Iraqi cities in the book (Sourat al-Ard) by Ibn Hawqal, a study in geographical thought

Abstract

The Arab-Islamic geographical heritage books are the best evidence and witness to the products of the previous Arab geographers and travelers, as they show the great role they played in the field of studying the world and recording multiple observations about the totality of the places they reached, and for the authenticity of these observations, especially as they represent the valuable building of the Arab-Islamic civilization. It is necessary to stop at one of its pillars represented by the personality and the product of the book (Sourat al-Ard) by Ibn Hawqal al-Nusaibi.