Jamal Pasha, Memoirs of Jamal Pasha, prepared by Muhammad Al-Saidi, 1st Edition, Dar Al-Farabi, Beirut, 2013.
6. Jamil Musa Al-Najjar, The Ottoman Administration in the Wilayat of Baghdad, 1st Edition, Madbouly Library, Cairo, 1991.
7. Hikmat Sami Suleiman, Iraq Oil: An Economic and Political Study, Dar Al-Rasheed Publishing, Studies Series-193, Publications of the Ministry of Culture and Information, Baghdad, 1973
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9. Abdul Hamid Al-Aluji and Khudair Abbas Al-Lami, The Historical Origins of Iraqi Oil, Part 1, Dar Al-Hurriya Printing, Baghdad, 1973.
10. Abdul Qadir Bash, Notables of Basra in its historical roles, Baghdad, 1961.
11. US Federal Trade Commission, The Role of the International Oil Monopoly in Iraq, Al-Bayan Publications, Baghdad.
12. Mazen Al-Bandak, The Story of Oil, Dar Al-Quds, Beirut 1974
13. Muhammad Saleh Al-Ziyadi, The Iraqi Interim Government: A Study in its Administrative Reality, 25 T1 1920-9 September 1921, Dar Tammuz, Damascus, 2012, p. 128.
14. Nouri Abdul Hamid Al-Ani, The Political History of Oil Concessions in Iraq 1925-1952, Baghdad 1980.
15. Ministry of Oil and Minerals, Iraq Oil: Facts and Lights, Al-Jumhuriya Press, Baghdad, 1970.
B. Translated Books
1. Stephen Hamsley Longcreek, Iraq from 1900 to 1950, translated by Salim Taha Al-Tikriti, part 1, Al-Fajr Press for Publishing and Distribution, Baghdad, 1988
c. Foreign Books
1. Camille Lyans Cole, Technology in Use during the Final Decades of the Ottoman Empire 1850 to 1920 Negating the Tigris: Royal Portfolio and Development Infrastructure in Late Ottoman Iraq, 1882-1914, Cambridge University, UK, 2021
2. Darina Martykánová, Reconstructing Ottoman Engineers: Archaeology of a Profession 1789–1914,Pisa: PLUS - Pisa University Press, 2010.
3. Jameel N. Haque, “Conflict and Cooperation: Western Economic Interests in Ottoman Iraq, 1894–1914,” PhD diss, City University of New York, 2016
4. Rex j.Zedalis,The Legal Dimensions Of Oil and Gas in Iraq Cambridge University Press,New Yovk 2009. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1017/CBO9780511596926
5. Soli Shahvar, “Concession Hunting in the Age of Reform: British Companies and the Search for Government Guarantees; Telegraph Concessions through Ottoman Territories, 1855–1858,” Middle Eastern Studies 38 2002. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1080/714004488
Fourth: Magazines
1. Rifa'a Abdul Razzaq Muhammad, Event on this day: Enlightenment of Baghdad with electricity, Al-Mada newspaper, p. 2748, March 13, 2013.
2. Fares Mahmoud Faraj, British ambitions and American endeavors on Iraqi oil 1941-1928, Tikrit University Journal for Human Sciences, vol. 17, p. 6, 2006.
Fifth: The Internet
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