مرحلة نشوء المدن في حضارة وادي السند ( 3200 - 2600 ق.م )
DOI:
https://doi.org/10.36322/jksc.v1i45.5097Abstract
ظهرت خلال مرحلة نشوء المدن (3200 – 2600 ق.م) أربع ثقافات رئيسة على التوالي وقد سميت بأسماء مواقعها هي: ثقافات أمري – نال ، كوت ديجي، شوثي- سيسوال ، وثقافة أخرى عُرفت باسم دامب سادات أو(فخار كويتا) في وسط منطقة بلوشستان(26). إن الامتداد الجغرافي لهذه الثقافات هي مناطق البنجاب، هاريانا، شمالي راجستان، غربي أوتارا براديش وكجرات أيضاً(27). وتميزت فيما بينها في طريقة صناعة سكان هذه المستوطنات للفخار وغيرها من الأعمال الفنية.
ومما توصل إليه البحث أنه كان للموقع الجغرافي لحضارة وادي السند أثر مهم في نشوء حضارة مترامية الأطراف بمساحة تفوق مساحة حضارتي وادي الرافدين ووادي النيل، . ومن الأمور التي ساعدت على نمو المدن في حضارتي وادي الرافدين ووادي السند الحفاظ على المياه من أجل زيادة الإنتاج الزراعي، مما دفع سكان المستوطنات إلى بناء سدود بسيطة لحجر أو تحويل المياه المتدفقة خلال فصل الربيع عند ذوبان الثلوج في المرتفعات من أجل إرواء الحقول الزراعية.
At the end of the fourth millennium and the beginning of the third millennium BC, was a wide spread of agricultural cities on the banks of rivers where they were the urban and urban incubator that emerged in the southern basin of the Mesopotamia and the Indus Basin. Permanent settlements were established in new areas of the plains, by shifting some people from the highlands to them. This transformation in the two civilizations should reflect the development among the inhabitants of the highlands of technology, knowledge and confidence in the exploitation of the new environmental zones provided by the Sindh and Mesopotamia Valleys .
Agriculture in the Baluchistan region and northern Mesopotamia was possible only in river valleys. One of the factors that helped to increase the population and the growth of cities in the two civilizations is to conserve water in order to increase agricultural production, Prompted the people of the settlements to build simple dams to reserve or divert water flowing during the spring when the snow melts in the highlands and fills the sewage with seasonal water and used this water for the farmland fields later. In addition, the increase in population has helped the growth and expansion of villages as well as settlement in new areas. All these create a spirit of competition among the population on limited land suitable for agriculture in multiple areas, and The economic importance of livestock breeding needs arable land for grazing or Get feed from this land.
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