The international political and military developments that paved the way for the launch of the North African campaign During World War II
DOI:
https://doi.org/10.36322/jksc.v1i71.14753Keywords:
development, political north Africa, world war iiAbstract
The study dealt with the most important international political and military developments that paved the way for the launch of the North African campaign during World War II, namely: "The Fascist Party's control of the reins of power in Italy", following the arrival of the fascists led by Mussolini to the pyramid of power in Italy, which contributed to the spread of ideas Colonialism calling for turning the Mediterranean into an Italian lake, as well as “France’s defeat and military collapse before Nazi Germany in 1940 AD” and the impact that the fall of France had on Mussolini’s decision to enter the war and send the campaign to North Africa, as well as “Britain’s weakness and unpreparedness militarily at the beginning of the war.” Which led to Britain's reliance on a policy of making concessions to the fascist and Italian dictatorships in order to avoid the specter of war.
Downloads
References
أولاً: الوثائق:
- باللغة الإنكليزية
- الوثائق الألمانية المنشورة
- Documents on German foreign policy 1918-1945, Telegram: Adolf Hitler to Benito Mussolini, NO.239, May 13,1940, Vol. 9, Gorverment Printing Office (Washington, 1956).
- الوثائق الأمريكية المنشورة
- F.R.U.S، Telegram from the ambassador in France to the secretary of state، NO.91, 28 September 1938, vol 1.
- باللغة العربية:
- د. ك. و، رقم الملف 597 مترجم، وزارة الحرب البريطانية، وثيقة أعدت من قبل القائد العام في الشرق الأوسط، القاهرة، رقم C6.R0.6E/ 39/ G، آيار، 1940.
- د. ك. و، ملف رقم 762 / 311، تقرير المفوضية الملكية العراقية في برلين موجهة الى وزارة الخارجية.
ثانياً: الرسائل والأطاريح الجامعية:
- باللغة العربية
- خمائل حسن محمد الزوار، اروين رومل ودوره العسكري والقيادي في الجيش الألماني 1891-1944، رسالة ماجستير (غير منشورة)، كلية التربية للبنات، جامعة البصرة، 2019.
- قاسم شعيب عباس السلطاني، موسوليني والحركة الفاشية (1922- 1945)، أطروحة دكتوراه (غير منشورة)، كلية الآداب، جامعة بغداد، 2012.
- ربيع حيدر طاهر، تطور البرلمان البريطاني (1911-1949)، أطروحة دكتوراه (غير منشورة)، كلية الآداب، جامعة بغداد، 2007.
ثالثاً: الكتب العربية والمترجمة
- آ. ج. ب. تايلور، أصول الحرب العالمية الثانية، ترجمة مصطفى كمال خميس، مراجعة محمد أنيس، الهيئة المصرية العامة للكتاب، (القاهرة، 1990).
- آلان تد، ديمقراطيات ودكتاتوريات سادت أوربا والعالم بين 1919 و1989 , ترجمة مروان أبو جيب، ط1، شركة الحوار الثقافي، (بيروت , 2004).
- ت. ن. دوبوي، عباقرة الحرب (الجيش والأركان العامة في المانيا 1807- 1945)، ترجمة حسن حسن، ط1، المؤسسة العربية للدراسات والنشر، (بيروت، 1983)
- جورج كاستلان، تاريخ الجيوش، ترجمة كمال دسوقي، ط1، مكتبة نهضة مصر، (القاهرة، 1956).
- دونالد سترومبرج، تاريخ الفكر الأوربي الحديث (1601- 1977)، ط3، دار القارئ العربي، (القاهرة، 1994)، ص 574.
- رمزي ميور، النتائج السياسية للحرب العظمى، ترجمة محمد بدران، لجنة التأليف والترجمة والنشر، ط1، (د. م، 1936).
- رودولفو كراتسياني، برقة الهادئة، ترجمة أبراهيم سالم بن عامر، ط3، دار مكتبة الأندلس للطباعة والنشر، (بنغازي، 1980)
- ------------، نحو فزان، ترجمة طه فوزي، ط2، دار الفرجاني، (طرابلس، 1994).
- ستيفن إوزمنت، فرانك تيرنر، التاريخ من شتى جوانبه، ج3، ط1، ترجمة أحمد حمدي محمود، الهيئة المصرية العامة للكتاب، (القاهرة , 1994).
- كونثر بلومنتريت، أسرار الحرب العالمية الثانية في سيرة أبرز قائد الماني (المشير فون رونشتد القائد الإنسان)، ترجمة محمود شيت خطاب، ط2، منشورات دار مكتبة الحياة، (بيروت، ب.ت).
- كيفن باسمور، الفاشية، ترجمة رحاب صلاح الدين، مؤسسة هنداوي للتعليم والثقافة، (القاهرة، 2012)، ص ص 56-57.
- ل. ج. شيني، تاريخ العالم الغربي، ترجمة مجد الدين عفني ناصف، ط1، دار النهضة العربية، (القاهرة، ب. ت).
- محمد حافظ إسماعيل وآخرون، الحرب العالمية الثانية في البحر المتوسط، ط3، دار الكتاب العربي، (القاهرة، 1964).
- وليام شيرر، تاريخ المانيا الهتلرية، ج3 , ترجمة خيري حماد، ط2، دار الكتاب العربي، (بيروت , 1966).
رابعاً: الكتب باللغة الإنكليزية:
- A J Youngson, Britain's economic growth 1920-1966, George Allen and Unwin, (London, 1968).
- A. Goutard, The Battle of France 1940, Translated by A. R. P. Burgesss, Washburn, (New York,1959)
- A.J. Barker, Rape of Ethiopia 1936, Ballantine Books (New York, 1971)
Alan Axelrod, The Real History of World War II: A New Look at the Past, Sterling Publishing, (New York, 2008)
- Andrew Roberts, The Holy Fox: The Life of Lord Halifax, Weidenfeld & Nicolson History, (London, 2004).
- Arthur Marwick, War and Social Change in the Twentieth Century: A Comparative Study of Britain, France, Germany, Russia and the United States, Red Globe Press, (New York, 1974).
- Barry Posen, The Sources of Military Doctrine: France, Britain, and Germany Between the World Wars (Cornell Studies in Security Affairs), Cornell University Press, (London, 1986).
- Bruce Pauley, Hitler, Stalin, and Mussolini: Totalitarianism in the Twentieth Century, Wiley-Blackwell, (Malden,2008),
- Carolyn Kitching, Britain and the Geneva Disarmament Conference (Studies in Military and Strategic History), Palgrave Macmillan, (New York, 2002).
- Cathal J. Nolan, The Concise Encyclopedia of World War II [2 volumes], (Greenwood Encyclopedias of Modern World Wars), Greenwood, (Santa Barbara,2010)
- Charles Messenger, The blitzkrieg story, Charles scribner sons, (New York,1976)
Chris Wrigley, A History of British Industrial Relations 1914-1939 (Modern Revivals in Economic and Social History), Gregg Revivals, (New York, 1993).
- Christopher Duggan, the Force of Destiny: A History of Italy Since 1796, Houghton Mifflin, (New York, 2007).
- D. R. Thorpe, Eden: The Life and Times of Anthony Eden, First Earl, Pimlico, (London, 2004).
- Daniel Hucker, Public Opinion and the End of Appeasement in Britain and France, Routledge, (London, 2011).
- Daniel Todman, Britain's War: Into Battle, 1937-1941, Oxford University Press, (New York,2016).
- David Faber, Munich, 1938: Appeasement and World War II, Simon & Schuster, (New York,2010)
-……………., Munich: The 1938 Appeasement Crisis, Simon & Schuster, (New York, 2008).
- David Reynolds, From World War to Cold War: Churchill, Roosevelt, and the International History of the 1940, Oxford University Press, (New York, 2007).
- Donald Cameron Watt, How War Came, The Immediate Origins of the Second World War 1938-1939, Random House, Inc., (London, 1989).
- Elisabetta Tollardo, Fascist Italy and the League of Nations, 1922-1935, Palgrave Macmillan, (London, 2015).
- Enzo Santarelli, Omar Al-Mukhtar: The Italian Reconquest of Libya, Translated by John Gilbert, Darf Publishers Ltd, (London,1986).
- Erich von Manstein, Lost Victories: The War Memoirs of Hitler's Most Brilliant General, Zenith Press, (London, 2004).
- Frank McDonough, Neville Chamberlain, appeasement and the British road to war, Manchester University Press, (Manchester, 1998).
- George Forty, The Desert War, Sutton Publishing, (London, 2003).
- Guido Giacomo Preparata, Conjuring Hitler: How Britain and America Made the Third Reich, Pluto Press, (London, 2005).
- H. James Burgwyn, Italian Foreign Policy in the Interwar Period: 1918-1940 (Praeger Studies of Foreign Policies of the Great Powers), Praeger, (London,1997).
- H. W. Kaufmann and J. Kaufmann, Fortress France: The Maginot Line and French Defenses in World War II (Stackpole Military History Series), Stackpole Books, (London,2007).
- Herbert Feis, Churchill, Roosevelt, Stalin: The War They Fought, the Peace They Sought, Princeton University Press, (London, 1957).
- Hristopher Duggan, Fascist Voices: An Intimate History of Mussolini's Italy, Oxford University Press, (New York,2012).
-Ian Kershaw, Hitler: A Biography, W. W. Norton & Company, (Manhattan,2010).
- Igor Lukes, Czechoslovakia between Stalin and Hitler: The Diplomacy of Edvard Beneš in the 1930, Oxford University Press, (New York, 1996).
- J. H. Bettey, English Historical Documents, 1906-1939, Routledge Kegan & Paul, (London, 1967).
- J.E. Kaufmann and H.W. Kaufmann, Hitler's Blitzkrieg Campaigns: The Invasion and Defense of Western Europe, Da Capo Press, (Massachusetts, 1993).
- John F. Sweets, Choices in Vichy France: The French Under Nazi Occupation, Oxford University Press, (New York,1994).
- John Ruggiero, Hitler's Enabler: Neville Chamberlain and the Origins of the Second World War, Praeger, (Santa Barbara,2015).
- John Swift, Labour in Crisis: Clement Attlee and the Labour Party in Opposition, 1931-40, Palgrave Macmillan, (London,2001).
- Jussi Hanhimäki, The United Nations: A Very Short Introduction, Oxford University Press, (New York, 2008).
- Keith Feiling, The Life of Neville Chamberlain, Shoe StringPr Inc, (London,1970).
- Keith Robbins, Churchill: Profiles in Power, Routledge, (London, 2014).
- Lothrop Stoddard, The New World of Islam, Ross & Perry, Inc., (New Jersey,2002).
- Manfred Griehl, Jet Planes of the Third Reich: The Secret Projects, Vol. 1, Monogram Aviation Publications, (Hong Kong, 1998).
- Martin Gilbert, Churchill: A Life, Holt Paperbacks, (New York, 1992).
-………………., Roots of Appeasement, Plume publisher, (New York,1970).
- Matthew Worley, Labour Inside the Gate: A History of the British Labour Party between the Wars (Library of Political Studies), I.B.Tauris, (London, 2009).
- Max Hastings, Finest Years: Churchill as Warlord (1940–45), Harper Collins, (Hammersmith, 2009)
- Michael Alpert, A New International History of the Spanish Civil War, Palgrave Macmillan, (New York, 1998).
- Michael S. Neiberg, The Treaty of Versailles: A Concise History, Oxford University Press, (New York, 2017).
- Mungo Melvin, Manstein: Hitler's Greatest General, Thomas Dunne Books, (New York, 2011).
- Nick Thomas-Symonds, Attlee: A Life in Politics, I.B. Tauris, (London,2012).
- Noel Barber, The Week France Fell: June 10-June 16, 1940, Cooper Square Press, (New York, 2000).
- Parkinson Roger, Dawn on Our Darkness: The Summer of 1940, Granada Pub, (London,1977).
- Patrick J. Buchanan, Churchill, Hitler, and "The Unnecessary War": How Britain Lost Its Empire and the West Lost the World, Crown Forum, (New York, 2009).
- Paul Corner, The Fascist Party and Popular Opinion in Mussolini's Italy, University of Oxford, (Oxford, 2012).
- Paul Dukes, History of Europe, 1648-1948: The Arrival, the Rise, the Fall, UNKNO, (New York, 1985).
- Peter D. Cornwell, The Battle of France Then and Now, After the Battle, (Wellington,2008).
- R. Ernest Dupuy and Trevor N. Dupuy, The Encyclopedia of Military History, Harper and Row (New York, 1977).
- R. J. B. Bosworth, Mussolini, Bloomsbury Academic, (New York,2011).
- …………………., The Italian Dictatorship: Problems and Perspectives in the Interpretation of Mussolini and Fascism, Bloomsbury Academic, (New York,1998)
- R. M. Douglas, Orderly and Humane, Yale University Press, (New Haven, 2012).
- R.A.C. Parker, Chamberlain and Appeasement: British Policy and the Coming of the Second World War (The Making of the Twentieth Century), Red Globe Press, (New York,1993).
- R.C. Birch, Britain and Europe 1871-1939, Elsevier, (Amsterdam, 1966).
- R.M. Douglas, Orderly and Humane: The Expulsion of the Germans after the Second World War, Yale University Press, (New Haven, 2012).
- Raphael Lemkin and Others, Axis Rule in Occupied Europe, The Lawbook Exchange, Ltd., (New Jersey, 2008).
- Reto Hofmann, The Fascist Effect: Japan and Italy (1915–1952), Cornell University Press, (New York, 2015).
- Richard J. Evans, The Third Reich in Power (The History of the Third Reich), Penguin Books, (London, 2006).
- Robert J. Young, In Command of France (French foreign policy and military planning, 1933-1940), Harvard University Press, (London, 1978).
- Roberta Pergher, Mussolini's Nation-Empire: Sovereignty and Settlement in Italy's Borderlands (1922-1934), Cambridge University Press, (California, 2017).
- Roy Jenkins, Churchill: A Biography, Farrar Straus Giroux, (New York, 2001).
- Santi Corvaja, Hitler & Mussolini: The Secret Meetings, Enigma Books, (New York, 2008).
- Self, Robert, Neville Chamberlain: A Biography, Routledge, (London, 2006).
- Sidney Aster, 1939: The Making of the Second World War, Simon & Schuster, (New York, 1973).
- Susan Pedersen, The Guardians: The League of Nations and the Crisis of Empire, Oxford University Press, (New York, 2015).
- Thomas Childers, The Third Reich: A History of Nazi Germany, Simon & Schuster, (New York, 2017).
- Thomas R. Christofferson, France during World War II: From Defeat to Liberation (World War II: The Global, Human, and Ethical Dimension), Fordham University Press, (New York,2006).
- Trevor N. Dupuy, Combat Leaders of World War II (The Military History of World War II, Volume 17, Franklin Watts, Inc., (New York,1965).
- Vincent P. O'Hara, Struggle for the Middle Sea: The Great Navies at War in the Mediterranean Theater, 1940-1945, Naval Institute Press, (Annapolis,2015).
- Waverley Lewis Root, The secret history of the war, C. Scribner's Sons, (New York, 1945).
- William L. Shirer, The Collapse of the Third Republic: An Inquiry into the Fall of France in 1940, Da Capo Press, (Boston,1994).
- Winston Churchill, Their Finest Hour: The Second World War, Volume 2, Houghton Mifflin Harcourt, (New York, 1985).
خامساً: البحوث والمقالات المنشورة في المجلات العلمية:
- إسراء كريم محمد، موقف الحكومة البريطانية في عهد نيفل تشامبرلن من التطورات السياسية في أوروبا (1937-1938)، مجلة كلية التربية للبنات للعلوم الإنسانية، العدد 14، السنة الثامنة، 2014.
- زينب لبيب فخري الحداد، التعبئة العسكرية البريطانية في الحرب العالمية الثانية (1939 - 1945)، مجلة آداب الفراهيدي، العدد 24، كانون الثاني، 2016.
First: Documents:
- In English
- Published German documents
- Documents on German foreign policy 1918-1945, Telegram: Adolf Hitler to Benito Mussolini, NO.239, May 13,1940, Vol. 9, Gorverment Printing Office (Washington, 1956).
- Published U.S. documents
- F.R.U.S، Telegram from the ambassador in France to the secretary of state، NO.91, 28 September 1938, vol 1.
- In Arabic:
- D.K.W., File No. 597 translated, British War Office, document prepared by the Commander-in-Chief in the Middle East, Cairo, No. C6. R0.6E/39/G, May, 1940.
- D.K.W., File No. 762/311, Report of the Iraqi Royal Commission in Berlin addressed to the Ministry of Foreign Affairs.
Second: Theses and Theses:
- In Arabic
- Khamael Hassan Muhammad Al-Zwar, Erwin Rommel and his military and leadership role in the German army 1891-1944, Master's thesis (unpublished), College of Education for Girls, University of Basra, 2019.
- Qasim Shuaib Abbas Al-Sultani, Mussolini and the fascist movement (1922-1945), PhD thesis (unpublished), College of Arts, University of Baghdad, 2012.
- Rabie Haider Taher, The Development of the British Parliament (1911-1949), PhD thesis (unpublished), College of Arts, University of Baghdad, 2007.
Third: Arabic and Translated Books
- A. J. B. Taylor, The Origins of the Second World War, translated by Mustafa Kamal Khamis, reviewed by Mohamed Anis, Egyptian General Book Organization, (Cairo, 1990).
- Alain Ted, Democracies and Dictatorships that Prevailed in Europe and the World between 1919 and 1989, translated by Marwan Abu Jib, 1st Edition, Cultural Dialogue Company, (Beirut, 2004).
- T.N. Dupuy, The Geniuses of War (The Army and the General Staff in Germany 1807-1945), translated by Hassan Hassan, 1st Edition, Arab Institute for Studies and Publishing, (Beirut, 1983)
- George Castellane, History of the Armies, translated by Kamal Desouky, 1st Edition, Nahdet Misr Library, (Cairo, 1956).
- Donald Stromberg, History of Modern European Thought (1601-1977), 3rd Edition, Dar Al-Qari Al-Arabi, (Cairo, 1994), p. 574.
- Ramzi Muir, The Political Consequences of the Great War, translated by Muhammad Badran, Committee for Authorship, Translation and Publishing, 1st Edition, (D. M., 1936).
- Rodolfo Graziani, Cyrenaica Quiet, translated by Ibrahim Salem bin Amer, 3rd Edition, Dar Al-Andalus Library for Printing and Publishing, (Benghazi, 1980)
- ------------, Towards Fezzan, translated by Taha Fawzi, 2nd Edition, Dar Al-Ferjani, (Tripoli, 1994).
- Stephen Osment, Frank Turner, History in All Its Aspects, Part 3, 1st Edition, translated by Ahmed Hamdi Mahmoud, Egyptian General Book Organization, (Cairo, 1994).
- Kunther Blumentret, Secrets of the Second World War in the biography of the most prominent German commander (Field Marshal von Ronstedt, the human leader), translated by Mahmoud Sheet Khattab, 2nd Edition, Al-Hayat Library Publications, (Beirut, B.T.).
- Kevin Basmore, Fascism, translated by Rehab Salah El-Din, Hindawi Foundation for Education and Culture, (Cairo, 2012), pp. 56-57.
- L. J. Cheney, History of the Western World, translated by Majd al-Din Afni Nassef, 1st Edition, Dar Al-Nahda Al-Arabiya, (Cairo, B.T.).
- Mohamed Hafez Ismail and others, World War II in the Mediterranean, 3rd Edition, Dar Al-Kitab Al-Arabi, (Cairo, 1964).
- William Shearer, History of Hitler's Germany, part 3, translated by Khairi Hammad, 2nd Edition, Dar Al-Kitab Al-Arabi, (Beirut, 1966).
Fourth: Books in English:
- A J Youngson, Britain's economic growth 1920-1966, George Allen and Unwin, (London, 1968).
- A. Goutard, The Battle of France 1940, Translated by A. R. P. Burgesss, Washburn, (New York,1959)
- A.J. Barker, Rape of Ethiopia 1936, Ballantine Books (New York, 1971)
Alan Axelrod, The Real History of World War II: A New Look at the Past, Sterling Publishing, (New York, 2008)
- Andrew Roberts, The Holy Fox: The Life of Lord Halifax, Weidenfeld & Nicolson History, (London, 2004).
- Arthur Marwick, War and Social Change in the Twentieth Century: A Comparative Study of Britain, France, Germany, Russia and the United States, Red Globe Press, (New York, 1974).
- Barry Posen, The Sources of Military Doctrine: France, Britain, and Germany Between the World Wars (Cornell Studies in Security Affairs), Cornell University Press, (London, 1986).
- Bruce Pauley, Hitler, Stalin, and Mussolini: Totalitarianism in the Twentieth Century, Wiley-Blackwell, (Malden,2008),
- Carolyn Kitching, Britain and the Geneva Disarmament Conference (Studies in Military and Strategic History), Palgrave Macmillan, (New York, 2002).
- Cathal J. Nolan, The Concise Encyclopedia of World War II [2 volumes], (Greenwood Encyclopedias of Modern World Wars), Greenwood, (Santa Barbara,2010)
- Charles Messenger, The blitzkrieg story, Charles scribner sons, (New York,1976)
Chris Wrigley, A History of British Industrial Relations 1914-1939 (Modern Revivals in Economic and Social History), Gregg Revivals, (New York, 1993).
- Christopher Duggan, the Force of Destiny: A History of Italy Since 1796, Houghton Mifflin, (New York, 2007).
- D. R. Thorpe, Eden: The Life and Times of Anthony Eden, First Earl, Pimlico, (London, 2004).
- Daniel Hucker, Public Opinion and the End of Appeasement in Britain and France, Routledge, (London, 2011).
- Daniel Todman, Britain's War: Into Battle, 1937-1941, Oxford University Press, (New York,2016).
- David Faber, Munich, 1938: Appeasement and World War II, Simon & Schuster, (New York,2010)
-……………., Munich: The 1938 Appeasement Crisis, Simon & Schuster, (New York, 2008).
- David Reynolds, From World War to Cold War: Churchill, Roosevelt, and the International History of the 1940, Oxford University Press, (New York, 2007).
- Donald Cameron Watt, How War Came, The Immediate Origins of the Second World War 1938-1939, Random House, Inc., (London, 1989).
- Elisabetta Tollardo, Fascist Italy and the League of Nations, 1922-1935, Palgrave Macmillan, (London, 2015). DOI: https://doi.org/10.1057/978-1-349-95028-7
- Enzo Santarelli, Omar Al-Mukhtar: The Italian Reconquest of Libya, Translated by John Gilbert, Darf Publishers Ltd, (London,1986).
- Erich von Manstein, Lost Victories: The War Memoirs of Hitler's Most Brilliant General, Zenith Press, (London, 2004).
- Frank McDonough, Neville Chamberlain, appeasement and the British road to war, Manchester University Press, (Manchester, 1998).
- George Forty, The Desert War, Sutton Publishing, (London, 2003).
- Guido Giacomo Preparata, Conjuring Hitler: How Britain and America Made the Third Reich, Pluto Press, (London, 2005).
- H. James Burgwyn, Italian Foreign Policy in the Interwar Period: 1918-1940 (Praeger Studies of Foreign Policies of the Great Powers), Praeger, (London,1997).
- H. W. Kaufmann and J. Kaufmann, Fortress France: The Maginot Line and French Defenses in World War II (Stackpole Military History Series), Stackpole Books, (London,2007).
- Herbert Feis, Churchill, Roosevelt, Stalin: The War They Fought, the Peace They Sought, Princeton University Press, (London, 1957).
- Hristopher Duggan, Fascist Voices: An Intimate History of Mussolini's Italy, Oxford University Press, (New York,2012).
-Ian Kershaw, Hitler: A Biography, W. W. Norton & Company, (Manhattan,2010).
- Igor Lukes, Czechoslovakia between Stalin and Hitler: The Diplomacy of Edvard Beneš in the 1930, Oxford University Press, (New York, 1996). DOI: https://doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780195102666.001.0001
- J. H. Bettey, English Historical Documents, 1906-1939, Routledge Kegan & Paul, (London, 1967).
- J.E. Kaufmann and H.W. Kaufmann, Hitler's Blitzkrieg Campaigns: The Invasion and Defense of Western Europe, Da Capo Press, (Massachusetts, 1993).
- John F. Sweets, Choices in Vichy France: The French Under Nazi Occupation, Oxford University Press, (New York,1994).
- John Ruggiero, Hitler's Enabler: Neville Chamberlain and the Origins of the Second World War, Praeger, (Santa Barbara,2015). DOI: https://doi.org/10.5040/9798400665745
- John Swift, Labour in Crisis: Clement Attlee and the Labour Party in Opposition, 1931-40, Palgrave Macmillan, (London,2001).
- Jussi Hanhimäki, The United Nations: A Very Short Introduction, Oxford University Press, (New York, 2008). DOI: https://doi.org/10.1093/actrade/9780195304374.001.0001
- Keith Feiling, The Life of Neville Chamberlain, Shoe StringPr Inc, (London,1970). DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/978-1-349-00067-8
- Keith Robbins, Churchill: Profiles in Power, Routledge, (London, 2014). DOI: https://doi.org/10.4324/9781315837659
- Lothrop Stoddard, The New World of Islam, Ross & Perry, Inc., (New Jersey,2002).
- Manfred Griehl, Jet Planes of the Third Reich: The Secret Projects, Vol. 1, Monogram Aviation Publications, (Hong Kong, 1998).
- Martin Gilbert, Churchill: A Life, Holt Paperbacks, (New York, 1992).
-………………., Roots of Appeasement, Plume publisher, (New York,1970).
- Matthew Worley, Labour Inside the Gate: A History of the British Labour Party between the Wars (Library of Political Studies), I.B.Tauris, (London, 2009).
- Max Hastings, Finest Years: Churchill as Warlord (1940–45), Harper Collins, (Hammersmith, 2009)
- Michael Alpert, A New International History of the Spanish Civil War, Palgrave Macmillan, (New York, 1998).
- Michael S. Neiberg, The Treaty of Versailles: A Concise History, Oxford University Press, (New York, 2017).
- Mungo Melvin, Manstein: Hitler's Greatest General, Thomas Dunne Books, (New York, 2011).
- Nick Thomas-Symonds, Attlee: A Life in Politics, I.B. Tauris, (London,2012).
- Noel Barber, The Week France Fell: June 10-June 16, 1940, Cooper Square Press, (New York, 2000).
- Parkinson Roger, Dawn on Our Darkness: The Summer of 1940, Granada Pub, (London,1977).
- Patrick J. Buchanan, Churchill, Hitler, and "The Unnecessary War": How Britain Lost Its Empire and the West Lost the World, Crown Forum, (New York, 2009).
- Paul Corner, The Fascist Party and Popular Opinion in Mussolini's Italy, University of Oxford, (Oxford, 2012). DOI: https://doi.org/10.1093/acprof:oso/9780198730699.001.0001
- Paul Dukes, History of Europe, 1648-1948: The Arrival, the Rise, the Fall, UNKNO, (New York, 1985). DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/978-1-349-18027-1
- Peter D. Cornwell, The Battle of France Then and Now, After the Battle, (Wellington,2008).
- R. Ernest Dupuy and Trevor N. Dupuy, The Encyclopedia of Military History, Harper and Row (New York, 1977).
- R. J. B. Bosworth, Mussolini, Bloomsbury Academic, (New York,2011).
- …………………., The Italian Dictatorship: Problems and Perspectives in the Interpretation of Mussolini and Fascism, Bloomsbury Academic, (New York,1998)
- R. M. Douglas, Orderly and Humane, Yale University Press, (New Haven, 2012).
- R.A.C. Parker, Chamberlain and Appeasement: British Policy and the Coming of the Second World War (The Making of the Twentieth Century), Red Globe Press, (New York,1993). DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/978-1-349-23036-5
- R.C. Birch, Britain and Europe 1871-1939, Elsevier, (Amsterdam, 1966).
- R.M. Douglas, Orderly and Humane: The Expulsion of the Germans after the Second World War, Yale University Press, (New Haven, 2012).
- Raphael Lemkin and Others, Axis Rule in Occupied Europe, The Lawbook Exchange, Ltd., (New Jersey, 2008).
- Reto Hofmann, The Fascist Effect: Japan and Italy (1915–1952), Cornell University Press, (New York, 2015). DOI: https://doi.org/10.7591/cornell/9780801453410.001.0001
- Richard J. Evans, The Third Reich in Power (The History of the Third Reich), Penguin Books, (London, 2006).
- Robert J. Young, In Command of France (French foreign policy and military planning, 1933-1940), Harvard University Press, (London, 1978).
- Roberta Pergher, Mussolini's Nation-Empire: Sovereignty and Settlement in Italy's Borderlands (1922-1934), Cambridge University Press, (California, 2017). DOI: https://doi.org/10.1017/9781108333450
- Roy Jenkins, Churchill: A Biography, Farrar Straus Giroux, (New York, 2001).
- Santi Corvaja, Hitler & Mussolini: The Secret Meetings, Enigma Books, (New York, 2008).
- Self, Robert, Neville Chamberlain: A Biography, Routledge, (London, 2006).
- Sidney Aster, 1939: The Making of the Second World War, Simon & Schuster, (New York, 1973).
- Susan Pedersen, The Guardians: The League of Nations and the Crisis of Empire, Oxford University Press, (New York, 2015). DOI: https://doi.org/10.1093/acprof:oso/9780199570485.001.0001
- Thomas Childers, The Third Reich: A History of Nazi Germany, Simon & Schuster, (New York, 2017).
- Thomas R. Christofferson, France during World War II: From Defeat to Liberation (World War II: The Global, Human, and Ethical Dimension), Fordham University Press, (New York,2006).
- Trevor N. Dupuy, Combat Leaders of World War II (The Military History of World War II, Volume 17, Franklin Watts, Inc., (New York,1965).
- Vincent P. O'Hara, Struggle for the Middle Sea: The Great Navies at War in the Mediterranean Theater, 1940-1945, Naval Institute Press, (Annapolis,2015).
- Waverley Lewis Root, The secret history of the war, C. Scribner's Sons, (New York, 1945).
- William L. Shirer, The Collapse of the Third Republic: An Inquiry into the Fall of France in 1940, Da Capo Press, (Boston,1994).
- Winston Churchill, Their Finest Hour: The Second World War, Volume 2, Houghton Mifflin Harcourt, (New York, 1985).
Fifth: Research and articles published in scientific journals:
- Israa Karim Mohammed, The position of the British government during the era of Neville Chamberlain on political developments in Europe (1937-1938), Journal of the College of Education for Girls for Humanities, Issue 14, Eighth Year, 2014.
- Zainab Labib Fakhri Al-Haddad, British Military Mobilization in the Second World War (1939-1945), Al-Farahidi Literature Magazine, Issue 24, January, 2016.
Downloads
Published
How to Cite
Issue
Section
License
Copyright (c) 2024 أ.د. حيدر جاسم الرويعي، الباحث أحمد رائد عبد الله
This work is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License.
Permit others to distribute and copy the manuscript, to create extracts, abstracts, and other revised versions, adaptations, or derivative works of or from the manuscript (such as a translation), to include in a collective work, to text or data mine the article, even for commercial purposes, as long as they credit the author(s), do not represent the author as endorsing their adaptation of the article, and do not modify the article in such a way as to damage the author''''s honor or reputation. Further details are found at Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International (CC BY 4.0)
