Phylogenetic and Palynological Study of the Genus Epilobium L. (Onagraceae) in Kurdistan Region-Iraq
DOI:
https://doi.org/10.36320/ajb/v14.i2.11711Keywords:
Phylogenetic, Palynological, trnL-F, ITS, Epilobium, KurdistanAbstract
The phylogeny of the species of Epilobium in Kurdistan Region-Iraq was investigated by using six in-group species: E. anatolicum Hausskn. subsp. anatolicum, E. hirsutum L., E. obscurum Schreber, E. parviflorum Schreber, E. rechingeri Raven., E. tetragonum L. and one out-group related genus: Ludwingia grandiflora (Michx.) Greuter & Burdet, based on trnL-F intergenic region of chloroplast DNA and internal transcribed spacer (ITS) of nuclear ribosomal DNA. In addition, the pollen morphology of seven species of Epilobium (the previous mentioned species with E. ponticum Hausskn.), was examined by using Light Microscope (LM) and Scanning Electron Microscope (SEM). Individual analysis of trnL and ITS sequence data indicated monophyly of the genus Epilobium, the results of bayesian and maximum parsimony displayed two clades of Epilobium with high supports (bs=100%, pp=1.00). The pollen grains usually tetrads, radially symmetrical, isopolar, numerous, yellow, five species appeared oblate whereas E. rechingeri and E. tetragonum were suboblate; the polar view was triangular and the equatorial view was ellipsoid; their sizes were medium (medium-large in E. hirsutum and E. parviflorum). The apertures were triporate. The exine sculpturing were not obvious.
Downloads
References
AKBARI, R. S. & AZIZIAN, D. 2006. Seed morphology and seed coat sculpturing of Epilobium L. species (Onagraceae Juss.) from Iran. Turkish Journal of Botany, 30, 435-440.
BASHER, B., NAZLı, A. & KÜRŞAT, M. 2021. Using of light and scanning electron microscopy for pollen morphology of some Epilobium (Onagraceae) taxa and Its taxonomic importance. Bitlis Eren University Journal of Science and Technology, 11, 36-45. DOI: https://doi.org/10.17678/beuscitech.1002128
BROWN, C. A. 1967. Pollen morphology of the Onagraceae. Review of palaeobotany and palynology, 3, 163-180. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1016/0034-6667(67)90050-4
BAUM, D. A., SYTSMA, K. J. & HOCH, P. C. 1994. A phylogenetic analysis of Epilobium (Onagraceae) based on nuclear ribosomal DNA sequences. Systematic Botany, 363-388. DOI: https://doi.org/10.2307/2419763
CHASE, M. W., SOLTIS, D. E., OLMSTEAD, R. G., MORGAN, D., LES, D. H., MISHLER, B. D., DUVALL, M. R., PRICE, R. A., HILLS, H. G. & QIU, Y.-L. 1993. Phylogenetics of seed plants: an analysis of nucleotide sequences from the plastid gene rbcL. Annals of the Missouri Botanical Garden, 528-580.
CHEN, S., YAO, H., HAN, J., LIU, C., SONG, J., SHI, L., ZHU, Y. MA, X., GAO, T. & PANG, X. 2010. Validation of the ITS2 region as a novel DNA barcode for identifying medicinal plant species. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0008613
CONTI, E., FISCHBACH, A. & SYTSMA, K. J. 1993. Tribal relationships in Onagraceae: implications from rbcL sequence data. Annals of the Missouri Botanical Garden, 672-685. DOI: https://doi.org/10.2307/2399853
DICKISON, W. C. 1975. The bases of angiosperm phylogeny: vegetative anatomy. Annals of the Missouri Botanical Garden, 590-620. DOI: https://doi.org/10.2307/2395268
DOYLE, J. J. & Doyle, J. L. (1990). Isolation of plant DNA from fresh tissue. Focus, 12, 13-15. DOI: https://doi.org/10.2307/2419362
EIDE, F. Y. 1981. Key for northwest European Rosaceae pollen. Grana, 20, 101-118. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1080/00173138109427651
ERDTMAN, G. 1952. On pollen and spore terminology. Journal of Palaeosciences, 1, 169-176. DOI: https://doi.org/10.54991/jop.1952.382
FELSENSTEIN, J. (1985). Confidence limits on phylogenies: An approach using the bootstrap. Evolution, 39, 783-791. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1558-5646.1985.tb00420.x
FULTON, T., GRANDILLO, S., BECK-BUNN, T., FRIDMAN, E., FRAMPTON, A., LOPEZ, J., PETIARD, V., UHLIG, J., ZAMIR, D. & TANKSLEY, S. 2000.
Advanced backcross QTL analysis of a Lycopersicon esculentum× Lycopersicon parviflorum cross. Theoretical and Applied Genetics, 100, 1025-1042. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/s001220051384
HALL, R. E. (2001). The Stock Market and Capital Accumulation. American Economic Review, 91, 1185-1202. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1257/aer.91.5.1185
HEBDA, R. J. & CHINNAPPA, C. 1990. Studies on pollen morphology of Rosaceae in Canada. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1016/0034-6667(90)90123-Z
HESSE, M., Halbritter, H., Zetter, R., Weber, M., Buchner, R., Frosch-Radivo, A. and Ulrich, S. (2009). Pollen Terminology, An illustrated handbook. Springer - Verlag/Wien, Austria: 219
HOCH, P. C., CRISCI, J. V., TOBE, H. & BERRY, P. E. 1993. A cladistic analysis of the plant family Onagraceae. Systematic Botany, 31-47. DOI: https://doi.org/10.2307/2419786
KERI, C. & ZETTER, R. 1992. Notes on the exine ultrastructure of Onagraceae and Rhododendroideae (Ericaceae). Grana, 31, 119-123. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1080/00173139209430731
LEVIN, R. A., WAGNER, W. L., HOCH, P. C., HAHN, W. J., RODRIGUEZ, A., BAUM, D. A., KATINAS, L., ZIMMER, E. A. & SYTSMA, K. J. 2004.
Paraphyly in tribe Onagreae: insights into phylogenetic relationships of Onagraceae based on nuclear and chloroplast sequence data. Systematic Botany, 29, 147-164. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1600/036364404772974293
MAKBUL, S., TÜRKMEN, Z., COSKUNÇELEBI, K. & BEYAZOGLU, O. 2008. Anatomical and pollen characters in the genus Epilobium L. (Onagraceae) from Northeast Anatolia. Acta Biologica Cracoviensia Series Botanica, 50, 51-62.
METCALFE, C. R. & CHALK, L. 1950. Anatomy of the Dicotyledons: leaves, stem, and wood, in relation to taxonomy, with notes on economic uses. Anatomy of the Dicotyledons: leaves, stem, and wood, in relation to taxonomy, with notes on economic uses.
NYLANDER, J. A., Ronquist, F., Huelsenbeck, J. P. & Nieves-Aldrey, J. L. (2004). Bayesian phylogenetic analysis of combined data. Syst Biol, 53, 47-67. Review of Palaeobotany and Palynology, 64, 103-108. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1080/10635150490264699
PATEL, V. C., SKVARLA, J. J. & RAVEN, P. H. 1984. Pollen characters in relation to the delimitation of Myrtales. Annals of the Missouri Botanical Garden, 858-969. DOI: https://doi.org/10.2307/2399170
RAVEN, P. H. 1976. Generic and sectional delimitation in Onagraceae, tribe Epilobieae. Annals of the Missouri Botanical Garden, 326-340. DOI: https://doi.org/10.2307/2395311
RAMBAUT, A. (2016). 〈http://tree.bio.ed.ac.uk/software/figtree)/ Accessed 6 January 2016.
RAVEN, P. H. 1988. Onagraceae as a model of plant evolution. Plant evolutionary biology. Springer. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/978-94-009-1207-6_4
RONQUIST, F. & Huelsenbeck, J. P. (2003). MrBayes 3: Bayesian phylogenetic inference under mixed models. Bioinformatics, 19, 1572-4. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1093/bioinformatics/btg180
ROWLEY, J. R. & CLAUGHER, D. 1996. Structure of the exine of Epilobium angustifolium (Onagraceae). Grana, 35, 79-86. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1080/00173139609429477
SARDAR, A. Sh. & AL-Edhari, A. H. (2017). Taxonomic Study for the New Record Epilobium obscurum Schreber (Onagraceae) in Iraq. Asian Journal of Research, 6(6): 127-129. DOI: https://doi.org/10.26739/2433-202x-2017-6-6-8
SARDAR, A. Sh. (2018). Taxonomic Study of the New Record Epilobium anatolicum Hausskn. subsp. anatolicum (Onagraceae) in Iraq. Al-Kufa University Journal for Biology, 10(3): 15-23
Swofford, D. L. (2000). PAUP*. Phylogenetic Analysis Using Parsimony, Version 4,
Sunderland, Massachusetts, Sinauer Associates: 6-10.
SYTSMA, K. J., SMITH, J. F. & BERRY, P. E. 1991. The use of chloroplast DNA to assess biogeography and evolution of morphology, breeding systems, and flavonoids in Fuchsia sect, Skinnera (Onagraceae). Systematic Botany, 257-269. DOI: https://doi.org/10.2307/2419278
TABERLET, P., GIELLY, L., PAUTOU, G. & BOUVET, J. (1991). Universal primers for amplification of three non-coding regions of chloroplast DNA. Plant Mol Biol, 17, 1105-9. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/BF00037152
WEN, J. & NOWICKE, J. W. 1999. Pollen ultrastructure of Panax (the ginseng genus, Araliaceae), an eastern Asian and eastern NorthAmerican disjunct genus. American Journal of Botany, 86, 1624-1636. DOI: https://doi.org/10.2307/2656799
YURTSEVA, O., SEVEROVA, E. & BOVINA, I. Y. 2014. Pollen morphology and taxonomy of Atraphaxis (Polygoneae, Polygonaceae). Plant Systematics and Evolution, 300, 749-766. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/s00606-013-0917-4
UEDA, Y. & Tomita, H. (1989). Morphometric analysis of pollen exine patterns in DOI: https://doi.org/10.2503/jjshs.58.211
roses. J. Japan. Soc. Hort. Sci., 58, 211-220.
Downloads
Published
How to Cite
Issue
Section
License
Copyright (c) 2022 Omar, Sardar
This work is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License.
which allows users to copy, create extracts, abstracts, and new works from the Article, alter and revise the Article, and make commercial use of the Article (including reuse and/or resale of the Article by commercial entities), provided the user gives appropriate credit (with a link to the formal publication through the relevant DOI), provides a link to the license, indicates if changes were made and the licensor is not represented as endorsing the use made of the work.
