Assessment of Potassium Bromate, Calcium Sulfate and Synergistic Toxic Effects in Male Mice
DOI:
https://doi.org/10.36320/ajb/v14.i2.11099Keywords:
Male Mice, Potassium Bromate, Calcium Sulfate, food industryAbstract
Food additives are the basis of the modern food industry, and play an important role in improving the color, smell, and taste of food, altering its nutritional structure, perfecting its processing conditions, and extending its shelf life. Twenty four adult male Swiss albino mice were used in our experiment : Group (1) mice were Intraperitoneally injected of normal saline 0.5 ml (as control). Group (2) mice were intraperitoneally injected of well dispersed Potassium Bromate 320 mg/kg of body weight for two months (twice weekly). Group (3) mice were faded Calcium sulfate as chew of food 0.03% w/w for two months (daily intake). Group (4) mice were intraperitoneally injected of well dispersed Potassium Bromate 320 mg/kg of body weight for two months (twice weekly) and also given Calcium sulfate as chew of food 0.03% W/W for two months (daily intake). After the end of project protocol the mice had been sacrificed and blood collocated and this parameters was evaluated white blood cells (WBC) , red blood cells (RBC) ,platelet (PLT),hematocrit (HCT), and hemoglobin concentration (Hgb). The result showed there is highly significant decrease for WBC for the (group 2 and group 4) , Red blood cell count show that there is highly significant decrease of (group 2 and4), In contrast the result for Hemoglobin concentration show there were highly significant increase in group 2 and 4 by comparing with control group , also highly significant increase for Hct percentage for the (group 2 and 4) by comparing with control group and group 3. Finally platelets count result show that there is highly significant decrease in group 2 and group 4. From current study We can conclude that there are different harmfully effects of KBrO3 and the synergistic effect with CaSo4 on the animal model and according to that on human due to the daily uptake of this compounds in our life style ,according to the hematological indices (WBC),(RBC), (Hgb), (Hct), and finally (PLT). Thus the using of KBrO3 and CaSo4 should be limited and used specific documented concentration to reduce its unfavorable effects
Downloads
References
Wu, L.; Zhang, Q.; Shan, L.; Chen, Z. Identifying critical factors influencing the use of additives by food:Enterprises in China. Food Cont. 2013, 31, 425–432. [CrossRef]. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.foodcont.2012.10.028
Wang, C.; Wu, J.; Gao, X. Basic attributives, functions and characteristics of food additives. China Food Addit.2015, 10, 154–158.
Amin, L.; Azad, M.; Samian, A. Factor influencing risk perception of food additives. J. Food Agric. Environ.2013, 11, 66–72.
Cai, W.; Liu, J. The improvement of the risk communication mechanism in food additives under the perspective of consumers’ right to know. J. Food Saf. 2014, 5, 167–172.
Christensen, T.; Mørkbak, M.; Jensen, S.; Evald, J. Danish Consumers’ Perceptions of Food Additives and Other Technologies; Institute of Food and Resource Economics: Copenhagen, Denmark, 2011.
Chen, S.; Wu, H.; Lu, X.; Zhong, K.; Xie, X.; Li, X.; Luo, X.; Guo, L. The public’s risk perception on food additives and the influence factors. J. Chin. Inst. Food Sci. Technol. 2015, 15, 151–157.
Yin, S.; Wu, L.; Wang, L. China’s Food Safety Development Report; Peking University Press: Beijing, China, 2016; pp. 25–26.
Wu, L.; Zhong, Y.; Shan, L.; Qin, W. Public risk perception of food additives and food scares: The case in Suzhou, China. Appetite 2013, 70, 90–98. [CrossRef] [PubMed]. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.appet.2013.06.091
International Agency for Research on Cancer [IARC] (1983) 2-[2-Furyl]-3-[5-nitro-2-fyryl] acrylamide [AF-2]. In: IARC monographs on the evaluation of the carcinogenic risk of chemicals to humans: some food additives, feed additives and naturally Occurring.
International Agency for Research on Cancer [IARC] (1975) p Dimethylaminoazobenzene. In: IARC Monographs on the evaluation of the carcinogenic risk of chemicals to humans: some aromatic azo compounds. World Health Organization, vol. 8. pp 125–139.
Aktac¸ T, Kabog˘lu A, Ertan F, Ekinci F, Huseyinova G (2003) The effects of citric acid [antioxidant] and benzoic acid [antimicrobial agent] on the mouse liver: biochemical and histopatological study. Biologia Bratisl 58:343–347.
Ko c¸ak Y (2005) Sitrik Asitin Tinca tinca [L., 1758] [Pisces: Cyprinidae] u¨zerindeki genotoksik etkisinin mikronu¨kleus testi ile belirlenmesi. Gazi U¨ niversitesi Fen Bilimleri Enstitu¨su¨. MSc Thesis.
Vadlamani, K.R., Seib, P.A., 1999. Effect of zinc and aluminium ions in bread making Cereal Chem. 76, 355–360 DOI: https://doi.org/10.1094/CCHEM.1999.76.3.355
Oloyede, O.B., Sunmonu, T.O., 2009. Potassium bromate content of selected bread samples in Ilorin, Central Nigeria and its effect on some enzymes of rat liver and kidney.Food Chem. Toxicol. 47, 2067–2070. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.fct.2009.05.026
Ahmad, M.K., Mahmood, R., 2014. Protective effect of taurine against potassium bromate-induced hemoglobin oxidation, oxidative stress, and impairment of antioxidant defense system in blood. Environ. Toxicol. http://dx.doi.org 10.1002/tox.22045. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1002/tox.22045
Sai, K., Hayashi, M., Takagi, A., Hasegawa, R., Sofuni, T., Kurokawa, Y., 1992. Effects of antioxidants on induction of micronuclei in rat peripheral blood reticulocytes by potassium bromate. Mutat. Res. 269, 113–118. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1016/0027-5107(92)90166-Y
sai, K., Takagi, A., Umemura, T., 1991. Relation of 8-hydrogen guanosine formation in rat kidney to lipid peroxidation, glutathione level and relative organ weight after a single dose administration of potassium bromate. Jpn. J. Cancer Res. 82.165–169 . DOI: https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1349-7006.1991.tb01824.x
Parsons, J.L., Chipman, J.K., 1992. DNA oxidation by potassium bromate: a direct mechanism or linked to peroxidation. Toxicology 126, 93–102.
Parsons, J.L., Chipman, J.K., 2000. The role of glutathione in DNA damage by potassium bromate in vitro. Mutagenesis 15, 311–316. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1093/mutage/15.4.311
Chipman, J.K., Parsons, J.L., Beddowes, E.J., 2006. The multiple influences of glutathione on bromate genotoxicity: implications of dose–response relationship. Toxicology 221, 187–189. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.tox.2005.12.006
Anonymous (1981). Workplace environmental exposure level guide: Potassium bromate. Am. Ind. Hyg. Assoc. J. 42: AS3-ASS.
Anonymous (1986). Potassium bromate. IARC Monogr. Eval. Car- cinng. Risk Cihem. Hum 40: 207-220.
De Vriese A, Vanholder R, and Lameire N (1997). Severe acute renal failure to bromate intoxication: Report of a case and discussion of manngement guidelines based on a review of the literature. Nephrol. Diat. Trunsplant. 12: 201-209. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1093/ndt/12.1.204
Kurokawu Y, Mackawa A, Takahasli M, and Hayashi Y (1990). Toxicity and carcinogenicity of potassium bromaie-A new renal carcinogen. Erviron. Healih Perapieet. 87: 309-335.
M. K. Ahmad and R. Mahmood, “Oral administration of potassium bromate, a major water disinfection by-product, induces oxidative stress and impairs the antioxidant power of rat blood,” Chemosphere, vol. 87, no. 7, pp. 750–756,2012. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.chemosphere.2011.12.073
H. Ben Saad, D. Driss, I. Ben Amara et al., “Altered hepatic mRNA expression of immune response-associated DNA damage in mice liver induced by potassium bromate: protective role of vanillin,” Environmental Toxicology, vol. 31, no. 12, pp. 1796–1807, 2016. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1002/tox.22181
Y. Kurokawa, A. Maekawa, M. Takahashi, and Y. Hayashi, “Toxicity and carcinogenicity of potassium bromate—a new renal carcinogen,” Environmental Health Perspectives, vol. 87,pp. 309–335, 1990. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1289/ehp.9087309
M. V. Thomas, D. A. Puleo, and M. Al-Sabbagh, J. Long. Term. Eff. Med. Implants. 15, 599 (2005). DOI: https://doi.org/10.1615/JLongTermEffMedImplants.v15.i6.30
L. G. Melo, M. J. Nagata, A. F. Bosco, L. L. Ribeiro, and C. M. Leite, Clin. Oral. Implants. Res. 16, 683 (2005). DOI: https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1600-0501.2005.01090.x
B. R. Orellana, J. Z. Hilt, and D. A. Puleo, J. Biomed. Mater. Res. B Appl. Biomater. 103, 135 (2015). DOI: https://doi.org/10.1002/jbm.b.33181
M. V. Thomas and D. A. Puleo, J. Biomed. Mater. Res. B Appl. Biomater. 88, 597 (2009). DOI: https://doi.org/10.1002/jbm.b.31269
Z. Pan, Y. Lou, G. Yang, X. Ni, M. Chen, H. Xu, X. Miao, J. Liu,C. Hu, and Q. Huang, Ceram. Int. 39, 5495 (2013). DOI: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ceramint.2012.12.061
M. Nilsson, L. Wielanek, J. S. Wang, K. E. Tanner, and L. Lidgren, J. Mater. Sci. Mater. Med. 14, 399 (2003).
D. N. Paglia, A. Wey, J. Hreha, A. G. Park, C. Cunningham, L. Uko, J. Benevenia, J. P. O’Connor, and S. S. Lin, J. Orthop. Res. 32, 727 (2014). DOI: https://doi.org/10.1002/jor.22570
JECFA (Joint FAO/WHO Expert Committee on Food Additives), 2010b. Sodium hydrogen sulfate. Safety evaluation of certain food additives and contaminants. Prepared by the Seventy-first meeting of the Joint FAO/WHO Expert Committee on Food Additives (JECFA). WHO Food Additives Series 62, 237–247. Available online: http://whqlibdoc.who.int/publications/2010/9789241660624_eng.pdf
SCF (Scientific Committee for Food), 1991. Reports of the Scientific Committee for Food, Twenty-fifth series. 1-13.Available online: http://ec.europa.eu/food/fs/sc/scf/reports/scf_reports_25.pdf
EFSA (European Food Safety Authority), 2003. Opinion of the Scientific Panel on Food Additives, Flavourings, Processing Aids and Materials in Contact with Food (AFC) on a request from theCommission related to Calcium sulphate for use in foods for particular nutritional uses. EFSA Journal 2003;20, 1–6, https://doi.org/10.2903/j.efsa.2004.20/ Available from: http://www.efsa.europa.eu/en/efsajournal/doc/20.pdf DOI: https://doi.org/10.2903/j.efsa.2003.19
EFSA (European Food Safety Authority), 2004. Opinion of the Scientific Panel on Food Additives, Flavourings, Processing Aids and materials in Contact with Food on a request from the Commission related to Calcium Sulphate as a mineral substance in foods intended for the general population. EFSA Journal 2004;112, 1–10, https://doi. org/10.2903/j.efsa.2004.112. Available online: http://www.efsa.europa.eu/en/efsajournal/doc/112.pdf DOI: https://doi.org/10.2903/j.efsa.2004.112
EFSA (European Food Safety Authority), 2008. Scientific Opinion of the Panel on Food Additives and Nutrition Sources added to Food on a request from the Commission on Calcium sulphate for use as a source of calcium in food supplements. EFSA Journal 2008;6(10):814, 9 pp. https://doi.org/10.2903/j.efsa.2008.814. Available online: http://www.efsa.europa.eu/en/efsajournal/doc/814.pdf
Erdman J, 2004. Dietary reference intakes for water, potassium, sodium, chloride and sulfate. Panel on Dietary Reference Intakes for Electrolytes and Water. Standing Committee on the Scientific Evaluation of Dietary Reference Intakes. Food and Nutrion Board. Institute of medicine of the national academies, 424–448. Available online: http://www.nal.usda.gov/fnic/DRI/DRI_Water/water_full_report.pdf.
WHO (World Health Organization), 2004. Sulfate in Drinking-water. WHO/SDE/WSH/03.04/114. Available online:https://www.who.int/water_sanitation_health/dwq/chemicals/sulfate.pdf
Online Toxicology Data Network (TOXNET), Hazardous Substances Data Bank (HSDB), 2003.
J. Y. Ferguson, M. Dudareva, N. D. Riley, D. Stubbs, B. L. Atkins, and M. A. McNally, Bone. Joint. J. 96-B, 829 (2014). DOI: https://doi.org/10.1302/0301-620X.96B6.32756
Regulatory Affairs : Thermo Fisher Scientific Safety Data Sheet ; 10-Feb-2015Email: EMSDS.RA@thermofisher.com.
Xie L, Kang H, Xu Q, Chen MJ, Liao Y, Thiyagarajan M, O’Donnell J, Christensen DJ, Nicholson C, Iliff JJ, Takano T. Sleep drives metabolite clearance from the adult brain. science. 2013 Oct 18;342(6156):373-7. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1126/science.1241224
Motulsky HJ. Prism 4 statistics guide—statistical analyses for laboratory and clinical researchers. GraphPad Software Inc., San Diego, CA. 2003:122-6.
Ahmad, M.K., Khan, A.A., Ali, S.N., Mahmood, R., 2015. Chemoprotective effect of taurine on potassium bromate-induced DNA damage, DNA-protein crosslinking and oxidative stress in rat intestine. PLoS One. http://dx.doi.org/ 10.1371/journal.pone.0119137. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0119137
Chipman, J.K., Davies, J.E., Parsons, J.L., Nair, J., O’Neill, G., Fawell, J.K., 1998. DNA oxidation by potassium bromate; a direct mechanism or linked to lipid peroxidation? Toxicology 126, 93–102. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1016/S0300-483X(97)00174-1
Habibovic P, Barralet JE. Bioinorganics and biomateriais Bone repair. Acta Biomater 2011,73013-3026. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.actbio.2011.03.027
J. Ajarem, N. G. Altoom, A. A. Allam, S. N. Maodaa, M. A. Abdel- Maksoud, and B. K. C. Chow, “Oral administration of potassium bromate induces neurobehavioral changes, alters cerebral neurotransmitters level and impairs brain tissue of Swiss mice,” Behavioral and Brain Functions, vol. 12, no. 1, p. 14, 2016. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1186/s12993-016-0098-8
Hoffbrand, A.V., Petit, J.E., Moss, P.A., 2004. Essential Haematology. Blackwell, Oxford, pp. 252–253.
Kaya, F.F., Topaktas_, M., 2007. Genotoxic effects of potassium bromate on human peripheral lymphocytes in vitro. Mutat. Res. 626, 48–52. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.mrgentox.2006.08.006
OECD Guideline For The Testing Of Chemicals Mammalian Erythrocyte Micronucleus Test , DRAFT TG- 474 - July 2012. https://www.oecd.org/env/ehs/testing/Draft%20TG%20474.pdf.
Zhang Y, Ali SF, Dervishi E, Xu Y, Li Z, Casciano D, Biris AS. Cytotoxicity effects of graphene and single-wall carbon nanotubes in neural phaeochromocytoma-derived PC12 cells. ACS nano. 2010 Jun 22;4(6):3181-6. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1021/nn1007176
Downloads
Published
How to Cite
Issue
Section
License
Copyright (c) 2022 Ameer Ali Imarah, Rana Ahmed Najm
This work is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License.
which allows users to copy, create extracts, abstracts, and new works from the Article, alter and revise the Article, and make commercial use of the Article (including reuse and/or resale of the Article by commercial entities), provided the user gives appropriate credit (with a link to the formal publication through the relevant DOI), provides a link to the license, indicates if changes were made and the licensor is not represented as endorsing the use made of the work.
