Seroprevalence and risk factors of Trichomonas vaginalis among couples in Al-Hamza city-Iraq.
DOI:
https://doi.org/10.36320/ajb/v13.i1.8140Keywords:
Trichomonas vaginalis, Seroprevalence, Couples, Al-Hamza city, Risk factorsAbstract
Background: Trichomoniasis is a sexually transmitted disease. It is a public health risk factor. This disease associated with many sexual diseases and is likely to be a cause of infertility, abortion, and the birth of low-weight babies. The purpose of the study is to establish a database of parasite infection in the city, especially with no previous research on the rate of infection among men.
Materials and method: Two hundred forty serum samples were collected from 120 couples between 18-43 years old, for the period from 2 Jan. 2020 to 25 jun. 2020, all of which were examined by ELISA test to detect immunoglobulin IgM and IgG. All results were analyzed by SPSS 20.
Downloads
References
Adjei, C., Boateng, R., Dompreh, A., Okyere, B., & Owiredu, E. W. (2019). Prevalence and the evaluation of culture, wet mount, and ELISA methods for the diagnosis of Trichomonas vaginalis infection among Ghanaian women using urine and vaginal specimens. Tropical Medicine and Health, 47(1), 1–8. https://doi.org/10.1186/s41182-019-0162-9 DOI: https://doi.org/10.1186/s41182-019-0162-9
Alim, A. (2009). Evaluation of vaginal flora and antibiogram analysis in reproductive-age women with or without vaginitis in primary care settings. Cumhuriyet Tıp Dergisi, 31(2), 116–121. https://doi.org/10.7197/cmj.v31i2.1008000061
Allsworth, J. E. J. E., Ratner, J. A. J. A., & Peipert, J. F. (2009). Trichomoniasis and Other Sexually Transmitted Infections: Results from the 2001 – 2004 NHANES Surveys. Sexually Transmitted Diseases, 36(12), 738–744. https://doi.org/10.1097/OLQ.0b013e3181b38a4b.Trichomoniasis DOI: https://doi.org/10.1097/OLQ.0b013e3181b38a4b
Ambrozio, C. L., Nagel, A. S., Jeske, S., Bragança, G. C. M., Borsuk, S., & Villela, M. M. (2016). Trichomonas vaginalis prevalence and risk factors for women in southern Brazil. Revista Do Instituto de Medicina Tropical de Sao Paulo, 58(1), 1–5. https://doi.org/10.1590/S1678-9946201658061 DOI: https://doi.org/10.1590/S1678-9946201658061
Babu, G., Singaravelu, B., Srikumar, R., Reddy, S. V., & Kokan, A. (2017). Comparative study on the vaginal flora and incidence of asymptomatic vaginosis among healthy women and in women with infertility problems of reproductive age. Journal of Clinical and Diagnostic Research, 11(8), DC18–DC22. https://doi.org/10.7860/JCDR/2017/28296.10417 DOI: https://doi.org/10.7860/JCDR/2017/28296.10417
Bachmann, L. H., Hobbs, M. M., Seña, A. C., Sobel, J. D., Schwebke, J. R., Krieger, J. N., McClelland, R. S., & Workowski, K. A. (2011). Trichomonas vaginalis genital infections: Progress and challenges. Clinical Infectious Diseases, 53(SUPPL. 3), 1–24. https://doi.org/10.1093/cid/cir705 DOI: https://doi.org/10.1093/cid/cir705
Bedair, N. H., & Ali, H. Z. (2020). Comparison of trichomoniasis diagnosis by microscopic methods and indirect ELISA technique in a sample of Iraqi women. Iraqi Journal of Science, 61(4), 742–748. https://doi.org/10.24996/ijs.2020.61.4.5 DOI: https://doi.org/10.24996/ijs.2020.61.4.5
Bowden, F. J., & Garnett, G. P. (2000). Trichomonas vaginalis epidemiology: Parameterising and analysing a model of treatment interventions. Sexually Transmitted Infections, 76(4), 248–256. https://doi.org/10.1136/sti.76.4.248 DOI: https://doi.org/10.1136/sti.76.4.248
Buvé, A., Weiss, H. A., Laga, M., Van Dyck, E., Musonda, R., Zekeng, L., Kahindo, M., Anagonou, S., Morison, L., Robinson, N. J., & Hayes, R. J. (2001). The epidemiology of trichomoniasis in women in four African cities. Aids, 15(SUPPL. 4), 11686470. https://doi.org/10.1097/00002030-200108004-00010 DOI: https://doi.org/10.1097/00002030-200108004-00010
Caini, S., Gandini, S., Dudas, M., Bremer, V., Severi, E., & Gherasim, A. (2014). Sexually transmitted infections and prostate cancer risk: A systematic review and meta-analysis. Cancer Epidemiology, 38(4), 329–338. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.canep.2014.06.002 DOI: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.canep.2014.06.002
Carter, J. E., & Whithaus, K. C. (2008). Neonatal respiratory tract involvement by Trichomonas vaginalis: A case report and review of the literature. American Journal of Tropical Medicine and Hygiene, 78(1), 17–19. https://doi.org/10.4269/ajtmh.2008.78.17 DOI: https://doi.org/10.4269/ajtmh.2008.78.17
Chang, P. C., Hsu, Y. C., Hsieh, M. L., Huang, S. T., Huang, H. C., & Chen, Y. (2016). A pilot study on Trichomonas vaginalis in women with recurrent urinary tract infections. Biomedical Journal, 39(4), 289–294. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.bj.2015.11.005 DOI: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.bj.2015.11.005
Cotch, M. F., Pastorek, J. G., Nugent, R. P., Hillier, S. L., Gibbs, R. S., Martin, D. H., Eschenbach, D. A., Edelman, R., Carey, J. C., Regan, J. A., Krohn, M. A., Klebanoff, M. A., Rao, A. V., Rhoads, G. G., Yaffe, S. J., Catz, C. S., McNellis, D., Berendes, H. W., Blackwelder, W. C., … Rettig, P. J. (1997). Trichomonas vaginalis associated with low birth weight and preterm delivery. Sexually Transmitted Diseases, 24(6), 353–360. https://doi.org/10.1097/00007435-199707000-00008 DOI: https://doi.org/10.1097/00007435-199707000-00008
Crosby, R. A., Charnigo, R. A., Weathers, C., Caliendo, A. M., & Shrier, L. A. (2012). Condom effectiveness against non-viral sexually transmitted infections: A prospective study using electronic daily diaries. Sexually Transmitted Infections, 88(7), 484–489. https://doi.org/10.1136/sextrans-2012-050618 DOI: https://doi.org/10.1136/sextrans-2012-050618
Dahab M. M. (2012). Prevalence and transmission of Trichomonas vaginalis infection among women in Khartoum State, Sudan. Journal of Public Health and Epidemiology, 4(2), 34–38. https://doi.org/10.5897/jphe11.170 DOI: https://doi.org/10.5897/JPHE11.170
Daugherty, M., Glynn, K., & Byler, T. (2019). Prevalence of Trichomonas vaginalis Infection among US Males, 2013-2016. Clinical Infectious Diseases, 68(3), 460–465. https://doi.org/10.1093/cid/ciy499 DOI: https://doi.org/10.1093/cid/ciy499
De Miguel, N., Lustig, G., Twu, O., Chattopadhyay, A., Wohlschlegel, J. A., & Johnson, P. J. (2010). Proteome analysis of the surface of trichomonas vaginalis reveals novel proteins and strain-dependent differential expression. Molecular and Cellular Proteomics, 9(7), 1554–1566. https://doi.org/10.1074/mcp.M000022-MCP201 DOI: https://doi.org/10.1074/mcp.M000022-MCP201
Donders, G. G. G., Depuydt, C. E., Bogers, J. P., & Vereecken, A. J. (2013). Association of Trichomonas vaginalis and cytological abnormalities of the cervix in low risk women. PLoS ONE, 8(12), 1–5. https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0086266 DOI: https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0086266
el-Sharkawy, I. M., Hamza, S. M., & el-Sayed, M. K. (2000). Correlation between trichomoniasis vaginalis and female infertility. Journal of the Egyptian Society of Parasitology, 30(1), 287–294.
Etuketu, I. M., Mogaji, H. O., Alabi, O. M., Adeniran, A. A., Oluwol, A. S., & Ekpo, U. F. (2015). Prevalence and risk factors of Trichomonas vaginalis infection among pregnant women receiving antenatal care in Abeokuta, Nigeria. African Journal of Infectious Diseases, 9(2), 51–56. https://doi.org/10.4314/ajid.v9i2.7 DOI: https://doi.org/10.4314/ajid.v9i2.7
Flagg, E. W., Meites, E., Phillips, C., Papp, J., & Torrone, E. A. (2019). Prevalence of Trichomonas vaginalis Among Civilian, Noninstitutionalized Male and Female Population Aged 14 to 59 Years: United States, 2013 to 2016. Sexually Transmitted Diseases, 46(10), E93–E96. https://doi.org/10.1097/OLQ.0000000000001013 DOI: https://doi.org/10.1097/OLQ.0000000000001013
Freeman, A. H., Katz, K. A., Pandori, M. W., Rauch, L. M., Kohn, R. P., Liska, S., Bernstein, K. T., & Klausner, J. D. (2010). Prevalence and correlates of Trichomonas vaginalis among incarcerated persons assessed using a highly sensitive molecular assay. Sexually Transmitted Diseases, 37(3), 165–168. https://doi.org/10.1097/OLQ.0b013e3181bcd3fc DOI: https://doi.org/10.1097/OLQ.0b013e3181bcd3fc
Gaydos, C. A., Barnes, M. R., Quinn, N., & Jett-goheen, M. (2013). collected penile swabs after internet recruitment. 89(6), 504–508. https://doi.org/10.1136/sextrans-2012-050946.Trichomonas DOI: https://doi.org/10.1136/sextrans-2012-050946
Ghobahi, M., Hamedi, Y., Shamseddin, J., Heydari-Hengami, M., & Sharifi-Sarasiabi, K. (2019). Frequency of Trichomoniasis and Related Risk Factors in the Women Referred to Bandar Abbas Health Centers, Iran, 2017-2018. Hormozgan Medical Journal, In Press(In Press), 4–9. https://doi.org/10.5812/hmj.88906 DOI: https://doi.org/10.5812/hmj.88906
Haltas, H., Bayrak, R., & Yenidunya, S. (2012). To determine of the prevalence of bacterial vaginosis, Candida sp, mixed infections (bacterial vaginosis +candida sp), trichomonas vaginalis, actinomyces sp in Turkish women from Ankara, Turkey. Ginekologia Polska, 83(10), 744–748.
Han, I. H., Park, S. J., Ahn, M. H., & Ryu, J. S. (2012). Involvement of mast cells in inflammation induced by Trichomonas vaginalis via crosstalk with vaginal epithelial cells. Parasite Immunology, 34(1), 8–14. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1365-3024.2011.01338.x DOI: https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1365-3024.2011.01338.x
Harold Moreno, E. L. (2014). Unexplained Infertility Caused by a Latent but Serious Intruder: Trichomonas vaginalis? Journal of Fertilization: In Vitro - IVF-Worldwide, Reproductive Medicine, Genetics & Stem Cell Biology, 03(01), 1–4. https://doi.org/10.4172/2375-4508.1000139 DOI: https://doi.org/10.4172/2375-4508.1000139
Hawel, N. H. (2018). Immunological Diagnosis for Trichomonasis in Women in Al- Muthanna Province. 1, 1–9.
Hirt, R. P., & Sherrard, J. (2015). Trichomonas vaginalis origins, molecular pathobiology and clinical considerations. Current Opinion in Infectious Diseases, 28(1), 72–79. https://doi.org/10.1097/QCO.0000000000000128 DOI: https://doi.org/10.1097/QCO.0000000000000128
Hobbs, M. M., Lapple, D. M., Lawing, L. F., Schwebke, J. R., Cohen, M. S., Swygard, H., Atashili, J., Leone, P. A., Miller, W. C., & Sena, A. C. (2006). Methods for detection of Trichomonas vaginalis in the male partners of infected women: Implications for control of trichomoniasis. Journal of Clinical Microbiology, 44(11), 3994–3999. https://doi.org/10.1128/JCM.00952-06 DOI: https://doi.org/10.1128/JCM.00952-06
Jarallah, H. M. (2013). Trichomonas Vaginalis Infections M Arshes Vill Age S South Ir Aq Am Ong Women in B Asr Ah. 9(1), 71–74.
Johnston, V. J., & Mabey, D. C. (2008). Global epidemiology and control of Trichomonas vaginalis. Current Opinion in Infectious Diseases, 21(1), 56–64. https://doi.org/10.1097/QCO.0b013e3282f3d999 DOI: https://doi.org/10.1097/QCO.0b013e3282f3d999
Kaya, Ö. A., Silfeler, D. B., Kurt, R. K., Gözükara, I., Yengil, E., & Bayramoʇlu, N. (2015). Investigation of the presence of Trichomonas vaginalis in infertile Turkish women. Asian Biomedicine, 9(5), 659–663. https://doi.org/10.5372/1905-7415.0905.437 DOI: https://doi.org/10.5372/1905-7415.0905.437
Khalaf, A. K. H., & Al-asadi, S. A. M. (2010). USE PCR TECHNIQUE TO DETECT TRICHOMONAS MATERIALS & METHODS. 2010(2).
Khamees, S. S. (2012). Characterization of vaginal discharge among women complaining of genital tract infection. International Journal of Pharmacy & Life Sciences, 3(10), 1997–2002.
Kim, J. H., Moon, H. S., Kim, K. S., Hwang, H. S., Ryu, J. S., & Park, S. Y. (2019). Comparison of seropositivity to trichomonas vaginalis between men with prostatic tumor and normal men. Korean Journal of Parasitology, 57(1), 21–25. https://doi.org/10.3347/kjp.2019.57.1.21 DOI: https://doi.org/10.3347/kjp.2019.57.1.21
Kissinger, P., Secor, W. E., Leichliter, J. S., Clark, R. A., Schmidt, N., Curtin, E., & Martin, D. H. (2008). Early repeated infections with Trichomonas vaginalis among HIV-positive and HIV-negative women. Clinical Infectious Diseases, 46(7), 994–999. https://doi.org/10.1086/529149 DOI: https://doi.org/10.1086/529149
Mahmood, S., Abolhab, R., & Mohamed, M. (2015). Iraqi JMS. Iraqi Journal of Medical Sccience, 213(2), 137–142. https://doi.org/10.22578/IJMS.16.4.3 DOI: https://doi.org/10.22578/IJMS.16.4.3
Mahmud, R., Lim, Y. A. L., Amir, A., Mahmud, R., Lim, Y. A. L., & Amir, A. (2017). Ectoparasites of Medical Importance. In Medical Parasitology. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-319-68795-7_13 DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-319-68795-7
Malla, N., Kaur, S., Khurana, S., Bagga, R., & Wanchu, A. (2008). Trichomoniasis among women in North India: A hospital based study. Indian Journal of Sexually Transmitted Diseases and AIDS, 29(2), 76. https://doi.org/10.4103/0253-7184.48729 DOI: https://doi.org/10.4103/0253-7184.48729
Mavedzenge, S. N., Van Der Pol, B., Cheng, H., Montgomery, E. T., Blanchard, K., De Bruyn, G., Ramjee, G., & Van Der Straten, A. (2010). Epidemiological synergy of trichomonas vaginalis and HIV in Zimbabwean and South African women. Sexually Transmitted Diseases, 37(7), 460–466. https://doi.org/10.1097/OLQ.0b013e3181cfcc4b DOI: https://doi.org/10.1097/OLQ.0b013e3181cfcc4b
McClelland, R. S., Sangaré, L., Hassan, W. M., Lavreys, L., Mandaliya, K., Kiarie, J., Ndinya-Achola, J., Jaoko, W., & Baeten, J. M. (2007). Infection with Trichomonas vaginalis increases the risk of HIV-1 acquisition. Journal of Infectious Diseases, 195(5), 698–702. https://doi.org/10.1086/511278 DOI: https://doi.org/10.1086/511278
Merdaw, M. A., Al-taei, L. H., Al-bashier, N. T., & Al-, Q. S. (2015). Epidemiological Study of Trichomonas vaginalis Infection among Iraqi Women Epidemiological Study of Trichomonas vaginalis Infection among Iraqi Women. December.
Midlej, V., & Benchimol, M. (2010). Trichomonas vaginalis kills and eats - Evidence for phagocytic activity as a cytopathic effect. Parasitology, 137(1), 65–76. https://doi.org/10.1017/S0031182009991041 DOI: https://doi.org/10.1017/S0031182009991041
Minkoff, H., Grunebaum, A. N., Schwarz, R. H., Feldman, J., Cummings, M., Crombleholme, W., Clark, L., Pringle, G., & McCormack, W. M. (1984). Risk factors for prematurity and premature rupture of membranes: A prospective study of the vaginal flora in pregnancy. American Journal of Obstetrics and Gynecology, 150(8), 965–972. https://doi.org/10.1016/0002-9378(84)90392-2 DOI: https://doi.org/10.1016/0002-9378(84)90392-2
Miranda, A. E., Pinto, V. M., & Gaydos, C. A. (2014). Trichomonas vaginalis infection among young pregnant women in Brazil. Brazilian Journal of Infectious Diseases, 18(6), 669–671. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.bjid.2014.07.002 DOI: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.bjid.2014.07.002
Nayer, D. (2018). D Benedetto, P., Co dessa, A., Flor s, S. Rat onale of pelv c floor muscles tra n ng n women w th ur nary ncont nence (2008). 23(1747), 2–4.
Nd, S., & Sa, M. (2020). 8/10/2020 Sexually transmitted infections and reproductive tract infections in female sex workers Shethwala ND, Mulla SA, Kosambiya J K, De…. 1–5.
Nouraddin, A. S., & Alsakee, H. M. (2015). Prevalence of Trichomonas vaginalis Infection Among Women in Erbil Governorate, northern Iraq: an epidemiological approach. European Scientific Journal, 11(24), 243–255.
Nourian, A., Shabani, N., Fazaeli, A., & Mousavinasab, S. N. (2013). Prevalence of Trichomonas vaginalis in pregnant women in Zanjan, Northwest of Iran. Jundishapur Journal of Microbiology, 6(8), 1–5. https://doi.org/10.5812/jjm.7258 DOI: https://doi.org/10.5812/jjm.7258
Nu, P. A. T., Nguyen, V. Q. H., Cao, N. T., DessÌ, D., Rappelli, P., & Fiori, P. L. (2015). Prevalence of trichomonas vaginalis infection in symptomatic and asymptomatic women in central vietnam. Journal of Infection in Developing Countries, 9(6), 655–660. https://doi.org/10.3855/jidc.7190 DOI: https://doi.org/10.3855/jidc.7190
Palm, P., Mill, O. I. L., Pome, E., & Zinatizadeh, A. A. L. (2006). Ar ch Ar ch. 3(2), 67–71.
Rodríguez, M. A., Gomez, C., Esther Ramirez, M., Calixto-Galvez, M., & Medel, O. (2010). Regulation of gene expression in protozoa parasites. Journal of Biomedicine and Biotechnology, 2010. https://doi.org/10.1155/2010/726045 DOI: https://doi.org/10.1155/2010/726045
Schwandt, A., Williams, C., & Beigi, R. H. (2008). Perinatal transmission of Trichomonas vaginalis: A case report. Journal of Reproductive Medicine for the Obstetrician and Gynecologist, 53(1), 59–61.
Schwebke, J., Merriweather, A., Massingale, S., Scisney, M., Hill, C., & Getman, D. (2018). Screening for Trichomonas vaginalis in a Large High-Risk Population: Prevalence among Men and Women Determined by Nucleic Acid Amplification Testing. Sexually Transmitted Diseases, 45(5), e23–e24. https://doi.org/10.1097/OLQ.0000000000000757 DOI: https://doi.org/10.1097/OLQ.0000000000000757
Schwebke, J. R., & Hook, E. W. (2003). High rates of Trichomonas vaginalis among men attending a sexually transmitted diseases clinic: Implications for screening and urethritis management. Journal of Infectious Diseases, 188(3), 465–468. https://doi.org/10.1086/376558 DOI: https://doi.org/10.1086/376558
Seña, A. C., Miller, W. C., Hobbs, M. M., Schwebke, J. R., Leone, P. A., Swygard, H., Atashili, J., & Cohen, M. S. (2007). Trichomonas vaginalis infection in male sexual partners: Implications for diagnosis, treatment, and prevention. Clinical Infectious Diseases, 44(1), 13–22. https://doi.org/10.1086/511144 DOI: https://doi.org/10.1086/511144
Seo, J. H., Yang, H. W., Joo, S. Y., Song, S. M., Lee, Y. R., Ryu, J. S., Yoo, E. S., Lee, W. K., Kong, H. H., Lee, S. E., Lee, W. J., Goo, Y. K., Chung, D. Il, & Hong, Y. (2014). Prevalence of trichomonas vaginalis by PCR in men attending a primary care urology clinic in South Korea. Korean Journal of Parasitology, 52(5), 551–555. https://doi.org/10.3347/kjp.2014.52.5.551 DOI: https://doi.org/10.3347/kjp.2014.52.5.551
Sönmez Tamer, G., Keçeli Ozcan, S., Yücesoy, G., & Gacar, G. (2009). The relation between trichomoniasis and contraceptive methods. Türkiye Parazitolojii Dergisi / Türkiye Parazitoloji Derneǧi = Acta Parasitologica Turcica / Turkish Society for Parasitology, 33(4), 266–269.
Sutton, M., Sternberg, M., Koumans, E. H., McQuillan, G., Berman, S., & Markowitz, L. (2007). The prevalence of Trichomonas vaginalis infection among reproductive-age women in the United States, 2001-2004. Clinical Infectious Diseases, 45(10), 1319–1326. https://doi.org/10.1086/522532 DOI: https://doi.org/10.1086/522532
Taher, J. H., Shaker, M. A., Sahib, N. M., Sarhan, N. G., Ashoor, A. M., Mhajhaj, J. A., & Moojed, A. N. (2018). Epidemiological Study of Trichomonas vaginalis and Other Microorganisms Isolated from Genital Tract of Women in Najaf Province – Iraq. 10(2), 1–10.
Downloads
Published
How to Cite
Issue
Section
License
Copyright (c) 2021 Musafer H. Al-Ardi
This work is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License.
which allows users to copy, create extracts, abstracts, and new works from the Article, alter and revise the Article, and make commercial use of the Article (including reuse and/or resale of the Article by commercial entities), provided the user gives appropriate credit (with a link to the formal publication through the relevant DOI), provides a link to the license, indicates if changes were made and the licensor is not represented as endorsing the use made of the work.
