Economic conditions (1929-1932) and their impact on the Austrian internal political situation
DOI:
https://doi.org/10.36322/jksc.v1i71.14733Keywords:
Economic-austrian, economic crisis, customs union, the leagneAbstract
Starting in 1929, the United States of America witnessed an economic crisis, and that crisis differed from its predecessors, not only in its duration, but in its depth, breadth and impact. It was not limited to the United States of America, but included most European countries, whether agricultural or industrial. This is thanks to the economic interdependence between the countries of the world, and the important role that the United States of America played in the global economy after the First World War, as its infection quickly spread in less than three years. Austria was one of the countries most affected by it, due to its financial deficit and a collapsed economic situation after its defeat in the First World War.
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( 1) بهجت شـبيب فشـاخ ,سياسية الولايات المتحدة الامريكية اتجاه النمسا (1943-1945),رسالة ماجستير,(جامعة ذي قار : كلية الاداب ,2014),ص10-11.
(2) دافيد اشانون , الولايات المتحدة الامريكية في الازمة الاقتصادية العظمى ,ترجمة: صلاح احمد,(القاهرة: الدار القومية ,د.ت),ص 23-24.
(3) بهجت شـبيب فشـاخ , المصدر السابق , ص 11.
(4) مكرم سعيد ،الدولار يحكم بريطانيا، ط2 ، ( القاهرة: دار الفكر ، 1956 )،ص ص 125-153.
(5 ( Forrest H Capie , Capital Controls: A ‘Cure ’Worse Than The Problem?, Institute Of Economic Affairs In Association With The Wincott Foundation, (London,2000), P.60.
(6) Creditanstalt : أكبر مؤسسة مصرفية في النمسا , وتعتبر من أقوى البنوك على الرغم من القيود التي فرضتها معاهدة سان جرمان ، الا ان قروض الحرب والتعويضات التي فرضت على الدول المهزومة اضافة الى الظروف السياسية والازمات الاقتصادية اصبح الاقتصاد النمساوي يعاني من تضخم وكساد الامر الذي انعكس على كريدتنستالت واصبح غير قادر على اعادة الاموال للبنوك البريطانية والامريكية , مما حدا بالدولتين الى رفض تقديم أي قروض جديدة للنمسا . للمزيد عن تفاصيل العمل المصرفي النمساوي ينظر:
-Flora Macher, The Austrian Banking Crisis Of 1931( One Bad Apple Spoils The Whole Bunch),( London: School Of Economics ,2015).
(7) J. D. Gregory, Dollfuss And His Times,( London: Hutchinson & Co.1935),p138.
(8(Florence Jarnberg, The Austro-German Customs Union Op 1931 And Its Relation To The Anschluss-Movement, Master Thesis ,( Boston University: Arts College, 1942),P.56.
(9 ) R. D. Cornwell, World History In The Twentieth Century, (Hong Kong:N.pr,1988),P.46.
(10) جوليوس كورتيوس (۱۸۷۷-١٩٤٨): سياسي الماني ولد في برلين 1877, حصل على الدكتوراه في القانون من جامعة برلين ، من عناصر حزب الشعب الألماني German People's party وعضو فـي البرلمـان من١٩٢٠ إلى ۱۹۳۲، اصبح وزيراً للاقتصاد(1911-1928) ، عين وزير خارجية جمهورية فايمار(1929-1931) بعد وفاة جوستاف ستريسيمان , كـان مـن المؤيـدين المتحمسين لتحقيق ضم النمسا الى المانيا .استقال 1931 بعد فشل مقترحه بأقامة اتحاد جمركي مع النمسا , ترك كورتيوس السياسة وعمل كمحامي حتى وفاته 1948.للمزيد ينظر :
William G. Ratliff, Faithful To The Fatherland (Julius Curtius And Weimar Foreign Policy), (N.P:P. Lang, 1990).
(11) J. D. Gregory,Op.Cit,Pp.141-142.
(12 ) Florence Jarnberg, Op,Cit,Pp.78-81.
(13 ) J. D. Gregory,Op.Cit,P.142.
) ربما كانت فرنسا تخشى ان يعاد سيناريو الذي حدث في القرن التاسع عشر 1887 عندما قامت المانيا بتوحيد الدويلات الالمانية عن طريق اتحاد اقتصادي.
(15) Hans Wilhelm Gatzke, European Diplomacy Between Two Wars, 1919-1939, (Chicago: Quadrangle Books. 1972),P110-112.
(16) Florence Jarnberg,Op.Cit,60.
(17)Albrecht-Carrié, A Diplomatic History Of Europe (Since The Congress Of Vienna), (New York: Harperm1958), P.454.
(18)Albrecht-Carrié,Op.Cit.P454.
(19) Wiener Sozialdemokratische(Zeitung), Bücherei,Nr.33,10. Mai 1931.
(20 ) Die Kreditanſtalt Muß Vom Staat Gestützt Warden, Arbeiter(Zeitung), Nr. 131, Dienstag, 12. Mai 1931.
(21 ) Florence Jarnberg,Op.Cit,Pp.82-84.
(22) Die Krise Der Kreditanstalt, Arbeiter)Zeitung),Nr.123, Mittwoch, 13. Mai 1931.
(23 ) J. D. Gregory,Op.Cit,P141.
(24 ) Florence Jarnberg,Op.Cit,Pp15-16.
(25 ) Albrecht-Carrié,Op.Cit.P454.
(26) Hans Wilhelm Gatzke,Op.Cit,P.114.
(27) Frankreich Will Defterreichs Außenpolitit Faufen ,Arbeiter(Zeitung) ,Nr.161, Freitag, 12. Juni 1931.
(28) اعلنت انكلترا عن استعدادها لتقديم قرض للنمسا بقيمة 150مليون شلن واعلن البنك الدولي عن قروض قصيرة الاجل سوف تمنح الى النمسا بقيمة 100مليون شلن وبذلك تكون الازمة الحكومية قد زالت الا ان الخبر وصل متأخربعد استقالة حكومة اوتو اندر .ينظر:
Abtritt Der Regierung Ender Der Kreditbankskandal Und Seine Folgen, Burgenländische Freiheit(Zeitung) , Nr26,Freitag, Den 19 Juni 1931.
(29 ) كارل بورش (1878-1936): سياسي نمساوي ينتمي إلى الحزب الاجتماعي المسيحي, درس القانون في جامعة فيينا عام 1901, تولى منصب مستشار النمسا للمدة(1931-)1932,بعدها اصبح حاكم النمسا السفلى( 1932-1933)،عين وزير للمالية في حكومة انجلبرت دلفوس, توفي عام 1936بشكل مفاجئ. للمزيد ينظر:
-ÖSterreichischer Bundesverlag, Die ÖSterreichischen Bundeskanzler,(Vien:1983).SS.174-190.
(30 ) EdmondsonClifton Ear, The Heimwehr And Austrian Politics, 1918-1936, (Georgia: University Of Georgia Press,1937).,Pp.137-139.
(31) رافق الازمة المالية والمصرفية انحدار في الانتاج الصناعي اذا شهدت النمسا انخفاضا في الصناعة المعدنية اكثر من غيرها ولا يوجد سوى 11 معمل قيد التشغيل. كما ان الانتاج الزراعي لم يسلم من النتائج السلبية للازمة انخفض سعر الحبوب من 180 الى 53 سنتا للطن كثفت الحكومة النمساوية جهودها لحماية السوق الداخلية من خلال زيادة الرسوم الجمركية على السلع الزراعية من الخارج وزادت رسوم على القمح والشعير بنسبة 200% ولحوم البقر بنسبة 250% وحظرت واردات المنتجات الزراعية من البلدان الاخرى قامت الدولة بتحسين ظروف الانتاج الحيواني في المناطق الجبلية من اجل تخفيض العجز الكلي. ادى الركود الى ارتفاع معدلات البطالة كان اكثر من 50% عاطل عن العمل في المناطق الصناعية وبسبب تخفيض الاجور امتنع عدد من العمال عن العمل وبالتالي زادت البطالة وزاد الضغط على الميزانية بسبب قانون التأمين ضد البطالة . للمزيد ينظر:
Miroslav Šepták,P.Z,St.,ST.141-145.
(32)Ibid,Pp139-140.;
(33 ) حيدر شاكر عبيد , الآزمة النمساوية 1933-1938 ،رسالة ماجستير، (جامعة بغداد: كلية الآداب, 2002). , ص46-47.
(35)Quoted In :F.R.U.S, VOL. I, The Chargé In Austria (Swift) To The Acting Secretary Of State, 444, Vienna, August 31, 1931, P.M,P.273.
(36 ) Elisabeth Barker,Op.Cit,P.37.
( 1) Bahjat Shabib Fashakh, the policy of the United States of America towards Austria (1943-1945), Master's thesis, (University of Thi-Qar: Faculty of Arts, 2014), pp. 10-11.
(2) David Ashnon, the United States of America in the Great Economic Crisis, translated by: Salah Ahmed, (Cairo: National House, d.t.), pp. 23-24.
(3) Bahjat Shabib Fashakh, previous source, p. 11.
(4) Makram Saeed, the dollar rules Britain, 2nd edition, (Cairo: Dar Al-Fikr, 1956), pp. 125-153.
(5 ( Forrest H Capie , Capital Controls: A ‘Cure ’Worse Than The Problem?, Institute Of Economic Affairs In Association With The Wincott Foundation, (London,2000), P.60.
(6) Creditanstalt : the largest banking institution in Austria, and is considered one of the strongest banks despite the restrictions imposed by the Treaty of Saint-Germain, but the war loans and reparations imposed on the defeated countries in addition to the political conditions and economic crises became the Austrian economy suffers from inflation and depression, which reflected on the Creditentsaltt and became unable to return money to British and American banks, This led the two countries to refuse to provide any new loans to Austria. For more details of Austrian banking, see:
-Flora Macher, The Austrian Banking Crisis Of 1931( One Bad Apple Spoils The Whole Bunch),( London: School Of Economics ,2015).
(7) J. D. Gregory, Dollfuss And His Times,( London: Hutchinson & Co.1935),p138.
(8)Florence Jarnberg, The Austro-German Customs Union Op 1931 And Its Relation To The Anschluss-Movement, Master Thesis ,( Boston University: Arts College, 1942),P.56.
(9 ) R. D. Cornwell, World History In The Twentieth Century, (Hong Kong:N.pr,1988),P.46.
(10) Julius Curtius (1877-1948): German politician born in Berlin 1877, received a doctorate in law from the University of Berlin, a member of the German People's party and a member of parliament from 1920 to 1932, became Minister of Economy (1911-1928), appointed Minister of Foreign Affairs of the Weimar Republic (1929-1931) after the death of Gustav Stresimann, was an ardent supporter of the annexation of Austria to Germany.He resigned in 1931 after the failure of his proposal to establish a customs union with Austria. Curtius left politics and worked as a lawyer until his death in 1948.For more information, see:
William G. Ratliff, Faithful To The Fatherland (Julius Curtius And Weimar Foreign Policy), (N.P:P. Lang, 1990).
(11) J. D. Gregory,Op.Cit,Pp.141-142.
Florence Jarnberg, op. cit., pp.78-81.
(13 ) J. D. Gregory,Op.Cit,P.142.
(14) France may have feared a repeat of the scenario of the 1887 century, when Germany unified the German states through an economic union.
(15) Hans Wilhelm Gatzke, European Diplomacy Between Two Wars, 1919-1939, (Chicago: Quadrangle Books. 1972),P110-112.
(16) Florence Jarnberg,Op.Cit,60.
(17)Albrecht-Carrié, A Diplomatic History Of Europe (Since The Congress Of Vienna), (New York: Harperm1958), P.454.
(18)Albrecht-Carrié, Op.Cit.P454.
(19) Vienna Social Democratic (newspaper), library, No. 33, May 10, 1931.
(20) The Kreditanstalt must be supported by the state, Arbeiter(Zeitung), No. 131, Tuesday, May 12, 1931.
Florence Jarnberg, op.cit, pp.82-84.
(22) The Crisis of the Kreditanstalt, Arbeiterzeitung, No. 123, Wednesday, May 13, 1931.
(23 ) J. D. Gregory,Op.Cit,P141.
Florence Jarnberg, op.cit, pp15-16.
(25) Albrecht-Carrié, Op.Cit.P454.
(26) Hans Wilhelm Gatzke,Op.Cit,P.114.
(27) France wants to faufen Defterreich's foreign policy, Arbeiter(Zeitung), No. 161, Friday, June 12, 1931.
(28) England announced its readiness to provide a loan to Austria worth 150 million shillings and the World Bank announced short-term loans will be granted to Austria worth 100 million shillings, thus the government crisis has disappeared, but the news arrived late after the resignation of the government of Otto Ander.
Resignation of the Government of Ender The Credit Bank Scandal and Its Consequences, Burgenländische Freiheit(Zeitung) , No. 26, Friday, June 19, 1931.
(29) Karl Borsch (1878-1936): Austrian politician belonging to the Christian Social Party, studied law at the University of Vienna in 1901, served as Chancellor of Austria for the period (1931-)1932, then became governor of Lower Austria (1932-1933), appointed Minister of Finance in the government of Engelbert Delfuss, died in 1936 suddenly. For more information see:
-ÖSterreichischer Bundesverlag, Die ÖSterreichischen Bundeskanzler,(Vien:1983). pp.174-190.
(30 ) EdmondsonClifton Ear, The Heimwehr And Austrian Politics, 1918-1936, (Georgia: University Of Georgia Press,1937).,Pp.137-139.
(31) The financial and banking crisis was accompanied by a decline in industrial production if Austria saw a decline in the mineral industry more than others and only 11 factories were in operation. Agricultural production has also not been spared the negative consequences of the crisis. The price of cereals fell from 180 to 53 cents per ton. The Austrian government intensified its efforts to protect the internal market by increasing tariffs on agricultural goods from abroad, increasing duties on wheat and barley by 200%, beef by 250%, and banning imports of agricultural products from other countries. The state has improved livestock production conditions in mountainous areas in order to reduce the overall deficit. The recession led to high unemployment rates, more than 50% were unemployed in industrial areas, and due to the reduction of wages, a number of workers refrained from working, thus unemployment increased and pressure on the budget increased due to the unemployment insurance law. For more information see:
Miroslav Šepták,P.Z,St.,ST.141-145.
(32)Ibid,Pp139-140.;
(33) Haider Shaker Obaid, Austrian crisis 1933-1938, master's thesis, (University of Baghdad: College of Arts, 2002). , pp. 46-47.
(35)Quoted In :F.R.U.S, VOL. I, The Chargé In Austria (Swift) To The Acting Secretary Of State, 444, Vienna, August 31, 1931, P.M,P.273.
(36 ) Elisabeth Barker, Op.Cit, P.37.
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